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[German version] (Καρανίς; Karanís). Important Greek settlement (κώμη) on the northern edge of the  Fayum, now Kom Ausīm; founded in the early Ptolemaic period and abandoned again in the 5th cent. AD. Large parts of the town are still well preserved and have been carefully excavated; among these are two temples. From C. come c. 5,000 Greek Papyri and Ostraka, mostly from Roman times (2nd-3rd cents. AD). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. Calderini, s.v. Karanis, Dizionario dei nomi geografici e topografici 3, 1978, 70-79 R. Alston, Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt…

[German version] (Πικραὶ λίμναι/ Pikraì límnai). Term (Str. 17,1,24) for the brackish 'bitter lakes' on the Isthmus of Suez, ancient Egyptian km-wr, 'great black (lake)'. In the 3rd and early 2nd millennia there were fortifications there, later the canal to the Red Sea (Ptolemaïs) was routed through these waters. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography K.W. Butzer, s.v. Bitterseen, LÄ 1, 824f.

[German version] (Προσωπῖτις, Προσωπίτης/ Prosōpîtis, Prosōpítēs). Region in the south-western Nile delta, situated between the branch of Canopus and another watercourse (according to Hdt. 2,41 an island), probably the area of the 4th administrative district of Lower Egypt, according to Hdt. 2,165 the area where the Hermotybians settled. Apart from the capital city Nikiu there were several other cities here, among others Atarbechis where Aphrodite (= Hathor) was worshipped and where mass burials of c…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization Egyptian city on the edge of the East Delta, today known as Tall Dafana (Egyptian Ṯbn?). According to Hdt. 2,30, it was a border fortress of  Psametichus I; archaeological discoveries dating from the New Kingdom, the 26th Dynasty and later, including fortifications, weapons and Greek ceramics. It is possible that it could also have been one of the stratópeda of Greek and Carian mercenaries mentioned in Hdt. 2,154. It is disputed as to whether it is the same as the OT Thachpanches. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibl…

[German version] [1] City in Middle Egypt City in Middle Egypt, north of Minia on the east bank of the Nile, nowadays called Tehne (el-Gebel). There is evidence of A. dating from the Ptolemaic period and official documentation dating back to Roman times. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] Egyptian king Third king of the 29th Dynasty (393/2-380 BC, Egyptian Hkr), kinship with predecessors and successors is uncertain. He formed an alliance with Athens and  Evagoras of Salamis to fight against the Persians and, in 385-83 BC, was abl…

Name of eleven pharaohs, Egyptian R-msj-sw (“Re (the sun god) is the one who gave him birth”), vocalized Rīamašeša in Babylonian, rendered in Greek by Ῥαμέσσης and the like. [German version] [1] R. I Dynasty founder (Throne name Mn-pḥtj-R). The founder of the 19th dynasty ( c. 1292-1290 BC) came from a non-royal family (from the eastern Delta?) and was a high-ranking officer before he was named as vizier and heir to the throne by his predecessor Haremhab. His son Sethos I was probably immediately designated as his successor. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] R. II Egy…

[German version] (Σιρβωνὶς λίμνη/ Sirbōnís límnē). Coastal lake east of Pelusium on the northeastern border of Egypt, separated from the Mediterranean by only a narrow strip of land, west of Mount Casium. According to Strabo, it was 200 stadia long, 50 stadia wide and rather deep (16,2,32; 16,2,42). The lake was claimed to be dangerous due to marshiness (cf. Diod. Sic. 1,30; 16,46) and to seaquakes (Str. 16,2,26). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin)

[German version] (Νηίθ; äg. Njt.t (?)). Egyptian goddess with her main cult site at Sais in the western Nile delta. With regard to monuments as well as to personal names, N. was the most prominent goddess of the Early Period (1st half of 3rd millennium BC). Later, especially during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom, she receded in comparison to other divinities; from the 26th Dynasty on, however, when Sais became the royal residence, she regained pre-eminent importance. Originally, N. may have been…

[German version] (Egyptian Ḥwt-[t]-ṛj-jb, Arabic Tall Atrı̄b). Capital city of the 10th Lower Egyptian district, in the southern central delta. Main god Chentechtai in older times honoured as a crocodile, in the New Kingdom mostly as a falcon. A. gains additional significance in the New Kingdom. In the 9th-7th cents. BC it forms with  Heliopolis an independent principality. Ammianus Marcellinus (22,16) counts it as one of the most important cities of Egypt. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography P. Vernus, Athribis, Bibliothèque d'études coptes 74, 1978 LÄ 1, 519-24.

[German version] City in the west delta to the north of Sais in the 6th region of Lower Egypt; actually a twin city which, in older sources, only appears in the names of its parts Pe and Dep. The name B. has its origins in the Egyptian Prw dyt, house of Wśdy (Uto), who, in the form of a snake, is the national and crown goddess of Lower Egypt and who, together with  Horus, is the most important local deity. B. was already settled in prehistoric times and was apparently an important centre. Archaeological finds and epigraphic reports about B., ho…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | Syria | Zenobia | | Diadochi and Epigoni | Alexander | Commerce | Pilgrimage | Rome | Rome | Egypt (Πηλούσιον/ Pēloúsion; Latin Pelusium). City at the far northeastern corner of the Nile delta (southeast of Port Said), Egyptian Sjn, earlier Snw, 'fortification', from Ptolemiac times also known as P-Pr-jr-Jmn, Coptic ΠΕΡΕΜΟΥΝ, modern Tall al-Faramā. The Greek name P. probably originated from a popular etymological derivation of the Egyptian sjn, 'clay' = Greek pēlós (cf. Str. 17,1,21). Based on the city's name…

[German version] (Κερκάσωρος, Κερκέσουρα; Kerkásōros, Kerkésoura). Town in Lower Egypt where, according to Hdt. 2,15; 2,17, the Nile divides into the branches of Pelusium and Canobus, according to Str. 17,806 situated on the west bank opposite Heliopolis, perhaps the Egyptian Ḥwt-šd-bd. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography F. Gomaà, s.v. Hutsched-abed, LÄ 3, 89-90.

[German version] (ὀβελίσκος/ obelískos, Latin obeliscus). Slender column of square cross-section tapering upwards with a pyramid shaped top, Egyptian tḫn, in the Graeco-Roman period also bnbn. In Egypt, obelisks have been connected with the sun cult since the earliest times (Sun god). Their concrete function and significance, however, is unknown. Royal obelisks outside temples and sanctuaries to the sun are attested from the 5th Dynasty (2450-2300 BC). In the New Kingdom they were often erected in pairs in front of the …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Egypt | Caesar | Zenobia | | Diadochi and Epigoni | Alexander | Commerce | Pilgrimage | Aegean Koine | Egypt City in Egypt, situated on the west bank of the Nile about 30 km south of the apex of the Delta. The name M. (Greek. Μέμφις; assyr. Mempi) derived from the name of the pyramid town of king Pepi I. (around 2300), Egyptian Mn-nfr-( Pjpj). The older name, ‘White Wall’ (Egyptian Jnb-ḥḏ; leúkon teíchos/λευκὸν τεῖχος in Hdt. 3,91 and Thuc. 1,104), probably referring to the particularly well-fortified cen…

[German version] (Egyptian Jwnt[- t-nṯrt], Greek Τεντυρα; Tentura), city in Upper Egypt, located on the west bank of the Nile opposite today's Qena, capital of the 6th Upper Egyptian nome. From earliest times, D. was an important centre, and especially significant from the Old Kingdom to the early Middle Kingdom. Details of a large number of the nome's strategoi from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods have been preserved on their monuments. The most important deity was the goddess of love, Hathor. Her sanctuary, dating from the Old Kingdom, was extended …

[German version] (Σε(μ)βρῖται/ Se(m)brîtai). According to Str. 16,4,8 and 17,1,2 the term ('foreigners') for (allegedly 240,000) Egyptian soldiers who under Psammetichus [1] I (664-610 BC) deserted from their garrison in Elephantine (cf. Hdt. 2,30 and Diod. Sic. 1,67) and settled in Sudan. As for the precise location of this settlement the sources conflict (cf. apart from Str. also Plin. HN 6,191 ff.; Ptol. 4,20 ff.). The historicity of Herodotus's account can not be confirmed from Egyptian sources…

(Ψαμμήτιχος; Psammḗtichos). Greek form of the name of several Egyptian rulers of Libyan origin, Egyptian Psmṯk. [German version] [1] P. I Egyptian king 1st king of the 26th Dynasty (664-610 BC), son of Necho [1] I, initially a vassal of the Assyrians, to whom he fled from a Nubian attack (Hdt. 2,152). After the Assyrians expelled the Nubians, he made himself ruler of the whole of Lower Egypt until c. 657, probably with the help of Greek and Carian (Cares) mercenaries (Hdt. 2,151 f.). P. entered into an alliance with Gyges [1] of Lydia and was soon able to free…

[German version] (Μυεκφορίτης; Myekphorítēs). Egyptian district, mentioned only in Hdt. 2,166, located on an ‘island’ (surrounded by arms of the Nile or canals) across from Bubastis and inhabited by Calasirieis. The etymology of the name is unclear, it may mean the 20th district of lower Egypt. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A.B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II, Comm. 99-182, 1988, 195.

[German version] (Καλασιριεῖς; Kalasirieîs). Along with the hermotybies, the Kalasirieis were one of the two classes in the Egyptian caste of warriors (μάχιμοι), instituted, according to Diod. Sic. 1,94, by a king Σεσόωσις/ Sesóōsis (Sheshonk I ?). According to Hdt. 2,166, they were up to 250,000 men strong and lived in Thebes and in certain towns in the Nile Delta. The Egyptian term krj-š (the meaning is uncertain) is attested from the 20th Dynasty on, a corresponding group with military and police functions is attested from the 26th Dynasty until the beginning of Roman rule. Jansen-Wink…

[German version] (Ταχώς, in Manethon Τεώς/ Teṓs; Egyptian Ḏd.ḥr). Second king of the Egyptian 30th Dynasty,  c. 362-360 BC (calculations differ by up to two years), son of his predecessor Nectanebus [1] I and his co-regent during the last three years of his reign (from c. 365). T. tried to exploit the collapse of Persian power in western Asia, and in c. 360 BC, he led a campaign to Syria, with a great number of Greek mercenaries under the Spartan king Agesilaus [2] and a fleet under the Athenian Chabrias. During this campaign, T.'s brother Tjahapimu, who …

(Ὄμβοι; Ómboi). Two towns in Egypt. Their names are derived from Egyptian nbw, 'gold', possibly indicating that they were points of departure for the search for gold in the neighbouring desert regions. [German version] [1] Town in the 5th nome of Upper Egypt Egyptian Nbwt, town in the 5th nome of Upper Egypt, close to modern Ṭūḫ. Cult town of the god Seth, of whose temple little remains. As a result of the vilification of Seth, the town lost its importance after the New Kingdom. Juv. 15,33f. mentions a dispute between the residents of O. …

[German version] (Λητοῦς πόλις; Lētoûs pólis). City at the south-western tip of the Nile delta, Egyptian ( S) ḫm, modern Ausim (north-west of Kairo), main city of the 2nd Lower Egyptian district. The main god of L. was the falcon-shaped god of heaven ( M) ḫntj-jrtj, who loses and regains his eyes at sunrise and sunset (sun and moon) and thereby symbolizes the daily cycle of the sun. Later he was identified with Haroeris. The sacred animals of the God of L. were mainly the ichneumon and the shrew-mouse (numerous bronze figures are extant,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Limes (Παραιτόνιον; Paraitónion). Port c. 300 km west of Alexandria [1], modern Marsā Maṭrūḥ, the point of departure of the road to the oasis of Siwa (Ammoneion), also called ἡ Ἀμμωνία/ hē Ammōnía (Str. 17,799). P. was important as a port and for border security during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods; during the New Kingdom, there was a fortress close to modern Umm ar-Raḫam. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin)

[German version] (Ξοίς; Xoís). Egyptian city in the northwestern Nile Delta, Egyptian ( pr-) Ḫsww, chief town of the Sixth District of Lower Egypt. Parts of the ancient settlement are beneath modern Saḫā; no others are extant. There are no archaeological remains from the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC and few textual references; most of the finds are from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. According to a dubious piece of information in Manetho [1] (FGrH 609 F 2,10), the 14th Dynasty ( c. 1650 BC) is supposed to originate from X. During the troubles at the end of the 19th Dynasty ( c. 1200 BC), th…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt (Egyptian Pr-Bstt, Arabic Tell Basta). Town in the south-eastern delta of the Tanis arm of the Nile. Its primary deity was Bastet, originally a lion goddess, later particularly worshipped as a cat. Her festival is described in Hdt. 2,60. Temple structures are evident from as early as the Old Kingdom, but B. only gained significance with the 22nd dynasty, when it -- alongside Tanis -- became the residence of the Libyan kings. No later than the…

[German version] King in Lower Egypt ( c. 720-715 BC), Egyptian Bk-n-rn.f, second and last ruler of the 24th dynasty. He was dethroned by the Nubian king, Shabako, who conquered the whole of Egypt around 715 BC and, according to  Manetho, had B. burned alive. B.'s reign has very little contemporary attestation. All the greater, then, is his fame in later Egyptian and ancient tradition, which regarded him as a sage and a great legislator. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography Th. Schneider, Lex. der Pharaonen, 1994, 93f. LÄ 1, 846 RE 3, 66f.

(Φίοψ/ Phíops or Φιός/ Phiós). Greek form of the name of two Egyptian kings (Egyptian Pjpj). [German version] [1] P. I Third king of the 6th Egyptian dynasty Third king of the 6th dynasty ( c. 2300-2250 BC). Under his reign, expeditions to the Sinai [1], to Byblos [1], Nubia and Punt are attested. An inscription of P. was found in Palace G in Ebla. A courtier reported in his funerary inscription that there was a secret investigation of a harem conspiracy led by the queen [1. 98-110]; the same report mentions five military campaigns against Asian nomads. The name of the pyramid (-town) of P. ( Mn-nf…

[German version] (καλάσιρις; kalásiris). According to Hdt. 2,81, a fringed linen undergarment worn by the Egyptians; according to Democr. (FGrH 267, F.1) also worn by Persians and Ionians, probably to be connected with the Egyptian warrior class of the Kalasirieis. Cf. Calasiris. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin)

[German version] (Τάρκος/ Tárkos, Assyrian Tarqû, Egyptian  Th()rq(), in scholarly literature usually Taharka/o). Nubian king, third and most significant ruler (690-664 BC) of the Egyptian 25th Dynasty, throne name Ḫwj-Nfrtm-R. When he was 20 years old, he was summoned by his brother(?) and predecessor Sebichus from Nubia to Egypt, and led the Egyptian army in the (lost) battle of Eltekeh (ANET, 287 f.; 2 Kg 19,9) in 701 BC. In 690 BC, he succeeded Sebichus to the throne, according to his own account as his chosen succe…

(Νείλου πόλις/ Neílou pólis). [German version] [1] Settlement in Middle Egypt Settlement in Middle Egypt, 13 km north of Banī Suwaif, Coptic Tilodj, modern Dalāṣ. The settlement is not known from ancient Egyptian times; N. was a diocesan town in the Christian period. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [German version] [2] Village in the Fayum Village in the Fayum, near Soknopaiou Nesos, modern Tall ar-Ruṣaṣ, with an Isis cult. Known from numerous papyrus finds from the later Ptolemaic to the Byzantine period. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography 1 A. Calderini, s.v. Nilopolis, …

Name of two Egyptian kings of the 30th Dynasty. [German version] [1] N. I Egyptian king, founder of the 30th Dynasty (380-363/2). Νεκτανέβις/-νίβις ( Nektanébis/- níbis), Egyptian Nḫt-nb.f; founder of the 30th Dynasty, son of a general Tachos ( Ḏd-ḥr) from Sebennytus. N. himself was a general under his predecessor Nepherites II, whom he overthrew shortly after his accession. Egypt had hardly any allies at the time, nevertheless it was able to ward off a Persian invasion attempt in 373 BC, in which the Athenian general Iphicrates participated on the Per…

[German version] (Plin. HN 3,3; λιβυκὸν ὄρος; libykòn óros, Hdt. 2,8; λιβυκὰ ὄρη; libykà órē, Ptol. 4,5,10, Str. 17,819). Name of the mountains bordering the Nile valley on the west in contrast to the ‘Arabian’ mountain range of the east bank. According to the ancient geographers, the Nile valley often forms the border between Libya and Arabia and consequently between Africa and Asia. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. L.m., RE 13, 148.

(Σέθως; Séthōs). Name of two pharaohs, Egyptian Stẖj. [German version] [1] S. I Second king of the 19th dynasty, c. 1290-1279 BC, already designated successor during the short reign of his father Ramesses [1] I. One of his epithets ('he who repeats creation') suggests that his reign was supposed to be seen as the beginning of a new era, and indeed it was: most of the defining characteristics of the 19th dynasty, which became particularly distinct in the time of his son Ramses [2] II, began with S. He undertook sev…

[German version] (Μέτηλις; Métēlis). Town in the north-western Nile delta, east of Alexandria; the precise location of M. and its Arab successor settlement of Maṣil remains unclear, but probably near Fuwwa (Kom el-Aḥmar?). In the Roman period, M. was the capital of a new nome of Metelites on the territory of the former 7th Lower Egyptian district. Its chief deity was Hathor/ Isis, who was honoured in the shape of a falcon (Egyptian bjk); the placename Bechis (Βῆχις; Bêchis), given by Steph. Byz. for M., is derived from this. In the Byzantine and Arab periods (until the 11…

[German version] Fourth king of the 26th dynasty (589-570 BC), Egyptian Wḥ-jb-R, Hophra in the OT, son and successor to Psametich II. At the beginning of his reign, he intervenes unsuccessfully in Palestine against the rule of the Chaldaeans. His support of the Libyans of Cyrenaica against the Greeks there is just as unsuccessful. After a defeat, the army installs  Amasis as the new king. A. is beaten; the sources give contradictory accounts of his death, but he is buried as a king in Sais. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography Th. Schneider, Lex. der Pharaonen, 1994, 81-83 LÄ 1, 35…

(Ψαμμήτιχος). Griech. Namensform mehrerer äg. Herrscher libyscher Herkunft, äg. Psmṯk. [English version] [1] Ps. I. ägypt. König 1. König der 26. Dyn. (664-610 v. Chr.), Sohn des Necho [1] I., zunächst Vasall der Assyrer, zu denen er vor einem nubischen Angriff floh (Hdt. 2,152). Nach der Vertreibung der Nubier durch die Assyrer konnte er sich bis ca. 657 zum Herrscher von ganz Unteräg. machen, wohl mit Hilfe griech. und karischer (Kares) Söldner (Hdt. 2,151 f.). Ps. schloß ein Bündnis mit Gyges [1] von Lydien …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägypten | Indienhandel (Φιλαί, äg. P-Jrk, wohl ein nubischer Name). Kleine Insel am Südende des 1. Nilkataraktes, auf der ein berühmter Isis-Tempel und eine Anzahl kleinerer Heiligtümer standen. Verbaute Blöcke mit Königsnamen zeigen, daß es spätestens unter Taharka (690-664) hier ein Heiligtum gab, spätestens seit Amasis [2] einen Isistempel. Die frühesten noch sichtbaren Anlagen stammen aber erst von Nektanebos [1] I., und die meisten Bauwer…

[English version] Stadt im West-Delta, nördl. von Sais, im 6. unterägypt. Gau, eigentlich eine Doppelstadt, die in den älteren Quellen nur mit den Namen ihrer Teile Pe und Dep erscheint. Der Name B. geht auf ägypt. Prw dyt zurück, “Haus der Wśdy” (“Uto”), der schlangengestaltigen Landes- und Krongöttin Unterägyptens, zusammen mit Horus wichtigste Lokalgottheit. B. war schon in vorgesch. Zeit besiedelt und offenbar ein bedeutendes Zentrum. Arch. Funde und epigraphische Nachrichten über B. finden sich in größerer Zahl aber nur aus dem A…

(Ὄμβοι). Zwei Orte in Ägypten, von äg. nbw, “Gold” abgeleitet, urspr. vielleicht Ausgangspunkt für die Goldsuche in den angrenzenden Wüstengebieten. [English version] [1] Ort im 5. oberäg. Gau Äg. Nbwt, Ort im 5. oberäg. Gau, nahe dem h. Ṭūḫ. Kultort des Gottes Seth, von dessen Tempel geringe Reste vorhanden sind. Infolge der Verfemung des Seth verlor die Stadt nach dem NR an Bedeutung. Iuv. 15,33f. erwähnt einen Streit der Bewohner von O. mit ihren Nachbarn aus Dendara anläßlich eines Festes. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [English version] [2] Stadt im 1. oberäg. Gau Dieser Ort ist a…

[English version] (Μυεκφορίτης). Nur bei Hdt. 2,166 genannter ägyptischer Gau, auf einer “Insel” (von Nilarmen oder Kanälen umgeben) gegenüber von Bubastis gelegen und von Kalasirieis bewohnt. Die Etym. des Namens ist unklar, gemeint ist vielleicht der 20. unteräg. Gau. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A.B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II, Comm. 99-182, 1988, 195.

Griech. Namensform zweier ägypt. Könige. [English version] [1] meist Amosis oder Ahmose Meist Amosis oder Ahmose, ca. 1540/30-1515/05 v. Chr., Begründer der 18. Dynastie und des NR. Er vollendet die Vertreibung der Hyksos, erobert ihre Hauptstadt Auaris und unterwirft Südpalästina sowie Unternubien [1. 45-47; 3]. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) [English version] [2] ägypt. König Ägypt. Jḥ-msw, 5. Herrscher der 26. Dynastie (570-26 v. Chr.), stürzt seinen Vorgänger Apries, als der ihn zur Beilegung einer Meuterei aussendet. Zu Beginn seiner Regieru…

[English version] (Προσωπῖτις, Προσωπίτης). Gebiet im sw Nildelta, zw. dem Arm von Kanobos und einem anderen Wasserlauf gelegen (nach Hdt. 2,41 eine Insel), verm. das Gebiet des 4. unteräg. Gaues, nach Hdt. 2,165 Siedlungsraum der Hermotybier. Hier gab es neben der Hauptstadt Nikiu noch mehrere Städte, u. a. Atarbechis, wo Aphrodite (= Hathor) verehrt wurde und Sammelbestattungen von Rindern stattfanden (Hdt. 2,41; Strab. 17,1,20). Äg. Bezeichnung und Lage dieser Stadt (bei Kaum Abī Billū?) sind n…

(Φίοψ/Φιός). Griech. Form des Namens zweier äg. Könige (äg. Pjpj). [English version] [1] Ph. I. Dritter König der 6. äg. Dynastie Dritter König der 6. Dyn. (ca. 2300-2250 v.Chr.). Unter seiner Regierung sind Expeditionen zum Sinai, nach Byblos [1], Nubien und Punt bezeugt. Eine Inschr. des Ph. wurde im Palast G von Ebla gefunden. Ein Höfling berichtet in seiner Grabinschr. von einer geheimen Untersuchung einer Haremsverschwörung unter Leitung der Königin [1. 98-110]; derselbe Bericht erwähnt fünf Feldzüge gegen asiatische Nomaden. Der Name der Pyramide(nstadt) des Ph. ( Mn-nfr-…

[English version] Nach Hdt. 2,137-40 ein blinder König aus einer gleichnamigen Stadt, in dessen Regierungszeit die Äthiopen unter S(ch)abako Ägypten eroberten. Histor. nicht zu identifizieren, handelt es sich wohl um eine Erinnerung an das Weiterbestehen selbständiger Deltadynasten während der Herrschaft der nubischen Könige (25. Dynastie). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography A. B. Lloyd, Herodotus, Book II, Commentary 99-182, 1988, 90-92.

[English version] (Νίτητις). Nach Hdt. 3,1-3 Tochter des äg. Königs Apries, die Amasis [2] dem Kambyses [2] als eigene Tochter zur Ehefrau gab; dieser Betrug diente als Anlaß für Kambyses' Angriff auf Ägypten. Nach äg. Version sei N. aber die Frau des Kyros [1] I. und Mutter des Kambyses gewesen. Der Name N. ist äg. ( Njtt-jj.tj), die Prinzessin ist aber in äg. Quellen nicht belegt. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin)

[English version] [1] Stadt in Oberägypten Der griech. κυνῶν πόλις (“Stadt der Hunde”; Strab. 17,812) genannte Ort war zeitweise Hauptstadt des 17. oberäg. Gaus (κυνοπολίτης) und lag nach Ptol. 4,5,29 auf einer Insel. K. (äg. Ḥr-dj) wird in Texten des NR oft erwähnt und war Kultort des hundeköpfigen Gottes Anubis. Unter Ramses XI. wurde es in einem Bürgerkrieg zerstört. Seine genaue Lage ist unbekannt, vermutlich bei Scheich Fadl, wo auch ein Hundefriedhof gefunden wurde. Über einen rel. bedingten “Krieg” der Bewohner von K. mit …

[English version] (Σαβάκων). Erster König der (nubischen) 25. Dyn., äg. Šbk­, Bruder und Nachfolger des Pi(anch)i (Pije). Seine mindestens 15 Regierungsjahre werden nach der traditionellen Chronologie um 716/5-702/1 v. Chr. angesetzt. Da aber sein Nachfolger Sebichos nach einer neupublizierten assyrischen Inschr. schon im J. 706 König war [1], muß S. spätestens 720 den Thron bestiegen haben. S. eroberte in seinem 2. Regierungsjahr Äg. und ließ Manethon [1] zufolge seinen Widersacher Bokchoris lebendig …

[English version] (Ψάμμουθις). Herrscher der 29. Dyn., äg. P-š(rj-n) Mwt, Gegenkönig des Akoris [2] (verm. 393-392 oder 391-390), v. a. in Theben bezeugt. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography J. D. Ray, Ps. and Hakoris, in: JEA 72, 1986, 149-156.

Name zweier äg. Könige der 30. Dyn. [English version] [1] N. I. äg. König, Begründer der 30. Dyn. (380-363/2). Νεκτανέβις/-νίβις, äg. Nḫt-nb.f; Begründer der 30. Dyn., Sohn eines Generals Tachos ( Ḏd-ḥr) aus Sebennytos, selbst General seines Vorgängers Nepherites II., den er kurz nach der Thronbesteigung stürzte. Äg. hatte damals kaum Verbündete, dennoch konnte 373 v.Chr. ein persischer Invasionsversuch abgewehrt werden, an dem der athenische General Iphikrates auf pers. Seite teilnahm (Diod. 15,29; 38; 41-44). Später wurden im Gefolge des…

[English version] (Νιτρίαι). Siedlung am Westrand des Nildelta, ca. 15 km südl. von Damanhūr, h. Gabal Barng. Eines der Herkunftsgebiete von Natron, in griech. Quellen (z.B. Strab. 17,803; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ν.; Pall. Laus. 7,1 u.ö.) seit ptolem. Zeit bezeugt. Im 2. Jh.v.Chr. gab es hier eine jüd. Synagoge. Um 315 n.Chr. gründete der koptische Abt Apa Amoun in diesem Gebiet eine christl. Eremitensiedlung, deren Blütezeit im 4.-5. Jh. lag. Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography 1 A. Bernand, Le delta égyptien d'après les textes grecs, Bd. 1, 1970, 933-961 2 S. Timm, Das christl…