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, a state in Sind, laying between 26° 10′ and 27° 46′ N. and 68° 20′ and 70° 14′ E. The state has no separate history until the fall of the Kalhora dynasty of Sind in 1783, when Mīr Fatḥ ʿAlī Ḵh̲ān Tālpur, a Balūč chief, established himself as ruler of Sind. Subsequently his nephew, Mīr Suhrāb Ḵh̲ān Tālpur founded the Ḵh̲aipūr branch of the family. His dominions at first consisted of the town of Ḵh̲airpūr and its environs, but he enlarged them by conquest and intrigue until they extended to Sabz…

, Nāṣir al-Dīn, was Sulṭān of Bengal from 1446 to 1460. When the ferocious tyranny of S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Aḥmad S̲h̲āh, grandson of the usurper, Rād̲j̲ā Kāns, or Ganes̲h̲, could no longer be borne, he was put to death, and Nāṣir Ḵh̲ān, one of his amīrs, seized the throne, but after a reign of one week was slain by his amīrs, who would not submit to one of their own number. Their choice fell on Maḥmūd, who was a descendant of Ilyās, the founder of the old royal house, and he was raised to the throne. He…

, a city of Southern India, now in ruins, situated in 15° 20′ N. and 76° 28′ N., on the southern bank of the Tungabhadra. It was founded about 1336 a. d., either by Vīra Ballāla III of Dvāravatīpūra, or by three Hindū chiefs variously described as being wardens of the northern marches of his kingdom and as officers of the Kākatīya kingdom of Warangal or of Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ [q. v.] of Dihlī. Two of these chiefs, Harihara and Bukka, established themselves in Vid̲j̲ayanagar while the Muslims, of ¶ the Deccan were in rebellion against Muḥammad b. Tug̲h̲luḳ, and later, while ʿAlāʾ a…

or Ḵh̲ild̲j̲ī, the dynasty of Dihlī, was founded by Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn Fīrūz (see fīrūz s̲h̲āh k̲h̲ild̲j̲ī) of the G̲h̲ilzāʾī or G̲h̲ild̲j̲āʾī tribe of Afg̲h̲ānistān. A Turkī descent has been claimed for this tribe but they had long been domiciled in Afg̲h̲ānistān and were regarded as Afg̲h̲āns. ¶ Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn Ftrūz ascended the throne in Kīlokhrī on June 13, 1290, and was murdered at Karra by his nephew and son-in-law, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad, on July 19, 1296. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ascended the throne in Dihlī on Oct. 3, 1296, and captured the two son…

, a village or small town ( balad) It is not now used of a large town or city ( madīna) unless it is qualified by an epithet denoting greatness; but in the Ḳurʾān, where the word is of frequent occurrence, it is applied without a qualifying epithet to cities of whatever size, including Mekka and Jerusalem. It is now used chiefly of such villages and small towns as are in India styled mawḍiʿ that is to say fiscal units which are not the chief town of any district or local area. ¶ (T. W. Haig) Bibliography The lexica s. v.

is a poem composed of stanzas of from five to eleven couplets. Each stanza, like a g̲h̲azal, has its own rhyme, the first two hemistichs and the second hemistich of each succeeding couplet rhyming with one another, but the rhyme of each stanza varies from that of the others, though the metre must be the same throughout the poem. After each stanza occurs a couplet in the same metie as the rest of the poem, but with its own rhyme, the two hemistichs rhyming with one another. When the same couplet is repeated after each stanza, as a refrain, the poem is called Tard̲j̲īʿ Band, but the older writers on…

, fourth emperor of Dihlī of the Tag̲h̲laḳ dynasty, was the son of Fatḥ Ḵh̲ān, eldest son of Fīrūz S̲h̲āh Tag̲h̲laḳ. On the death of Fīrūz in Sept. 1388, his second son, Muḥammad, was in rebellion, and Tag̲h̲laḳ was placed on the throne in accordance with his grandfather’s will. He attempted, without success, to crush his uncle’s rebellion, and, after he had reigned five months, he and his minister Malik Fīrūz Ḵh̲ānd̲j̲ahān were put to death (Feb. 19th 1389) by Malik Rukn al-Dīn Canda, and his cousin Abu Bakr was raised to the throne. (T. W. Haig) Bibliography Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad, Ṭabaḳāt-i Akba…

of Gud̲j̲arāt, was the sixth son of Muẓaffar II, on whose death his eldest son, Sikandar, was raised to the throne, but was assassinated on July 12, 1526. The minister then placed on the throne Maḥmūd, who was an infant, in order that he might rule in his name, but Bahādur, the second son of Muẓaffar, who had been absent at Dihlī and Ḏj̲awnpūr, hastened back to secure his birthright, and on July 11, ascended the throne at Aḥmadābād and, marched on to Čāmpāner, where his infant brother was. He entered the fortress without opposition, and Maḥmūd was dethroned and secretly murdered within the year. (T…

is the nomen actionis of the second formation of faḍala, it “exceeded”, or “was”, or “became redundant”, or “superfluous”. In grammar it is applied to the comparison of adjectives. Ism al-tafḍīl, “the noun of the attribution of excess, or excellence”, is the noun adjective in the comparative and superlative, or, as it is now usually called, the elative degree. This is also called afʿal al-tafḍīl because it is regularly of the measure afʿal. (T. W. Haig) Bibliography The standard Arabic lexica Wright-de Goeje, A Grammar of the Arabic Language, Cambridge 1896—1898, i. 140-141 de Sacy, Gramm…

is a reversed word, of the measure fāʿil instead of the measure mafʿūl, and its original meaning is “abraded (by the sea)”. Hence, the shore of the sea or of a great river, a seashore, sea-coast, or sea-board; also a tract of cultivated land, with towns or villages, adjacent to a sea or great river, and the side of a valley. (T. W. Haig) Bibliography The lexica s.v.

, of persons: generous, benignant, liberal, honourable, noble, high-born; of things: bounteous, plenteous, honourable, noble, splendid. Al-Karīm is one of the ninety-nine attributes or “excellent names” (Sūra vii. 179) of God, but in the twentyseven passages in which the word occurs in the Ḳurʾan it is only twice applied to Him. It is applied to Muḥammad, to an angel, and, ironically, to misbelievers, but it more frequently qualifies things, e. g. the recompense and provision awaiting the faithful, the Ḳurʾān, …

the region bounded on the north by the Narbadā, on the east by the province or kingdom of Berār, on the south by the Ad̲j̲anta Hills, and on the west by the kingdom of Gud̲j̲arāt. It became an independent state in 1382, when Aḥmad Fārūḳī, entitled Rād̲j̲ā Aḥmad or Malik Rād̲j̲ā, having joined the rebellion of Bahrām Ḵh̲ān Māzandarānī against Muḥammad Bahmanī I of the Dakan, was obliged to flee from that country and established himself in Ḵh̲āndes̲h̲, which owes its name to him and his successor…

( Lais̲h̲a divi, “the hundred thousand isles”), a group of coral atolls lying off the Malabār Coast between 8° and 14° N. and 71° 40′ and 74° E. There are thirteen islands in all, but only eight are inhabited, and these are divided into two groups — the northern, including the inhabited islands of Amini, Kardamat, Kiltan and Cetlat, and the southern, including the inhabited islands of Agatti, Kavaratti, Androth and Kalpeni. The northern group, for administrative purposes, forms part of the south K…

, officially spelt Sīālkot, is a town in the Pand̲j̲āb situated in 32° 30′ N. and 74° 32′ E., the foundation of which is attributed by legend to Rād̲j̲ā Sālā, the uncle of the Pāndawas, and its restoration to Rād̲j̲ā Sāliwāhan, in the time of Wikramāditya. Sāliwāhan had two sons, Pūran, killed by the instrumentality of a wicked step-mother, and thrown into a well, still the resort of pilgrims, near the town, and Rasālu, the mythical hero of Pand̲j̲āb folk-tales, who is said to have reigned at Siyālkūt. In a. d. 790 the fort and city were destroyed by Rād̲j̲ā Narawt with the help of t…

, Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī, of Mālwa, was the son of Malik Mug̲h̲īt̲h̲, sister’s son to Dilāwar Ḵh̲ān, the first independent Sulṭān of Mālwa. On May 12, 1436, Maḥmūd caused his cousin, Muḥammad G̲h̲ūrī, a debauched and barbarous prince, to be poisoned, frustrated an attempt to enthrone his young son, Masʿūd, and offered the crown to his own father, Mug̲h̲īt̲h̲, who refused it, whereupon Maḥmūd himself ascended the throne. He was beset by difficulties, and after quelling a rebellion raised on behalf of Aḥmad, a…

b. Zangī Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Muhẓaffar al-Dīn, Salg̲h̲arid Atābeg of Fārs. According to the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Guzīda he claimed the throne at the death of his elder brother, Takla b. Zangī, but his claim was contested by his cousin Ṭug̲h̲ril, the son of his father’s elder brother Sunḳur, who had founded the dynasty. Ṭug̲h̲ril retained the royal title for nine years, but throughout that period warfare between him and his cousin continued without a decisive result for either, the country was wasted and depopulated, none …

was the title borne, before his accession, by Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Muḥammad Muʿaẓẓam, third son of the Mug̲h̲al emperor Awrangzīb (ʿĀlamgīr I), but on ascending the throne of Dihlī the prince took the title of Bahadur S̲h̲āh [q. v.]. The only Mug̲h̲al emperor who bore the title while on the throne was ʿAlī Gawhar, son of ʿAzīz al-Dīn ʿĀlamgīr II, who succeeded his father in 1759 and in 1761 was recognised as emperor by Aḥmad S̲h̲āh Abdāll, who had then crushed the power of the Marāṭhas at the third battle of Panīpat. S̲h̲āh ʿĀlam was, throug…

, Saif al-Dīn, Begarha, the greatest of the Sulṭāns of Gud̲j̲arāt, was a younger son of Muḥammad I, Karīm, and was born in 1444. In 1458 the nobles dethroned his nephew, Dāwūd, a vicious and depraved youth, and placed Maḥmūd on the throne. The boy immediately displayed great courage and resource in the suppression of a serious conspiracy and rebellion at the beginning of his reign, and in 1461/1462 he marched to the assistance of the youthful Niẓām S̲h̲āh of the Dakan, whose dominions had been inva…

, eighteenth Muḥammadan emperor of Dihlī, was by birth a Ḳarawnīya Turk, but of Indian descent through his mother. He began his career as a private soldier under the brother of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī but early in the reign of Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Mubārak Ḵh̲ald̲j̲ī was in command of the frontier district of Dēbālpūr. Here, by his services against the Mug̲h̲als, whom he encountered no less then twenty-nine times, he earned the title of G̲h̲āzī Malik, and when Mubārak’s vile favourite, Ḵh̲usraw Ḵh̲ān, slew his master and usurped his throne Tag̲h̲laḳ’s eldest son, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn Ḏj̲aunā, fled ¶ from …

is a city of Ḵh̲urāsān, situated sixty-four miles due west of Nīs̲h̲āpūr, and should not be confounded with the town of the same name in Western Afg̲h̲ānistān, south of Herāt; see the preceding article. Many legends of the heroic age of Persia are associated with Sebzewār, and the square in the centre of the town was long pointed out as the scene of the combat between Rustam and Suhrāb and was known as Maidān-i Dīv-i Safīd, “the plain of the White Demon”. Sebzewir was a town of some importance in the district of Baihaḳ [q. v.] and eventually took the place of Baihaḳ as…