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[English version] Alte phönik. Gottheit, wohl Heilgott (> šmn, “Öl”), von den Griechen als Asklepios u. auch als Apollon interpretiert. Ein wichtiges Heiligtum des im Mittelmeerraum weit verbreiteten Kults des E. lag bei Ṣidon ( Bustān aš-Šaiḫ. In Tyros wurde E. mit Melqart assoziiert. Müller-Kessler, Christa (Emskirchen) Bibliography 1 E. Lipiński, s.v. E., DCPP, 158-160 2 R. Stucky, Die Skulpturen aus dem E.-Heiligtum bei Sidon: griech., röm., kypr. und phönik. Statuen vom 6. Jh. v.- 3. Jh. n.Chr., 1993.

[English version] Aram. Name des sagenumwobenen Siegelbewahrers der assyrischen Könige Sanherib und Asarhaddon (704-669 v. Chr.), erwähnt bei Apokryphon Tob 1,21 f. (2,10; 11,17; 14,10, Ἀχιάχαρος). Assyr. Quellen fehlen. Ein spätbabylon. Keilschrifttext (2. Jh. v. Chr.) nennt einen Aba-enlil-dari mit aram. Namen Ahuaqār [1. 215-218]. A. ist Titelfigur eines biographischen Romans auf reichsaram. Papyri (5. Jh. v. Chr.) aus Elephantine. Es folgen Weisheitssprüche des A. an seinen Adoptivsohn (Neffe…

[English version] Traditioneller Oberbegriff für eine Dialektgruppe des NW-Semitischen, in Syrien, Palästina und im Mittelmeerraum gesprochen und geschrieben (ca. 10. Jh.v.Chr. bis heute; mit proto-k. Vorläufern). K. umfaßt das Phönizische, das eng mit ihm verwandte Ammonitische, das Punische als späte Weiterentwicklung des Phöniz., Edomitisch als Zwischenglied zwischen Phöniz. und Hebräisch (dem am längsten und am besten überlieferten k. Dialekt) und das dem Hebr. nahe Moabitische. Noch umstritten ist die Existenz weiterer lokaler Dialekte. Müller-Kessler, Christa …

[German version] Aramaic written language of an Arabic-speaking tribe, the Nabataeans (Arabic onomastikon). Nabataean belongs to the west-central branch of Aramaic, and is preserved in memorial, tomb, votive and building inscriptions, graffiti, coin legends and one charm, all dating from the 2nd cent. BC to the 4th cent. AD. Finds have been made at Gaza, Elusa, Mampsis, Nessana, Oboda, Petra, Transjordan with Amman and Gerasa, the Ḥaurān and Boṣra, the Arabian peninsula (Ḥiǧāẓ) with al-Ḥiǧr/Madāi…

[German version] QA (= Hasmonaic) is the name given to the Aramaic in which the texts found in Qumran were written (1st cent. BC to 2nd cent. AD), which, however, are not quite uniform in their language. QA has the characteristics of a standardized literary language (which also reappears later in Aramaic Bible translations, such as Targum Onqelos, Targum Jonathan: note the pronouns and infinitives). Yet it also still had linguistic features based on Official Aramaic and also the Aramaic of the Bib…

[German version] King of Byblus ( c. 10th cent. BC), Phoenician for ‘my brother is exalted’. His coffin, decorated with reliefs of tribute scenes, commissioned by his son Ittobaal. It is significant from the point of view of art history. The inscription on the coffin lid is early evidence of the Phoenician  alphabet. Müller-Kessler, Christa (Emskirchen) Bibliography E. Lipiński, s. v. A., DCPP 11.

[German version] was the language of the Phoenicians, and together with its later divergent form, Punic, it formed a unity within the Canaanite languages. Phoenician diversified into individual dialects which can only partly be classified according to their geographical areas (Byblus, Zincirli, Cyprus). The alphabet of 22 characters developed from proto-Canaanite. Initially, only consonants were written in its script, which deviated slightly from Aramaic. Written Phoenician sources (from the 13th/…

[German version] I. Ancient Middle Eastern origins The early Semitic alphabet seems to have developed in parallel lines from various early stages of the proto-Canaanite language: ancient Hebrew (Gezer, Lachic, Shechem, Izbet Ṣarṭah in Palestine 17th-12th cents. BC) and proto-Sinaitic (Serabit el-Ḫadem c. 15th cent. BC). As its counterpart, cuneiform scripts from Ugarit (14th-13th cents. BC), Bet Shemesh/Palestine, Tell Nebi Mend/Syria and Sarepta/Phoenicia (13th-12th cents. BC) have also been found. The alphabet from these scripts ranged from between 27 and 30 characters. T…

[German version] Refers not only to an Early North Arabian dialect that is recorded in graffiti in a modified Ancient South Arabian script (6th cent. BC to 4th cent. AD) throughout the Arabian peninsula, but, according to the most recent state of scholarship, to various individual dialects, namely Taymanic (Early Thamudic A) and Hismaic (Early Thamudic E) and southern Thamudic B, C, D. Hence it cannot be associated with the Arab Θαμυδῖται/ Thamydȋtai tribe alone. Ancient Southern Arabian; Arabic Müller-Kessler, Christa (Emskirchen) Bibliography 1 M. C. A. MacDonald, Reflections…

[German version] [1] Trading centre in north Mesopotamia This item can be found on the following maps: Syria | Zenobia | Commerce | Limes Trading centre in north Mesopotamia, founded middle of the 1st cent. AD. Expanded to a fortified round city ( c. 2 km diameter) in the mid 2nd cent., H. was an important sanctuary of the sun god  Šamaš and capital of a ‘kingdom of the Arabs’ starting c. 166, at the same time an Arsacid border province. The city was besieged in vain by Trajan (AD 116) and Septimius Severus (196 and 198). After the end of the Arsacid dynasty, it …