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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt (modern Krefeld-Gellep). Place in Germania inferior, field camp and battle site of the Batavian wars (Tac. Hist. 4,26,3; 32,1; 35,3; 36,1; 58,4); after AD 70 auxiliary fort (Plin. HN 19,90), which after three wood and earth stages was converted into stone before 150. The occupying force was for a long time the cohors II Varcinorum equitata. In the wake of Postumus' uprising in 259 (tombs of the fallen!) and in 275/6 G. was destroyed by the Franks, redesigned into a fortress around 295…

[German version] Eastern Germanic tribe (first mentioned in Plin. HN 4,99; etymologically linked with * burgund -- ‘the high-lying’), possibly originating from the island of Bornholm; from the 2nd cent. BC, they settled in the western part of eastern Pomerania, in the 2nd cent. AD in central northern Germany between the Oder and the Vistula. Hypothetically linked with the Luboszyce culture [1]. In the 3rd cent., they migrated to the south-west and, together with the Vandali, were defeated by Aurelius  Probus in around AD 280 (on the river Lech?). At the end of the 4th cent. AD, the B. displaced the  Alamanni from the region between the Neckar river and the Taunus mountains. They advanced across the Rhine in AD 406/7 and, in AD 413, were given parts of the Gallic region bordering on the Rhine by  Honorius. This Burgundian kingdom along the central reaches of the Rhine around the capital of Worms (graves near Worms and Mainz) came to a speedy end, when the B. moved to Belgica away from the  Huns, and King Gundehar was subsequently defeated by  Aetius [2] (in AD 437; historical basis to the song of the Nibelungs); in AD 443, Aetius resettled them as federates in Sapaudia (the region around the lower part of Lake Geneva up to Lausanne). The Burgundian kingdom expanded to the south, the west and the north along the Rhône (at its core was the modern Bourgogne, with Lyon as its capital from AD 461). King Gu…

[German version] Germanic people, listed by Caesar (B Gall. 2,4,10) among the Germani cisrhenani together with the  Eburones, Caerosi and Paemani; lived as clients of the  Treveri (ibid. 4,6,4) between them and the Eburones (ibid. 6,32,1). The Condroz region on the river Maas between Namur and Liège, which is called pagus Condrustus in medieval documents, recalls the C. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography G. Neuman…

[German version] Statio of the Tab. Peut. 4,1 f., possibly the modern Urspring-Lonsee (Alb-Donau-Kreis): two-phase cohort fort (1.8 hectares) from c. AD 80 and   vicus . Coin finds until AD 153/154.  Cohors;  Castellum Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography Coins: Fundmz. Röm. Deutschland 2,4, 1964, no. 4550. Literature.: J. Heiligmann, Der ‘Alb-Limes’, 1990, 88-101.

[German version] Principal town of the Traun plain, favourably situated from the point of view of communications at the point where the Danube intersects with the salt road to Bohemia, with probably an originally Celtic name (perhaps ‘the bend, the meander’), modern Linz on the Danube. With the wood-earth camp that originates at the earliest in the Tiberian period (0.66 ha, ala I Thracum?), Noricum joined the Claudian series of forts in Raetia west of Oberstimm (in between only small forts); extended before AD 160 into a much bigger stone fort ( ala I Pannoniorum Tampiana Victrix, around 2…

[German version] Germanic tribe (first mentioned in Str. 7,1,3f.; etymology uncertain), renowned for their martial discipline; settled by Rome in the region around the mouth of the Main, they later occupied particularly the basins of the Hessian depression south of the Cherusci and east of the Usipetes. Classed with the  Hermiones in Plin. HN 4,100, they lost the battle for a saline river to the Hermunduri in AD 58, but inflicted a devastating defeat on the Cherusci. In constant opposition to Rome…

[German version] Germanic tribe on the middle reaches of the Weser, partly separated from their south-western neighbours, the Cherusci, by a wide ager (Tac. Ann. 2,19); they sided with Rome in AD 16, seceded, and, after their defeat, joined the   fides (Tac. Ann. 2,24,3); in AD 97, in order to evade the Chauci, the A., together with the Chamavi, occupied land belonging to the Bructeri on the upper reaches of the Amisia (modern Ems; Tac. Germ. 33; cf. Ptol. 2,11,9; Laterculus Veronensis 13,13). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography R. Wenskus, s. v. Angriwarier, RGA, 333 R. Wolters, Rö…

[German version] Probably the modern Eder, river in the territory of the  Chatti (Tac. Ann. 1,56,3). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)

[German version] (Λικάττιοι; Likáttioi, Str. 4,6,8; Λικάτιοι; Likátioi, Ptol. 2,12,4; Plin. HN 3,137). Vi…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Modern Epfach, district of Landsberg am Lech, Germany (CIL III 2,5780); Roman garrison from just before BC to about AD 50, late antique fortifications along the long, steep-sided, island-like Lorenzberg in a bow of the river Lech. 300 m away, underneath the village of Epfach, there is a Flavian road- vicus on the   via Claudia , north-east of the turn-off to Gauting. Building remains on E…

[German version] Alpine tribe, subjugated by Augustus (CIL V 7817 = Plin. HN 3,137); they lived east of the Vocontii and south of the Allobroges (Str. 4,1,11; 4,6,5; Ptol. 2,10,7) along the upper course of the Arc near modern Modane, and, according to Vitr. De arch. 8,3,20, were particularly prone to suffer from goitre. They belonged to the tribes governed by Cottius [1] (CIL V 7231) and later to the prov. Alpes Cottiae. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Biblio…

[German version] Alpine tribe in Raetia (Hor. Carm. 4,14,10), subjugated by Drusus in 15 BC, which, like the Breuni, was thought of as Illyrian (Str. 4,6,8); Plin. HN 3,137 has Caenauni, Ptol. 2,12,4 Βένλαυνοι ( Bénlaunoi). It is thought that their dwelling places were, e.g., in the eastern Inn Valley in the Tyrol. Allocation by Paus. 8,43,4 (Britannia) is uncertain [1]. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 J. G. F. Hind, The ‘Genounian’ part of Britain, in: Britannia 8, 1977, 229-234. R. Frei-Stolba, Die Räter in den ant. Quellen, in: B. Frei (ed.), Das Räterproblem in ge…

[German version] (variant Naharvali). Powerful subtribe of the Vandals/Lugii, which is mentioned in Tac. Germ. 43, 3f. along with the Harii, Helvecones, Manimi and Halisones (Helisii?). The Romans reached these tribes via the ‘Amber Road’ (Amber), which had been open since the time of Nero (AD 54-68). In a holy grove belonging to the N., the Alcis, who were comparable with the Dioscuri, were worshipped in an all-Lugian cult. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR M 33,63  G. Perl, Tacitus, Germania, 1990, 247f.  D. Timpe, Romano-Germanica, 1995, 107f., 127-131.

[German version] Germanic tribe (first mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 6,10,5; etymology uncertain, possibly connected with * herut, German ‘Hirsch’ [deer]?). They settled south of the Angrivarii and west of the Langobardi, between Weser and Elbe, and north of the Harz mountains. In a state of permanent internal dispute, they were subjugated by Claudius Drusus (in 12 and 9 BC), and by Tiberius (AD 4). However, in AD 9,  Arminius, who was in Roman service, led a successful uprising against Quinctilius  Varus by parts …

[German version] now Boppard. About 1 km east of a vicus from the 1st-3rd cents. AD, the late Roman castle B. of the milites balistarii (Not. Dign. occ. 41,23), with 28 round towers, was developed in the middle of the 4th cent.; in places the walls still reach up to 9 m in height. Early Christian church. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography H.-H. Wegner, in: H. Cüppers(ed.), Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz, 1990, 344-346 E. Dassmann, Die Anf. der Kirche in Deutschland, 1993, 62-65.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt Modern Asberg near Moers (etymologically ‘Eschenberg’ -- ash mountain; cf. Old High German ask). In this location opposite the mouth of the river Ruhr (CIL XIII 2,2,8588-8597), five phases of an auxiliary fort, from 12/11 BC to its abandonment in AD 83/85, with an area of 1.6 to 2.3 ha. have been verified, as well as an Augustan   vicus , and a harbour which was silting up at the end of the 1st cent. AD. After the withdrawal of the military, A. remained an important staging post between Castra Vetera and Novaesium with   be…

[German version] Mixed Romano-Germanic tribe (Bavarians), first recorded in Iord. Get. 55,280 as living in southern Germany east of the river Lech (cf. Venantius Fortunatus, Vita Martini 4,640-645). Etymologically most likely the ‘descendants of those living in Bai(a)-haim (= Bohemia)’; the foederati, archaeologically evident in the Friedenhain-Přeštovice pottery, were most likely -- initially independently, later tolerated by the Ostrogoths (Theoderic the Great) -- to have formed the military core, around which, with Regensburg at its…

Roman province, essentially the eastern Alpine region, to the south of the Danube, east of Raetia and west of Pannonia. [German version] A. From the beginning until incorporation into the Imperium Romanum There are various hypotheses [2] on the formation of the Celtic Norici people, who probably gained strength through the amalgamation of individual peoples (dedications from Mt Magdalen in Corinthia mention eight Norican tribes [1. 280-284, 294]), especially regarding their relationship to the postulated pre-Celtic Nori (Norei…

[German version] Final phase in the civil war that took place after Nero's death between August of AD 69 and September/October 70 north of the Alps (sources in [1]). Tacitus is the main source for a description of the complex chain reactions entailing breaches of faith and new solidarities (Hist. 4,12-37; 54-79; 5,14-26). Some authors (for instance Brunt) claim that Tacitus depicts a believable and consistent overview of the separatist movement against Rome which aimed at a Gallic world empire (cf…

[German version] Germanic tribe, ‘the people who live on the (lower) Ems’; in AD 9, they stayed loyal to Rome under the leadership of Boiocalus, but during Nero's reign (middle of the 1st cent. AD), following their eviction by the Chauci, they tried in vain to settle in the military territory on the eastern bank of the Lower Rhine [1]. Despite their fifty years of allegiance to Rome, the Romans drove them out; the tribe found no admittance with the

[German version] Germanic tribe, who apparently suddenly descended upon Gaul and Italy, but whose origins and itinerary remained a mystery to the Romans (Plut. Marius 11,4; sources in [1], cf. [3. 23-28]). Jutland is assumed to be their homeland, on the basis of a modern hypothesis; that they were driven out by the slow encroachment of the sea, is probably no more than an ancient presumption (Posidon. in Str. 2,3,6; 7,2,1f.). It is a contentious question whether the C. changed their way of life, r…

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[German version] Germanic tribe (of uncertain etymology); they preceded the Tubantes and Usipetes as inhabitants of land on the lower Rhine, which was later to become Roman military land (Tac. Ann. 13,55,2); before 12 BC they lived east of the Tencteri, west of the  Bructeri and north of the Marsi (cf. the early medieval district of ‘Hamaland’ around Deventer between IJssel and Rhine). After the defeat of the Bructeri in AD 98, the C. from the west began to settle in the Bructeri's former territor…

[German version] Today St. Pölten. A town in  Noricum, situated at the intersection of ancient roads frequented from early times; etymologically probably linked to Celtic * keto -- ‘wood, forest’ (cf.   Cetius mons ). The municipium Aelium Cetensium of the time of Hadrian (CIL III 5630; 5652; 11799) was destroyed in the wars against the  Marcomanni, but soon recovered [1]. Since 1949 significant excavations on the site of the ancient town, which has been built up in modern times. Some slight evidence of Christianity in what little r…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia The modern Dölsach and Nußdorf-Debant on the road through the Drau valley (unknown etymology); when the Celtic Laianci came into contact with the Romans at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC, the municipium Claudium A. (Plin. HN 3,146) with   forum ,   capitolium ,   basilica and  thermae [1] developed about 2 km east of the original town. Mining and processing of metal ensured the economic prosperity of A. and its territory -- from the Felber Tauern to the Kärntner Tor, from the Lie…

[German version] Today Altrip near Speyer. ‘Bell-shaped’, fort with its long side facing the Rhine from the Valentinian period (Cod. Theod. 11,31,4, AD 369) part of the fortress system of the Neckar confluence (Not. Dign. occ. 39; cf. the fortifications providing safe shipping, Symm. Or. 2,20 [1]). Destroyed in the New Year's night of AD 406/7 by  Alani,  Suebi and  Vands.  Castellum Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 A. Pabst, 1989, 147 f., 332 ff. S. V. Schnurbein, H.-J. Köhler…

[German version] (etym. Lang(a/o)-bardoz, ‘the long beards’ [9]). Germanic tribe which Tacitus (Germ. 40,1) and Ptolemy (2,11,9) count among the Suebi; according to tribal mythology [1], they wandered out of southern Sweden as the Winniler into territories south of the Baltic Sea around 100 BC and fused with other peoples. The L. are archaeologically confirmed on the lower course of the Elbe (in the Bardengau) from the 1st cent. BC onwards. Briefly driven back to the east bank by Tiberius in AD 5 (Str. 7,1,290; Vell. Pat. 2,106,2; [2]…

[German version] Roman civilian settlement, main settlement of the civitas Auderiensium with good infrastructure (archaeological finds: e.g., a Mithraeum). Heyday about AD 300, but victim of Alamannic raids. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography E. Schallmayer, D., in: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.), Die Römer in Hessen, 21989, 250-255. …

[German version] A Germanic people who according to Tac. Germ. 40,2 worshipped  Nerthus with the Reudigni, Angli, Varini, Eudoses, Suardones and Nuithones; it is not possible to work out their exact location in spite of the etymology ‘water dwellers, island inhabitants’ Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Gallia/Gaul | Legio | Limes | Limes | Batavian Revolt Modern Bonn. Since 30/20 BC settlement of the  Ubii with an indigenous name; between 16 and 12 BC, it was a mixed Roman garrison, replaced under Emperor Augustus with a legion from 1 BC; the legionary camp was rebuilt after its destruction in AD 70 ( legio I Minervia:  Domitianus -- 4th cent.), as was the canabae, both using half-timbering. The suburb of the camp, which itself had been rebuilt several times, flourished until it was destroyed (and rebuilt) …

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[German version] The modern Andernach; crossing-point of important long-distance routes (CIL XVII 2,675; Amm. Marc. 18,2,4) and the Rhine valley road from  Mogontiacum to  Colonia Agrippinensis; near the Roman cohort fort on the ‘Hügelchen’, already manned in the 1st cent. AD, it was a   vicus with harbour facilities for goods from the hinterland (e.g. millstones and industrial stone from the quarries around Mayen). In late antiquity, the vicus being endangered by flooding, an area of some 5.6 hectares was protected by a wall with round, projecting towers, still…

[German version] Aside from the  Harii, Manimi, Halisiones and Nahanarvali, a powerful partial tribe of the Vandali-Lugii (Tac. Germ. 43,2); probably identical to the Elouaíōnes (Ἐλουαίωνες, Ptol. 2,11,9), although they do not have the addition Loûg[i]oi (Λοῦγ[ι]οι) and their location is pinpointed as between Rhoutíkleioi (Ῥουτίκλειοι) and Burgundiones (Βουργοῦντες). In this case they would be the most northerly Lugii. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg)

[German version] ‘Homeland of the Boii’, now Bohemia (sources: Str. 7,1,3; Vell. Pat. 2,109,5; Tac. Germ. 28,2). Although widely abandoned by the Celtic  Boii around 60 BC (Caes. Gall. 1,5,4; cf. Str. 7,1,5; Plin. HN 3,146 deserta Boiorum) and occupied by the  Marcomanni shortly before the end of that cent., the region retained their name. That it gave its name to the  Baiovarii is disputed but quite likely. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR M 33,27.

[German version] The Elbe (never the Alb [3], despite [1]) has its source according to Tac. Germ. 41,2 [2. 242 f.] in the territory of the  Hermunduri, according to Ptol. 2,11,1 in the Sudeten, according to Cass. Dio 55,1,3 correctly in the ‘Vandal Mountains’ (Riesengebirge / Krkonoše). Known by the Romans since  Caesar, reached by  Drusus and  Tiberius in 9 and 5 BC, soon crossed by L.  Domitius Ahenobarbus, it was to have become the Germanic border of Rome -- a plan that failed. Therefore known to Tac. (Germ. 41,4) only by ‘hearsay’ ( nunc tantum auditur). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibli…

[German version] River, eastern or western border of the kingdom of Quadian Vannius founded in AD 19 inter Marum (March) et Cusum (Tac. Ann. 2,63,6), mostly identified with the Duria, i.e. with Hron (Gran), Ipel' (Eipel) or -- archaeologically the most probable -- Váh (Waag [1. 186104]). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 H.-W. Böhme, Arch. Zeugnisse zur Gesch. der Markomannenkriege, in: JRGZ 22, 1975, 153-217. TIR M 33,35f. G. Neumann, s.v. C., RGA 5, 112f. Ipel';

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia | Raeti, Raetia (modern Salzburg). In the territory of the Alauni the developing Roman site of I. (etymology disputed) on the left bank of the Salzach replaced the Celtic hill settlements on the Rainberg, the Festungsberg and the Kapuzinerberg in the later years of Augustus' reign (beginning 1st cent. AD). I. was built at the junction of the northern road along the crest of the Alps from Bregenz (Brigantium) and the long distance road from Aquileia leading over the Radstädter Tauernpass, and was raised to the status of mu…

[German version] The modern Dormagen. Late Flavian alae fort (3.3 ha) between Cologne and Neuss. Second construction phase in the mid 2nd cent. AD, probably the ala Noricorum (CIL XIII 8523f.); burnt down c. 200, and in c. 275 very briefly occupied. In the north-eastern corner was a reoccupation fort from late antiquity. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography M. Gechter, Das röm. Kavallerielager Dormagen, in: Arch. im Rheinland 1994, 1995, 85-87.

[German version] Seafaring East Germanic tribe [1], which at the beginning of the 3rd cent. AD was allegedly driven out of Scandinavia by the Danes and split into East and West Heruli. The latter attacked the Romans at the Lower Rhine in 287, were defeated and repeatedly attacked Roman territory from the Dutch-Frisian coast to southern Spain (esp. 456/459). Threatened by the  Franci, they made an effort in 476 to gain the friendship of the  Visigoths. At the beginning of the 6th cent. they are no longer attested. From their home by the Sea of Azov, the much stronger East H. advance…

[German version] Celtic tribe of Helvetia or rather  Noricum (Fest. 17) or a tribe of German origin, possibly linked with the island of Amrum: the etymology of Ambr-names is unproductive (cf. [1. 606] for a possible Ligurian component). The A., together with the Helvetii and the Teutoni, threatened Italy from southern Gaul; in 102 BC, they were beaten at Aquae Sextiae by C. Marius (Liv. epit. 68; Plut. Marius 15,5 f.; 19,3 f.; 19,7; 20,1 f.; cf. Str. 4,1,8; Cass. Dio 44,42,4; 50,24,2; Eutr. 5,1,1; Oros. 5,16,1; 9; 13; Veg…

[German version] The modern Cologne-Deutz. Starting as a bridgehead across the Rhine opposite  Colonia Agrippinensis [1] early in the 1st cent. AD and rebuilt with a bridge by Constantine the Great to harbour 1,000 men on the Rhine border that is above flood level (Paneg. 6 [7],11,3; 13,1-5); parts of the structure lasted until Frankish times ( Divitia civitas: Greg. Tur. Franc. 4,16). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) …

[German version] Black Forest, German Schwarzwald, mountain region in south-western Germany, possibly including also the low mountain ranges of the Odenwald and Rothaargebirge to the north. In 15 BC,  Tiberius paid a visit there to see the sources of the Danube. From the late Tiberian/early Claudian period (2nd half of the 1st cent. AD), there was a Roman-influenced population on the eastern bank of the upper Rhine region; under the Flavians (2nd half of 1st cent. AD), the wooded mountain area und…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt (Vingo), now Bingen/Bingerbrück. Settlement on the bend of the Rhine. Geographically important location in the territory of the  Vangiones (CIL XVII 2,675) on the bridge of the Rhine valley road over the Nahe where the Trier - Mainz route branches off.  Iulius Tutor was defeated here in AD 70, and the bridge that he had pulled down (Tac. Hist. 4,70,4) was replaced around AD 77 as a pile grating (dendrochronologically confirmed; again c. 305); in the early 1st cent. a garrison of several cohorts and …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia Modern Célje (Cilli). Settlement in Noricum on the amber trade route near an originally Celtic-Illyrian settlement at the mouth of the Voglajna into the Savinja (Sann). C. owed its early and rapid development to its favourable location on one of the main access routes to the Illyro-Italian gateway. Under the emperor Claudius, it was probably a   municipium of the tribus Claudia (CIL III 5143; 5227; cf. CIL VI 2382) which, in the middle of the 2nd cent., supplied high-ranking imperial officials [1…

[German version] A people in Lower Germania, whose tribal area, attributed to the colonia Ulpia Traiana/Xanten, most likely lay between Erkelenz and Krefeld. The B. participated with one contingent in the revolt of  Julius Civilis (Plin. HN 4,106; Tac. Hist. 4,56,3; 66,1). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR M 31,39 C. B. Rüger, Germania Inferior, 1968, esp. 98f.

[German version] (‘offsprings, descendants’). One of the Germanic warrior communities living north of the Danube, identified by the Romans with the  Semnones [1; 2], defeated by the Romans (AE 1993, 1231; [5]) at Augsburg on 24/25 April AD 260 (unnecessary doubt over the date in [3], cf. [4]) on the way back from Italy. Annoyed at the absence of annual tributes, contrary to treaty and without a declaration of war, they advanced into Italy again in 270, but were overcome by Aurelianus ‘at the cross…

(Ἀμισία; Amisía). [German version] [1] Modern Ems river The modern river Ems, frequently mentioned (cf. Str. 7,1,3; Mela 3,30; Plin. HN 4,100; Tac. Ann. 1,60,2; Ptol. 2, 11, 1; 7; Marcianus of Heraclea, Periplus Maris exteri 2,32 GGM 1,555); in medieval documents named as Emisa and Emesa [1]. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) [German version] [2] Settlement, localization uncertain The localization of the settlement of A. (Ptol. 2,11,13; 8,6,3; Steph. Byz. s. v. A.) is uncertain, equally, whether Amisiae in Tac. Ann. 2,8 refers to the left arm of the Ems [2]…

[German version] (Varisti). Germanic tribe next to ( iuxta) the Hermunduri (Tac. Germ. 42,1) and between the Marcomanni and the Quadi (AE 1956, 124), in the vicinity of Pannonia (western Slovakia; cf. [1. 248-251]). Once friends of Rome ([2]; CIL III 4500), during the Marcomannic Wars  they became enemies (SHA Aur. 22,1), against whom Marcus [2] Aurelius campaigned [3. 104f.]; their leader Valao was killed in single combat by M. Valerius Maximianus (AE l.c.). 3,000 N. deserters were settled in the Empire (Cass. Dio 71,21; CIL X 7290 does not mention any N.). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) B…

[German version] According to Tacitus ‘an uncivilized and very poor’ ( mira feritas, foeda paupertas) but ‘happy’ ( beatius arbitrantur) northern people of hunters, whose classification as Germans or Sarmatians was left uncertain (Tac. Germ. 46). They undoubtedly were identical with the Phínnoi (Φίννοι) in northern Scandinavia, who were considered ‘neighbours’ of the Goths (Ptol. 2,11,16: Hs. X; 3,5,8; cf. Jord. Get. 3,22: mitissimi), but not Suomi Finns, who were only named thus in the 2nd half of the 12th cent. Because of the customs described in Tac. Ger…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Today, the historic centre of Passau. The name was recorded rather late (Not. Dign. Occ. 35,24; Eugippius, Vita Severinus 19,1; 22,4; 24,1; 27,1; Batavini: ibid. 20,1; 22,1; 27,3). Located in  Raetia, across from Boiodurum/Innstadt in Noricum. A late Celtic oppidum between the Danube and the Inn was discontinued c. 100 years before the Roman settlement. The Roman settlement was quite den…

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[German version] Germanic tribe; uncertain etymology of the name; they were divided into the ‘small’ and the ‘large’ B. (Str. 7,1,3f.; Ptol. 2,11,6f.; 9) and settled between IJssel, Lippe and the upper reaches of the Ems, or rat…

[German version] Germanic people; on the basis of etymology inhabitants of a former Chattian territory; possibly to be identified with the  Chasuarii. As neighbours of the Bructeri and the Cherusci counted as the ‘weaker’ inland peoples (Str. 7,1,3f.; Vell. Pat. 2,105,1); possibly to be identified with the Attuarii, who show up in the 4th cent. as part of a Frankish confederacy (Amm. Marc. 20,10,2); during the Middle Ages the C. are settled from the lower Ruhr and Lippe to the left bank of the Rhine.…

[German version] Sub-tribe ( pagus) of the Alamanni north of Lake Constance (cf. the later Linzgau). Directed against them in AD 355 was punitive action of the magister equitum Arbetio and a victorious campaign of Gratianus in 378 (Amm. Marc. 15,4; 31,10,1-17). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibl…

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[German version] Germanic name (‘the flooding, streaming [body of water]’) for the most northerly branch of the delta of the Rhine: Plin. HN 4,101 ( …

[German version] A Germanic tribe belonging to the Suebi (border people [26. 161f.]) that was probably forced from the middle Elbe region into the upper and middle Main region by the migrations of the Cimbri and Teutoni. The M. supplied mercenaries: from 72 BC for the Sequani in their war against the Haedui, in 60 BC for the Dacians during the destruction of the Boii kingdom in Bohemia, in 58 for Ariovistus against Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 1,51,2). Severely defeated by Claudius [II 24] Drusus probabl…

Röm. Prov., im wesentlichen das Ostalpengebiet, südl. der Donau, östl. von Raetia und westl. von Pannonia. …

[English version] Der wohl auf Gefolgschaft beruhende german. Kampfverband, zusammen mit Suebi und Semnones im myth. Urstamm der Herminones (Plin. nat. 4,100), in augusteischer Zeit an der Elbe lokalisiert (Strab. 7,1,3; Vell. 2,106,2), hatte seinen polit. und organisatorischen Zusammenhang damals evtl. schon verloren. Landsuchende H. siedelte Domitius [II 2] 6/1 v.Chr. in der ehemaligen Markomannis an (Cass. Dio 55,10a,2), evtl. als strategische Hilfe gegen die durch die röm. Okkupation gesteiger…

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[English version] Von Cetium nicht zu trennendes Gebirge, das Noricum im Osten (Ptol. 2,13,1) und Pannonia im Westen begrenzte (Ptol. 2,14,1) und im Norden die Donau zw. Vindobona und Cetium erreichte. Im wesentlichen der Wienerwald und die sich nach Süden anschließenden steirischen Alpen, die h. Karawanken und die Karischen Alpen. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR M 33,61  G. Winkler…

[English version] Aus Kampf- und Wanderhaufen verschiedener Herkunft, im Zuge der Südwest-Wanderung elbgerman. Suebi, speziell von Semnonen (Cass. Dio 71,20,2; Suda s. v. Κελτοί) nach 180 n. Chr. gebildeter und in Auseinandersetzung mit Rom sich ständig erneuernder german. “Stamm”. Der erstmals in byz. exc. des Cass. Dio zu 213 n. Chr. genannte Name A. (“Allmänner”) deutet wohl auf die alte Stammesbildungen sprengende Offenheit der Kampfgemeinschaft hin. So galten die um 260 n. Chr. mit den Semnon…

[English version] German. Volk, von Caesar (Gall. 2,4,10) mit den Eburones, Caerosi und Paemani zu den Germani cisrhenani gerechnet; lebten als Klienten der Treveri (ebd. 4,6,4) zw. diesen und den Eburones (ebd. 6,32,1). Die in ma. Urkunden pagus Condrustus gen. Landschaft Condroz an der Maas von Namur bis Lüttich erinnert an die C. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography G. Neumann et al., s.v. C., RGA 5, 78-80.

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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Caesar | Handel | Limes | Raeti, Raetia | Wein (h. Bregenz). Zu kelt. * brigant - “hoch”. Am Schnittpunkt wichtiger, sich verengender Ost-West und Nord-Süd-Verbindungen in der Nordost-Bucht des Bodensees gelegener Vorort der Brigantii (Strab. 4,6,8) in Raetia. Neben postuliertem vorröm. oppidum in der Oberstadt sind Spätlatènefunde (Stufe D 2) auf dem Ölrain, einem 50 ha großen Plateau (34 m über dem Bodensee) belegt. Arch. scheint ein Militärposten zw. 15 und 8 v.Chr. möglich, e…

[English version] (die Friesen). Erstmals bei Plin. nat. 4,101 genanntes älteres german. Volk (Etym. nicht eindeutig), das nach Tac. Germ. 34,1 aus F. maiores und minores bestand; diese waren kaum die Frisiavones bei Plin. (nat. 4,101; 106) in der nördl. Belgica [1]. Sie lebten nördl. der Bructeri und westl. der Chauci, hauptsächlich zw. Oude Rijn und Ems: Man schätzt für das 1. Jh. n.Chr. in den Marschen und Randgebieten der Moore der Prov. Friesland und Groningen 1500-2000 Siedlungen; in der Folgezeit ging der fries. Einflu…

[English version] H., Ingaevones und Istaevones sind german. Namen für die auf die drei Söhne des Mannus zurückgeführten german. Urstämme innerhalb der (auf indigenem Kern beruhenden) ant. myth. Ethnogonie der Germanen (Mannus-Genealogie), die wohl von Poseidonios in die ant. Lit. eingeführt und stufenweise unter dem Einfluß der röm. Entdeckung des Nordens erweitert wurde (Mela 3,32; Plin. nat. 4,99f.; Tac. Germ. 2,2). Ethnisch, räumlich und sozial bleibt der Mythos beziehungslos, und obschon die …

[English version] Fluß, Ost- oder Westgrenze des 19 n.Chr. inter Marum (March) et Cusum gegr. Reichs des Quaden Vannius (Tac. ann. 2,63,6), meist mit der Duria identifiziert, also mit Hron (Gran), Ipel' (Eipel) oder - arch. am wahrscheinlichsten - Váh (Waag [1. 186104]). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 H.-W. Böhme, Arch. Zeugnisse zur Gesch. der Markomannenkriege, in: JRGZ 22, 1975, 153-217. TIR M 33,35f.  G. Neumann, s.v. C., RGA 5, 112f. Ipel';

[English version] Neben Helvecones, Manimi, Halisiones und Nahanarvali mächtiger Teilstamm der Vandali-Lugii (Tac. Germ. 43,2). Unsicher ist die Identifizierung mit den Charini (Plin. nat. 4,99) [1]; die alte Konjektur von hsl. alii (Tac. Germ. 43,4) zu ( H) arii ist aufzugeben: Damit entfallen die Folgerungen zum angeblichen ferialis exercitus (“Gespensterheer”, “Totenheer”) der H. [2]. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 G. Neumann, s.v. Charini, RGA 4, 371f. 2 A.A. Lund, Kritischer Forsch.-Ber. zur Germania des Tacitus, in: ANRW II 33.3, 1989-2222, bes. 2171f. D. T…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Pannonia Heute Dölsach und Nußdorf-Debant an der Drautalstraße (Etym. unbekannt); bei den Anf. des 2. Jhs. v. Chr. mit Rom in Kontakt tretenden kelt. Laianci entwickelte sich ca. 2 km östl. der urspr. Stadt das municipium Claudium Aguntum (Plin. nat. 3,146) mit forum , capitolium , basilica und Thermen [1]. Metallbergbau und -verarbeitung gewährten A. mit seinem Gebiet vom Felber Tauern zum Kärntner Tor, von den Lienzer Dolomiten zur Mühlbacher Klause - vom Alamann…

[English version] Ostgerman. Volk, lebte als Teil der Lugii, aber sprachlich und kulturell den Suebi nahe, siedelten mit den Marsigni, Cotini und Osi nördl. der Marcomanni und Quadi bis zur Weichselquelle (Tac. Germ. 43,1; Ptol. 2,11,10). In den Kriegen gegen die Daker Feinde Roms (Darstellu…

[English version] Von Drusus 15 v.Chr. unterworfener Alpenstamm in Raetia (Hor. carm. 4,14,10), der wie die Breuni zu den Illyrern gezählt wurde (Strab. 4,6,8); Plin. nat. 3,137 hat Caenauni, Ptol. 2,12,4 Βένλαυνοι ( Bénlaunoi). Die Wohnsitze hat man z.B. im östl. Tiroler Inntal vermutet. Die Zuweisung von Paus. 8,43,4 (Britannia) ist unsicher [1]. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) …

[English version] German. Volk an der mittleren Weser, von den südwestl. anra…

[English version] Ein für Tacitus ‘unzivilisiertes und sehr armes’ ( mira feritas, foeda paupertas), aber ‘glückliches’ ( beatius arbitrantur) Jägervolk im Norden, dessen Zuordnung zu den Germanen oder Sarmaten offen bleibt (Tac. Germ. 46). Sie waren gewiß mit den als “Nachbarn” der Goten angesehenen Phínnoi (Φίννοι) in Nordskandinavien identisch (Ptol. 2,11,16: Hs. X; 3,5,8; vgl. Iord. Get. 3,22: mitissimi), nicht aber mit den Suomi-Finnen, die erst in der 2. H. des 12. Jh. so benannt wurden. Aufgrund der bei Tac. Germ. 46 geschilderten Lebensgewohnhe…

[English version] Röm. Zivilsiedlung, Hauptort der civitas Auderiensium mit guter Infrastruktur (arch. Funde: z.B. Mithraeum). Blüte um 300 n.Chr., fiel den Alamannen-Stürmen zum Opfer. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography E. Schallmayer, D., in: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (Hrsg.), Die Römer in Hessen, 21989, 250-255.

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[English version] German. Volk, das anscheinend plötzlich über Gallien und It. hereinbrach, dessen Herkunft und Weg den Römern unbekannt blieben (Plut. Marius 11,4; Quellen bei [1], vgl. [3. 23-28]). Als Heimat gilt Jütland aufgrund einer modernen Hypothese; die Vertreibung durch langsames Vordringen des Meeres ist wohl eine ant. Vermutung (Poseid. bei Strab. 2,3,6; 7,2,1f.). Strittig ist, ob die C. ihre Lebensweise änderten, sich auf Raub verlegten und schließlich auch It. anstrebten [2] oder unt…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Raeti, Raetia Heute Epfach, Landkreis Landsberg am Lech (CIL III 2,5780), röm. Militärstation kurz v. bis ca. 50 n. Chr., spätant. Befestigung am langgestreckten, inselartigen Lorenzberg in Lechschleife mit relativ steilen Hängen. 300 m daneben unter Epfach-Dorf flavischer Straßen- vicus an der via Claudia , nordöstl. der Abzweigung nach Gauting. Baumaßnahmen auf dem Hügel E. des 3. und 4. Jh. n. C…

[English version] (etym. Lang(a/o)-bardoz, “die Langbärte” [9]). German. Stamm, den Tacitus (Germ. 40,1) und Ptolemaios (2,11,9) zu den Suebi zählen; der Stammessage nach [1] gegen 100 v.Chr. als Winniler aus Südschweden in Gebiete südl. des Baltischen Meeres gewandert und mit anderen Völkerteilen verschmolzen. Seit dem 1. Jh.v.Chr. sind die L. am Unterlauf der Elbe (im Bardengau) arch. gesichert. 5 n.Chr. von Tiberius kurz auf das Ostufer zurückgedrängt (Strab. 7,1,290; Vell. 2,106,2; [2]), waren die L. einige Ze…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Coloniae | Pannonia | Roma Schon kelt. besiedelter Straßenknotenpunkt mit Traunübergang, h. Wels. Nach Eingliederung von Noricum ins röm. Reich besetzt; unter Hadrianus municipium (CIL III 11785b; IX 2593), unter Caracalla colonia Aurelia Antoniniana (CIL III 5630; CSIR III 3, 1981 [1]). Bestritten wird, daß O. zivile Hauptstadt von Noricum Ripense war [2]. In den Mauern von O. bildeten sich im 7./8. Jh. mehrere Siedlungskerne (im J. 776 befestigtes castrum Ueles). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 R. …

[English version] Heute Eining. Tab. Peut. 4,3 f. Arusena, aber h. Flußname Abens. Seit 79/81 n. Chr. Kohortenkastell (1,8 ha) am Donauübergang. Reduktionskastell um 300 n. Chr., Rückzug des mittelkaiserzeitlichen vicus in das Kastell: Der Nordvorbau evtl. ein horreum aus der 2. H. des 4. Jh. Im “Unterfeld” ein ephemeres Teillager ( legio III Italica) von ca. 172/179 n. Chr. Horrea; Cohors; Castellum Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography A. Faber, Die südgallische Terra Sigilata aus Kastell und Vicus Eining, in: Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter 58, 1993, 97-122  Th. Fischer, E…

[English version] (“Sprößlinge, Abkömmlinge”). Eine von den Römern mit den Semnones identifizierte [1; 2], nördl. der Donau ansässige german. Kampfgemeinschaft, am 24./25. April 260 n.Chr. (unnötige Zweifel am Datum bei [3], vgl. [4]) auf dem Rückweg aus It. bei Augsburg von den Römern besiegt (AE 1993, 1231; [5]). Vertragswidrig und ohne Kriegserklärung stießen sie, über das Ausbleiben der …

[English version] Die Aestiorum gentes, baltische Stämme, siedelten östl. der Weichsel bis zur Düna (Tac. Germ. 45,2: ›Küstenanrainer rechts des suebischen Meeres‹; nach Brauch und Aussehen den Suebi verwandt, doch den Britanni sprachlich näher). Das etym. evtl. zum Flußnamen Aistà im Bezirk Vilkabikis gehörige Ethnikon war vielleicht doch german. [1]; darüber wurde ein Zusammenhang zu den Σουδινοί (Sudinoi) des Ptol. 3,5,9 postuliert. Die A. waren friedfertige (Iord. Get. 5,36), mit Keulen ausgestattete Bauern, lebten vom Fischen und Sammeln des Berns…

[English version] h. Köln-Deutz. Evtl. schon Anf. des 1.Jh. n.Chr. entstandener Brückenkopf gegenüber Colonia Agrippinensis [1]. Für ca. 1000 Mann am hochwasserfreien Rheinufer mit Brücke (Paneg. 6 [7],11,3; 13,1-5) unter Constantin d.Gr. neu errichtet, überdauerte er teilweise bis in fränkische Zeit ( Divitia civitas: Greg. Tur. Franc. 4,16). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography 1 B. Päffgen, W…

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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Caesar Epitethon einer Muttergöttin (evtl. abgeleitet von einem vorkelt. Stamm der Nori), das auf ihre Heiligtümer übertragen wurde [1; 2. 156f.; 3. 240f.; 4]; je ein Ort N. lag 27 bzw. 40 Meilen von Virunum entfernt in Richtung Ovilavis (Tab. Peut. 5,1); mehrere Inschr. richten sich an die Göttin N. [4. 97f. Abb. 4]. Die urbs N. (Sempronius A…

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[English version] German. Volk, auch Can(n)anefates, nach ›Abstammung, Dialekt und Tapferkeit den Batavi gleich‹ (Tac. hist. 4,15,1; vgl. Plin. nat. 4,101), im Westteil der insula Batavorum, zw. Oude Rijn und Mosa (Helinium); vgl. Kennemerland. Evtl. von Tiberius unterworfen (Vell. 2,105,1), stellten sie wenigstens je eine ala und cohors (Tac. ann. 4,73,2; hist. 4,19,1). Ihr Vorort Voorburg-Arentsburg wurde Forum Hadriani und municipium. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography TIR M 31, 59  B.H. Stolte, s.v. Cananefaten, RGA 4, 329f.  W. Will, Roms “Klientel-Randstaaten…

[English version] h. Main, größter, rechter Nebenfluß des Rheins (Belege bei [1. 606]). Der Fluß war wegen seines windungsreichen Verlaufs für die Flußschiffahrt von geringem Wert; denn er muß die Waldgebirge von Odenwald, Spessart und Rhön durchbrechen. Da eine weitergehende Nutzung die Herrschaft über die mainfränkische Uferregion voraussetzte und das Maintal zudem kein wichtiges Stammesgebiet eröffnete, war es folgerichtig, wenn die Römer vom wichtigen Legionslager Mogontiacum (Mainz) an der Ma…

[English version] Teilstamm ( pagus) der Alamanni nördl. des Bodensees (vgl. den späteren Linzgau). Gegen sie richtete sich 355 n.Chr. eine Strafaktion des magister equitum Arbetio und ein siegreicher Feldzug des Gratianus 378 (Amm. 15,4; 31,10,1-17). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography R. Rollinger, Zum Alamannenfeldzug Constantius' II. an Bodensee und Rhein im J. 355 n.Chr., in: Klio 80, 1998, 163-194.

[English version] Heute Andernach, Kreuzungspunkt wichtiger Fernwege (CIL XVII 2,675; Amm. 18,2,4) mit der Rheintalstraße Mogontiacum - Colonia Agrippinensis; neben dem schon im 1. Jh. n. Chr. bemannten röm. Kohortenkastell auf dem “Hügelchen” ein vicus mit Verladehafen für Güter aus dem Binnenland (z. B. Mühl- und Werksteine aus den Steinbrüchen um Mayen). In der Spätant. wurde das überschwemmungsgefährdete Vicus-Areal auf etwa 5,6 ha mit einer noch immer bis zu 5 m hohen Mauer und runden vorspringenden Türme…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bataveraufstand (Vingo), h. Bingen/Bingerbrück. Siedlung am Rhein-Knie. Geogr. bedeutsamer Ort im Gebiet der Vangiones (CIL XVII 2,675) an der Brücke der Rheintalstraße über die Nahe, wo die Route Trier - Mainz abzweigt. Iulius Tutor wurde hier 70 n.Chr. besiegt, der von ihm abgebrochene Übergang (Tac. hist. 4,70,4) um 77 n.Chr. als Pfahlrostbrücke erneuert (dendrochronologisch nachgewiesen, abermals um 305); im frühen 1.Jh. Garnison mehre…

[English version] Zu den Suebi gehöriger german. Stamm (“Grenzleute” [26. 161f.]), der wohl durch die Wanderungen von Cimbri und Teutones von der mittleren Elbe in die obere und mittlere Mainregion abgedrängt wurde. Die M. stellten Söldner: ab 72 v.Chr. den Sequani im Kampf gegen die Haedui, 60 v.Chr. den Dakoi bei der Zerstörung des Reichs der Boii in Böhmen, 58 dem Ariovistus gegen Caesar (Caes. Gall. 1,51,2). Von Claudius [II 24] Drusus vermutlich 9 v.Chr. schwer geschlagen (Oros. 6,21,15; Flor…

[English version] Größtes Auxiliarkastell (6,07 ha) am obergerman.-raetischen limes für die aus Aquileia [2] vorverlegte ala II Flavia milliaria. Principia in neuerer Zeit ergraben. Älteste Bauinschr. von 163/4 n. Chr., gründliche Umbauten 208 n. Chr. Großer vicus . Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography K. Dietz, Die Erneuerung des Limeskastells A. vom J. 208 n. Chr., in: Acta praehistorica et archaeologica 25, 1993, 243-252  M. Luik, Der Kastellvicus von A., in: Fundber. Baden-Württemberg 19, 1994, 265-355  D. Planck, A., Ostalbkreis: Arch. Plan des röm. Kastells, 1992.

[English version] h. Boppard. Etwa 1 km östl. eines vicus des 1.-3.Jh. n.Chr. entstand Mitte des 4.Jh. das spätröm. Kastell B. der milites balistarii (Not. dign. occ. 41,23) mit 28 Rundtürmen; die Mauern teilweise noch bis 9 m Höhe erhalten. Frühchristl. Kirche. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography H.-H. Wegner, in: H. Cüppers(Hrsg.), Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz, 1990, 344-346  E. Dassmann, Die Anf. der Kirche in Deutschland, 1993, 62-65.

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[English version] (Breones). Von Drusus 15 v.Chr. unterworfener Stamm der inneren Alpes in Raetia; oft mit den Genauni genannt (etwa Hor. carm. 4,14,11: veloces; Plin. nat. 3,137), wurden sie fälschlich mit dem Brenner verbunden. Als Breones noch in der Spätant. eine handelnde Gruppe (Cassiod. var. 1,11,2; Venetius Fortunatus, vita Martini 4,645; carm. praef. 4), gaben sie einem Bistum den Namen (Acta Conc. Oec. IV 2,135 § 18 v. 591). …

[English version] Hauptort der Licates, eine ‘wie eine Burg aufragende Polis’ (Strab. 4,6,8). Versuchsweise mit der frühkaiserzeitlichen, befestigten Bergsiedlung auf dem Auerberg (1055 m) bei Bernbeuren gleichgesetzt (FO metallverarbeitender Werkstätten und Töpferöfen), die im 2. Jahrzehnt n.Chr. von Rom besiedelt und bereits um 40 n.Chr. aufgeben wurde. Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography G. Ulbert, Auerberg, in: W. Czsyz, K. Dietz, Th. Fischer, H.-J. Kellner (Hr…

[English version] German. Volk, “Anwohner der Hase” (östl. Nebenfluß der Ems); als Nachbarn der Chamavi (Tac. Germ. 34,1) südl. der Suebi und westl. der Chatti lebend (Ptol. 2,11,11), verließen sie (evtl. schon um 98 n.Chr.) die Heimat und nahmen unter Gallienus röm. Gebiete östl. von Mainz in Besitz (Laterculus Veronensis 15,6). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography G. Neumann et al., s.v. Chasuarier, RGA 4, 375f.