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ʿAlawī, Wajīh al-Dīn

(1,230 words)

Author(s): Kugle, Scott
Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAlawī Gujarātī (910–98/1504–90) was a prominent Ṣūfī and a scholar of ḥadīth in the city of Aḥmadābād, in Gujarat. He infused ḥadīth studies with monistic mysticism, creating a style of Ṣūfism that flourished in the Shaṭṭāriyya communities of Gujarat, Mecca, and Indonesia (the Shaṭṭārī Ṣūfī order, whose adherents stress the self, personal deeds, personal attributes that make a person godlike, and personal union with God, was introduced into India by Shāh ʿAbdallāh, d. 890/1485). Wajīh al-Dīn was born in Aḥmadābād to a family of scholars, jurists, and Ṣūfīs…
Date: 2021-07-19

ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Dihlavī

(2,446 words)

Author(s): Kugle, Scott
ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Muḥaddith Dihlavī (958–1052/1551–1642) was an Indian scholar and Ṣūfī who revived ḥadīth studies in India and rendered Ṣūfī biographies into elegant prose. He wrote approximately sixty books in Arabic and Persian, many of which have been published in the original or in Urdu translation. He composed Persian verse under the takhalluṣ (pen name) Ḥaqqī (“Truthful”). Born in Delhi, he died there at the age of ninety-four, on 21 Rabīʿ I 1052/19 June 1642. 1. Scholarly and Ṣūfī training As a child, he was initiated into the Qādirī order by his father, Shaykh Sayf al-D…
Date: 2021-07-19

ʿAlī Muttaqī

(1,761 words)

Author(s): Kugle, Scott
ʿAlī b. Ḥusām al-Dīn b. ʿAbd al-Mālik b. Qāḍī Khān, known as “ Muttaqī” (885–975/1480–1568) was a leading ḥadīth scholar, reform-oriented Ṣūfī, and political advisor in the sultanate of Gujarat. He wrote approximately sixty books about ḥadīth, Ṣūfism, and morality. 1. Life Born in Burhānpūr in 885/1480, ʿAlī Muttaqī was initiated into the Chishtiyya brotherhood ( ṭarīqa, lit. “way”) under Bahāʾ al-Dīn Shāh Bājan (d. 911/1506). He served in the court at Māndʾū in his teens, but soon afterwards renounced worldly ambition. In his extreme asceticism and interest in reviving the sharīʿa, …
Date: 2021-07-19

ʿAbdallāh Shaṭṭār

(990 words)

Author(s): Kugle, Scott
ʿAbdallāh Shaṭṭār (d. 890/1485) propagated a new Ṣūfī community, the Shaṭṭāriyya, which became influential in tenth/sixteenth-century South Asia. His followers encouraged synthesis with Hindu ideals in music, literature and Yogic devotions. 1. Life Nicknamed Shaṭṭār (swift-paced) and given the title “Shāh” (king), he lived in the vicinity of Samarqand and was the khalīfa of Shaykh Muḥammad ʿĀrif in the ʿIshqiyya (not Muḥammad ʿĀshiq, as reported in Niẓāmī). The ʿIshqiyya is a Ṣūfī ṭarīqa in Central Asia that goes back to the Khalwātī order with links to Najm al-Dīn …
Date: 2021-07-19

ʿAbdallāh Ṣūfī Shaṭṭārī

(845 words)

Author(s): Kugle, Scott
ʿAbdallāh Ṣūfī Shaṭṭārī (d. 1010/1601) was a ḥadīth scholar and a Ṣūfī in the Shaṭṭāriyya order, which was introduced into India by Shāh ʿAbdallāh Shaṭṭār (d. 890/1485 in Mandu). ʿAbdallāh Ṣūfī Shaṭṭārī helped establish a vibrant connection between the centre of Shaṭṭārī Ṣūfī activity in Gujarat and the holy cities in Arabia, and he wrote seven works on mysticism. 1. Life ʿAbdallāh Ṣūfī Shaṭṭārī was born in 904/1498 in Sandīla, a town in present–day Uttar Pradesh, and he joined a Ṣūfī order at age nine—apparently the Chishtiyya (founded in Chisht, a small…
Date: 2021-07-19

Zarrūq, Aḥmad

(1,781 words)

Author(s): Kugle, Scott
Aḥmad al-Burnūsī al-Fāsī “ Zarrūq” (846–99/1442–94) was a reform-oriented Ṣūfī, Mālikī jurist, and social critic in North Africa. 1. Life Aḥmad Zarrūq was born in Fez (Fās) and trained as a jurist with a Ṣūfī orientation under Muḥammad al-Qūrī (d. 872/1467–8). In 869/1465, Zarrūq opposed a revolution against the last Marīnid sultan, ʿAbd al-Ḥāqq II (r. 823–69/1420–65). Zarrūq left Fes after breaking with his first Ṣūfī master, Muḥammad al-Zaytūnī (died circa 910–20/1504–14) who supported the revolution. Zarrūq reco…
Date: 2021-07-19