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[English Version] Großfürstin der Rus' (skandinavisch Helga, nach ihrer Taufe Helena; um 890–969 Kiev; Gedenktag: 11.7.), übernahm als Fürstin von Pskov aus dem Herrscherhaus der Rjurikiden nach der Ermordung ihres Mannes, des Großfürsten Igor, 945 die Regentschaft im Kiewer Reich. Durch die Schaffung von Steuerbezirken trug sie wesentlich zum Ausbau territorialer Herrschaft bei, die zugleich durch die zunehmende Christianisierung der Ostslawen…

[English Version] Rahoza, Michail (ca.1540?–1599 Kiev [?]), Metropolit von Kiev und Halič, in dessen Amtszeit die Union mit Rom angenommen wurde. Dem ruthenischen Kleinadel entstammend, erscheint R. 1579 als Archimandrit des Himmelsfahrtsklosters in Minsk. An seine Ernennung 1589 knüpfte Patriarch Jeremias II. von Konstantinopel die Hoffnung auf Erneuerung der Kirchenprovinz Kiev. Auf Synoden in Brest 1590 und…

[English Version] Pociej, Ipatij (Hypatius, vor der Mönchsweihe Adam; 12.8.1581 Rozˇanka, Großfürstentum Litauen – 18.7.1613 Wilna), gilt als der gebildetste ruthenische Kirchenfürst in der Epoche der Konfessionalisierung. Nach dem Besuch der calvinistischen Schule des Fürsten Nikolaus Radziwiłł (des Schwarzen) verließ er die Ostkirche, kehrte jedoch 1574 in sie zurück. Bis zu seiner Mönchsweihe und der Ernennung durch Sigismund III. zum Bischof von Wl…

[English Version] von Zadonsk (1724 Korock, Gouvernement Novgorod – 13.8.1783 Zadonsk), einer der bedeutendsten Hierarchen des 18.Jh. in Rußland, wurde als Sohn eines Kirchendieners geboren und auf den Namen Timofej getauft. Er besuchte das Geistl. Seminar am Bischofshof in Novgorod, als dessen Präfekt er nach der Mönchsweihe 1758 mit Name…

[English Version] Ostrog, 250 km nordöstlich von Lemberg (Ukraine) gelegener Sitz der ruthenischen Udel-Fürsten von O.; seit der Mitte des 14.Jh. konsequent zu einer Verteidigungsfestung gegen Einfälle der Tataren ausgebaut. Mit dem Aufstieg der Fürsten von O. in die Magnatenschicht der polnisch-litauischen Adelsrepublik gewann O. bes. Bedeutung als polit. und kulturelles Zentrum zur Verteidigung der ruthenischen Interessen und Stärkung der Position der Ostkirche im Prozeß der Konfessionalisierung…

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[English Version] Przemysˇl, urspr. ein Etappenplatz am Fluß San im polnisch-russ. Grenzraum am Handelsweg von Regensburg nach Kiev, nach 1078 im Fürstentum von Halicˇ. Seit der Christianisierung sind in P. byz.-slaw. und lat. Gemeinden belegt. 1220 findet sich die erste Chronikerwähnung eines ostkirchl. Bistums in P. Nach Eingliederung P. 1344 in das polnische Königreich erfolgte 1387 die Gründung eines lat. Bistums von P. Die Koexistenz der ethnisch bestimmten Ki…

[English Version] Rutskij, Iosif (1574 Ruta bei Wilna – 1637 ebd.), dritter Metropolit der ab 1596 mit Rom unierten Kirche (Unionen mit Rom) der Metropolie von Kiev (: I.). Sein kirchl. Werdegang entsprach der Situation in der Adelsrepublik im Zeitalter der Konfessionalisierung. Nach der calvinistischen Schule in Wilna besuchte R. die Universitäten von Krakau, Prag, Würzburg und das Griech. Kolleg in Rom. Papst Cleme…

[English Version] Skovoroda, Grigorij (Hryhoryj Savvič; 1722 Černuchi, Gouvernement Poltava – 1794 Ivanivka [heute Skovorodinivka] im Gebiet von Char'kov). S. gilt als bedeutendster Dichter und Mystiker des ukrainischen Barock. Mit Unterbrechungen studierte S. von 1734 bis 1753 an der Geistl. Akademie in Kiev (: II.). Im westlichen Ausland (1745–1750) vertiefte S. seine stoischen, platonischen und pietistischen I…

[English Version] I. Begriff Der Begriff U. mit der Bedeutung »Grenzland« erscheint in den Chroniken des 12. und 13.Jh. für die Grenzgebiete zw. der seßhaften und nomadischen Zivilisation des Kiever Reiches. Seit dem 16.Jh. wird der Raum am mittleren Dnepr in den polnischen Quellen als U. bez. Im 17.Jh. dient er zur Bez. des Herrschaftsgebietes der Dnepr-Kosaken. Das seit dem 2. Weltkrieg festgelegte Territorium der U. mit der 1954 hinzugekommenen Krim hat seine natürlichen Grenzen an der Küste des…

[English Version] Pocˇaev, Kloster 120 km östlich von Lemberg (Ukraine) mit der Mariae-Entschlafens Lavra (Laura), die der Überlieferung nach ihren Anfang nahm, als sich Mönche aus dem 1240 zerstörten Kiev auf dem Berg von P., auf dem ein Fußabdruck der Gottesmutter verehrt wird, niederließen. Urkundlich ist P. 1595 durch die Stiftung der wolhynischen Adligen Anna Gojskaja belegt. Die Stiftungsurkunde verbietet die Übernahme des Klosters durch andere Denominationen. Auch dank der Verehrung des hl.…

[English Version] (Samuil Emelianovič Petrovskij-Sintianovič; 1629 wahrscheinlich Polock – 1680 Moskau), wirkte als Theologe, Pädagoge, Dichter und Dramatiker in Moskau, wo er großen kulturpolit. Einfluß in einer Zeit gewann, als Schulbildung und Wissensvermittlung durch die enger werdenden Beziehungen zur westlichen Welt existentielle Bedeutung erlangten. Seine Studien schloß S.1651 im Kiever Mogila-Kolleg (Kiev: II.) ab und begann nach Studien an jesuitischen Kollegien im Ausland seine Lehrtätig…

[German Version] I. Term The term “Ukraine” with the meaning of “borderland” appears in the chronicles of the 12th and 13th centuries as a designation of the border areas lying between the sedentary and the nomadic civilization of the Kievan Rus. From the 16th century onward, Polish sources refer to the middle reach of the Dnieper River as the Ukraine. In the 17th century, the term was used to designate the domain of the Dnieper Cossacks. The territory that has been defined as the Ukraine since Worl…

[German Version] (Apr 17, 1818, Moscow – Mar 1, 1881, St. Petersburg), Tsar of Russia (1855–1881). In domestic policy, the epoch of the “reform tsar” is rightly considered a turning-point. As the core of the reforms, the law abolishing serfdom was issued on Feb 19, 1861, the reform of the justice system, among other things, in 1864. Cultural institutions recei…

[German Version] (1528 – May 23, 1583, Kovelʾ, Wolhynia). Descended from the dynasty of Smolensk/Yaroslav princes, Kurbsky is first mentioned in 1549 as a participant in Ivan the Terrible's campaign against Kazan. He served Ivan as a successful military leader during the Livonian War. Having fallen out of favor, Kurbsky changed allegiance in 1564 and entered the service of King Sigismund Augustus II, who endowed him with estates in Lithuania and Wolhynia. During his exile, as a student of Maksim G…

[German Version] (Feb 28, 1834, Kostroma, Russia – Jan 7, 1912, Sergiyev Posad, Russia). Golubinsky's magum opus is the still indispensable Istoriia russkoi tserkvi [History of the Russian Church]. It covers the 10th–16th centuries and was published in two double volumes (1880–1881, 21900; fragments of vol. II/2 appeared posthumously in 1917). He divides Russian church history into two eras: the age of “scribalism” prior to Peter the Great, and the age of “Enlightenment” after Peter, which Golubinsky hails as progress. His source-critic…

[German Version] (Samuil Emelianovich Petrovskii-Sintianovich; 1629, Polotsk [?] – 1680, Moscow), active as a theologian, educator, poet, and dramatist in Moscow, where he acquired enormous cultural and political influence in a period when formal education and increase of knowledge through closer ties with the Western world were taking on existential significance. After concluding his studies at the Mogila Academy in Kiev (II) in 1651, he studied at Jesuit colleges abroad and then began teaching a…

[German Version] According to tradition, the Holy Dormition Pochaev Laura, 120 km east of Lviv (Ukraine), had its beginning when monks from Kiev, destroyed by the Mongols in 1240, settled on Mount Pochaev, where a footprint of the Theotokos is venerated. The earliest document of the monastery, from 1595, records a generous gift from Anna Goys-¶ kaya, a Volhynian noblewoman. The document forbids the takeover of the monastery by any other denomination. Thanks also to the veneration of St. Job of Pochaev, the monastery’s abbot, the monastery stayed in Orthodox hands longer than other monasteries in the region after the Union of Brest in 1596 (Unions with Rome). Not until 1721, after the Council of Zamość, did Uniate monks take …

[German Version] (1574, Ruta, near Vilnius – 1637, Ruta), third metropolitan of the Uniate church (since 1596; Unions with Rome) of the Kiev (II) metropolitanate. His career in the church reflected the situation in the nobles’ republic in the age of confessionalization. After attending the Calvinist school in Vilnius, Rutsky studied at the universities of Cracow, Prague, and Würzburg and at the Greek College in Rome. Pope Clement VIII (1592–160…

[German Version] (1722, Chornukhy, Poltava Oblast – 1794, Ivanivka, near Kharkiv), is considered the most important poet and mystic of the Ukrainian Baroque. From 1734 to 1753 (with interruptions) he studied at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Kiev (II). From 1745 to 1750 he pursued his interests in the Stoics, Plato, and Pietism in Europe. In his epistemology, he combined patristic influences with the Plato renaissance of his peri…

[German Version] After the Union of Brest in 1596, Orthodox laity, supported by the church brotherhoods, opposed a union with Rome (Unions with Rome) and called for the restoration of the Eastern church hierarchy. The election of Vladislav IV (1632–1648) enabled the Orthodox nobility to obtain the decree for the “Establishment of peace for the Russian people of ¶ Greek religion in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Latvia,” and in 1632 achieved the foundation of the Mohil…

[German Version] (Mikhail Ragoza; c. 1540? – 1599, Kiev?), metropolitan of Kiev and Halič. In Rohoza’s period in office, union with Rome (Unions with Rome) was agreed. He came from the lesser Ruthenian nobility, and a…

[German Version] (Hypatius, secular name Adam; Aug 12, 1581, Rozhanka, Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Jul 18, 1613, Vilnius) is considered the most learned Ruthenian church dignitary in the era of confessionalization. After attending the Calvinistic school of Prince Nicholas Radziwiłł (“the Black”), he left the Orthodox Church but returned to it in 1574. Before he became a monk and was appointed bishop of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (1593) by Sigismund III, he served as a senator and held the office of castel…

[German Version] (1524/1525 – Feb 13/23, 1608 Ostrog, Volhynia [Ukraine]), voivode of Kiev and marshal of Volhynia, played an important role in the public life of Poland-Lithuania in the age of confessionalization. He was concerned at times with reaching an agreement with representatives of the Reformation, as well as an understanding with Rome. He rejected the union of an Eastern Orthodox state church with Rome without the participation of …

[German Version] (Tuptalo; 1651, Makarovo near Kiev – Oct 28, 1709, Rostov), was influenced by scholasticism and the early Enlightenment durin…

[German Version] (Dec 19, 1773, Moscow – Dec 4, 1844, Feodosiya, Crimea) dictated the religious and educational policies of Russia during the reign of Alexander I. Appointed procurator general of the Senate in 1802 and procurator general of the Holy Synod in 1803, Golitsyn carried out a reform of the church school system in 1808. He supported the Russian Bible Society (Bible Societies: I, 3), which had been founded in 1813. In 1817 he became head of …

[German Version] (1724, Korotsk, Novgo­rod region – Aug 13, 1783, Zadonsk), one of the most important 18th-century Russian hierarchs. The son of a church sexton, he was baptized Timofey. He attended the seminary at the court of the bishop in Novgorod, and after being tonsured as a monk in 1758 he took the name Tikhon and served as the bishop’s prefect. In ¶ 1759 he was called to the seminary in Tver as professor of theology; soon he was made its rector. Consecrated “bishop of Keksholm and Ladoga” in 1761, he served as suffragan bishop of Novgorod. In 1763 b…

[German Version] (250 km northeast of Lviv [Lemberg], Ukraine), chosen seat of the Ruthenian Udel princes of Ostrog; from the mid-14th century steadily built up as a defensive fortress against Tartar attack. With the rise of the princes of Ostrog to the highest rank of the Polish-Lithuanian aristocratic republic, Ostrog gained particular importance as a political and cultural center for the defence of Ruthenian interests, and the strengthening of the position of the Eastern Church in the process o…

[German Version] (1530?–1607), Orthodox bishop of Lemberg (Ukrainian L'viv) from 1569. He opposed the introduction of the Gregorian calendar (1582). In 1590, he participated in unification negotiations (Unions, Church) with the Roman Catholic Church, but remained opposed to union following the conclusion of the Union of Brest in 156…

[German Version] Przemysl, on the River San on the Polish-Russian border, originally a staging place on the trade route from Regensburg to Kiev. In 1078 it became part of the principality of Halich. After Christianization, there is evidence of both Latin and Byzantine-Slavic congregations. The first mention of an Orthodox bishopric in Przemysl in a chronicle dates from 1220. After Przemysl was incorporated into the kingdom of Poland in 1344, a Latin bishopric was established in 1387. During the pr…

[German Version] (Apr 15, 1824, Glubokoye near Vilnius – Jun 9, 1898, Bialystok), scholar and rabbi. Even before the notorious Russian pogroms of 1881, he called for the return of the Jews to Palestine on the basis of an active settlement effort in the spirit of the Torah. With great organizational and propagandistic dedication, he set about reconciling the secular and orthodox elements within the emerging Chibbat Zion (Heb. “Love of Zion”), the Russian forerunner of the Zionist Organization (Zion…

[German Version] (in Scandinavian: Helga; after her baptism: Helena; c. 890–969, Kiev; feast day Jul 11), grand duchess of Kievan Rus. As duchess of Pskov from the Rjurikid dynasty, she became regent in Kievan Rus in 945, after the murder of her husband, Grand Duke Igor. Through the formation of tax districts she made a significant contribution to the strengthening of territorial power, which was also furthered by the increasing Chris-¶ tianization of the eastern Slavs. Olga herself received baptism in 955 or 957. Negotiations conducted in Constantinople in connect…

[German Version] (1824–1871), one of the most prominent Orthodox theologians during the reform era of Tsar Alexander II, became a monk (religious name: Feodor) in 1846 and taught as professor of Bible and dogmatics at the Theological Academies of Moscow and Kazan. In 1848, he attracted public attention with his Three Letters to N.V. Gogol (N. Gogol), supporting the latter's embrace of the Orthodox tradition. In 1860, there appeared his controversial On Orthodoxy and its Relationship with the Contemporary World. His effort in this work was to bridge …

[German Version] (Gumilevsky; Oct 23, 1805, Konobeev, Tambov, Russia – Aug 9, 1866, Konotop, Ukraine), archbishop of Chernigov; he founded the his-¶ toricist school of church history through intensive study of sources and historical-statistical descriptions. The most important works among his 159 listed publications are a history of the Russian Church ( …

[German Version] (Ivan Železo; 1551, Polutʾja – 1651, Počaev, Volhynia), revered for preserving the ascetic tradition of the Eastern Church in Poland and Lithuania in the epoch of confessionalization. He became a priest and monk around 1580 and initially headed the monastery of the Exaltation of th…

[German Version] White Russia or Belarus became independent in 1991, keeping the 1945 borders of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (see below). In the 17th century, the territory between the upper Neman and the middle Dnieper settled by East Slavic tribes was officially called Belorussia (Lat. Alba Russia). The element Rus’ indicates its relationship to the medieval Kievan Rus’ (Kiev, Russia), while bela (“white”) remains unexplained, despite many attempts. ¶ Shortly after the baptism of the Rus’ in 988, the eparchy of Polotsk was founded. In parallel with…

[German Version] “the Great,” tsarina of Russia (1762–1796; born princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, Apr 21, 1729, ¶ Stettin, died Nov 6, 1796, Carskoe Selo); on her marriage to Peter III (1761–1762), she converted to the Orthodox Church. As a representative of an enlightened absolutism, she practiced religious tolerance so long as state interests were not affected. In the acquired territories of Poland, Courland, the Crimea, and the Black Sea region, both Christian and non-Christian faith co…

[German Version] I. City and Metropolitan See – II. Theological Academy I. City and Metropolitan See According to legend, Kiev (Ukrainian: Kyiv) was founded by the brothers Kij, Šček, and Choriv on the west bank of the river Dnieper ( Dnepr). Owing to its favorable location on the trade route “from the Varagians to the Greeks,” Kiev developed into a political center of the ¶ medieval Rus', which was characterized by the integration of Slavic and Scandinavian elements. Kiev owed its growing prosperity above all to its economic-political and church-cultural r…

[English Version] I. Katholisch »Die P. ist eine bestimmte Gemeinschaft von Gläubigen, die in einer Teilkirche auf Dauer errichtet ist und deren Seelsorge unter der Autorität des Diözesanbischofs einem Pfarrer als ihrem eigenen Hirten anvertraut wird« (c.515 @ 1 CIC/1983; c.279 mit c.281 @ 1 CCEO). Verständnisgrundlage dieser Legaldefinition ist die Ekklesiologie des Vaticanum II. Demnach ist in allen rechtmäßigen Ortsgemeinschaften der Gläubigen die Kirche Christi wahrhaft anwesend (LG 26; vgl. LG 23; 28; SC 42; CD 30; PO 5f.; AA 10; 30…

[German Version] I. Catholicism – II. Orthodoxy – III. Protestantism The term parish comes from the Greek παροικία/ paroikía (“resident alien’s dwelling”), which in early Christianity expressed the foreignness of Christians in society. Resulting from this basic feeling, individual congregations were called παροικίαι/ paroikíai from the 2nd century. Until Late Antiquity, paroikía remained a technical term for a bishop’s congregation. Only after the rise of pastoral subcenters in large towns and rural areas, which became the main point of reference for ¶ believers’ religious li…

[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Church History – III. Current Situation I. History of Religions Brotherhoods are a special form of community, not constituted by …