Search

, Abu ’l-Rabīʿ Sulaymān b. Yak̲h̲laf , famous Ibāḍī historian, theologian and jurisconsult. He was a member, as his nisba indicates, of the Berber tribe of Mazāta [ q.v.], probably from the branch who lived in the mountains of south-east Tunisia beside the tribes of the Lawāta and Zanzafa. All these tribes were living around a district which was called Tāmūlast but whose exact location eludes us and which was, in all probability, the place from which Abu ’l-Rabīʿ originated. It is, indeed, in this locality that there lived…

b. ʿumar (or ʿAmr ), the first known Ibāḍī historian of the Mag̲h̲rib. He lived, at ¶ least for a time (in about 240/855), at Tozeur in southern Tunisia. He is known to have been still living in 260/873-4. He is the author of an historical work on the Ibāḍīs of North Africa which has not survived, but fairly long extracts from which are found in the Kitāb al-Siyar of al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī. This work, whose title is not known, was compiled from the traditions related by the North African Ibāḍī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ s, such as the author’s contemporary Abu Ṣāliḥ al-Nafūsī (whom h…

, abū yaḥyā zakariyyāʾ , chief of the Berber tribe of Nafūsa and last Ibāḍī-Wahbī imām in North Africa. He is probably the same person as R. Basset refers to in error as Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā al-Ird̲j̲ānī, confusing him with his son, Abū Zakariyyāʾ b. Abī Yaḥyā al-Ird̲j̲ānī, who also was chief ( ḥākim ) of the Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa. According to the Ibāḍī document known under the name of Tasmiyat s̲h̲uyūk̲h̲ Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa wa-ḳurāhum (6th/12th century), Abū Zakariyyāʾ (error for Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyaʾ) of Irkān (Ird̲j̲ān) was elected imām after Abū Ḥātim (that is Abū Ḥātim Yūsuf b. Abī ’l-Ya…

or miṣrāta , also Mesrāta, important Berber tribe belonging to the branch of the Hawwāra [ q.v.] of the Barānis (Brānès) group. According to Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, to whom most of the information concerning this people is owed, the Misrāta derived their origin from a certain Meld, who was the son of Awrīg̲h̲, son of Barānis and the brother of the Hawwāra. According to Ibn Ḥazm, and also according to the Berber genealogist Sābiḳ b. Sulaymān, both quoted by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, the Misrāta and other families descended from Meld, inc…

, Abu Sufyān , Ibāḍī theologian and historian, originally from the Arabic tribe of the Banū ʿAbd al-Ḳays, who lived in the 2nd/8th century and who is cited in the Kitāb Ṭabaḳāt al-mas̲h̲āyik̲h̲ of al-Dard̲j̲īnī (d. 670/1227 [ q.v.]) amongst the scholars of the fourth ṭabaḳa or class. His family came originally from ʿIrāḳ (his grandfather al-Malīḥ al-ʿAbdī was one of the close friends of the head of the Ibāḍī community in Baṣra, the famous Abu ʿUbayda Muslim b. Abī Karīma al-Tamīmī [see al-ibāḍiyya ]), and he first lived in ʿUmān. Then he settled in Baṣra, …

al-nad̲j̲īsī , Ibāḍī imām in the Mag̲h̲rib. The orthodox Arab historians represent him as a mere leader of Berber rebels. His role, however, was more defined, as he was given by the Ibāḍīs of Tripolitania the title of imām al-difāʿ (" imām of defence"). According to the chronicle of Abū Zakariyyāʾ al-Ward̲j̲lānī, this revolt took place in Rad̲j̲ab 145/Sept.-Oct. 762, only one year after the death of Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb. According to al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī, al-Siyar , Cairo 1301, 134, Abū Ḥātim’s, government began in (1)54 A. H. It is, however, possible that this is a mistake for 145. Little is known…

(or Ifran , Ifrān , Ufrān Ūfrān etc.). the most important branch of the large Berber tribe of the Zenāta (Zanāta [ q.v.]). According to the writings, now lost, of three Berber genealogists used by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, namely Sābiḳ b. Sulaymān al-Maṭmāṭī, Hanīʾ b. Masdūr al-Kūmī and Kaḥlān b. Abī Luwā, the Banū Īfran are descended from Īṣlitan (also Yaṣlitan), son of Misrā, son of Zākiyā, son of Wardīran (or of Wars̲h̲īk), son of Adīdat. According to the same tradition, Zākiyā was the brother of Dammar (Demmer), the eponymo…

, eminent Ibāḍī lawyer of the end of the 2nd/8th and the beginning of the 3rd/9th century, a native of Ḵh̲urāsān. On his way to the Rustamid imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (168-208/784-823) at Tāhart, to offer him his book al-Mudawwana , he stayed with the Ibāḍī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , Abū Ḥafṣ ʿAmrūs b. Fatḥ, of Ḏj̲abal Nafūsa, who rendered a service to Ibāḍī literature by conserving in the Mag̲h̲rib a copy of the work. The Mudawwana of Abū G̲h̲ānim is the oldest Ibāḍī treatise on general jurisprudence, according to the teaching of Abū ʿUbayda Muslim al-Tamīmī (d. under al-Manṣūr, 136-58/754-75; cf. ibāḍiyya …

, a Berber tribe belonging to the great branch of the Butr and related, if one is to believe the ancient Berber traditions cited by Ibn K̲h̲aldūn. to the tribes of Ḍarīsa, Saṭfūra, Lamāya, Maṭmāṭa, Ṣadīna, Malzūza and Madyūna who lived, in the early Middle Ages, in eastern Barbary. It is also apparently in the same region that the ancient habitat of Mag̲h̲īla is to be sought in the period in question. According to the Berber traditions cited by various early Arab historians, the Mag̲h̲īla, after coming from Palestine into North Africa, reached…

( al-Nakkāra , al-Nakkāriyya ) “deniers”: one of the main branches of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī sect of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.]. The existence of this sect has already been proved by E. Masqueray, A. de C. Motylinski and R. Strothmann; cf., however, the opinion of G. Levi della Vida, according to whom al-Nukkār is simply “an insulting epithet applied to K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs in general” [see Ṣufriyya ]. The name al-Nukkār comes from the fact that the members of this sect refused to recognise the second Ibāḍī imām of Tāhert, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Rustam [see rustamids ]. The…

, name given to the Hungarians or Magyars and to Hungary in the Ottoman period. 1. In pre-Ottoman period (1) The names for the Hungarians and Hungary in the Arabic and Persian authors of the 3rd-8th/9th-14th centuries. The earliest mention of the Hungarians (Magyars) occurs in ¶ the Kitāb al-Aʿlāḳ al-nafīsa of Ibn Rusta (Ibn Rosteh), written between the years 290-300/903-12-13 on the basis of the geographical treatise of al-Ḏj̲ayhānī ( ca. 300 A.H.) who used, in the composition of this work, an anonymous historical account dealing with Central Asia and Eastern Euro…

, historian, author of a chronicle on the Rustamid imāms of Tāhert. His work forms the earliest document on the Ibāḍis of North Africa which has survived up to the present, with the exception of extracts from the work of Ibn Salām b. ʿUmar [ q.v.]. The chronicle of Ibn al-Ṣag̲h̲īr was very highly esteemed by the Ibāḍī historians of the Mag̲h̲rib, two of whom, al-Barrādī [ q.v.] and al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī [ q.v.] quote large extracts from it. His opinions concerning the Ibāḍīs of Tāhert and particularly the Rustamids were certainly not hostile, in spite of an anti-Ibāḍī s…

(literally “circle”, “gathering of people seated in a circle”, and also “gathering of students around a teacher”), among the Ibāḍī-Wahbīs of the Mzāb [ q.v.] a religious council made up of twelve ʿazzāba (“recluses”, “clerks”; on the exact meaning of this word, see R. Rubinacci, Un antico documento di vita cenobitica musulmana, 47-8), and presided over by a s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ . On the mystical sense of ḥalḳa , the Ḳawāʿid al-Islām of al-Ḏj̲ayṭālī [ q.v.], which is the most complete code of the Ibāḍī sect (written probably in the first half of the 8th/14th century), says: “On…

(or rather al-s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-faḳīh al-ʿadl Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Munʿim b. ʿAbd al-Nūr al-Ḥimyarī , author of the important Arabic geographical dictionary entitled Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi k̲h̲abar al-aḳṭār . Nothing is known of this writer apart from the facts that he came from the Mag̲h̲rib and that he was a jurisconsult ( faḳīh ) and a ḳāḍī’s assessor or notary ( ʿadl ). E. Lévi-Provençal was responsible for the discovery and the publication of a large part of his work ( La péninsule Ibérique au Moyen Age , d’après le Kitāb…

, Yaḥyā b. Abī Bakr , historian of the Ibāḍīs of the Mag̲h̲rib. The Ibāḍi chroniclers al-Dard̲j̲īnī (7th/13th century) and al-S̲h̲ammāk̲h̲ī (d. 928/1522) who took the chronicle of Abū Zakariyyāʾ as the basis for their own works, give but scanty details about him and do not indicate the date either of his birth or of his death. From al-Dard̲j̲īnī it is known at least that he was a native of Ward̲j̲lān (Ouargla) and that he studied in the Wādī Rīg̲h̲ (Oued Righ) under the Ibāḍī s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abu ’l-Rabīʿ Sulaymān b. Ik̲h̲laf al-Mazātī (d. 4…

, an ancient Berber people belonging to the branch of the Butr, and to the family of Ḍarīsa, who most probably lived in Tripolitania. If we are to believe Ibn K̲h̲aldūn (8th/14th century) and his sources, the Berber genealogists, the Malzūza were descendants of Fāṭin, son of Tamzīt, son of Ḍarī (eponym of the Ḍarīsa) and were the sister-tribe of the important Berber tribes of the Maṭg̲h̲ara, the Lamāya, the Ṣadīna, the Kūmiya, the Madyūna, the Mag̲h̲īla, the Maṭmāṭa, the Kas̲h̲āna (or Kas̲h̲āta) and the Dūna. The major…

(in Leo Africanus: Luntuna or Lumtuna), a great Berber tribe belonging to the branch of the Ṣanhād̲j̲a who led a nomadic life, and like other tribes of this branch forming part of the Mulat̲h̲t̲h̲amūn or “wearers of the veil” [see lit̲h̲ām ]. The Lamtūna nomadised over the western Sahara, where between the 2nd/8th and 5th/11th centuries they played a considerable political role. According to al-Bakrī (459/1067), the region covered by them stretched from the lands of Islam (i.e. the Mag̲h̲rib) to those of the blacks. This is what this ge…

, one of the main branches of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs [ q.v.], representatives of which are today found in ʿUmān, East Africa, Tripolitania (D̲j̲abal Nafūsa and Zuag̲h̲a) and southern Algeria (Wargla and Mzab). The sect takes it name from that of one of those said to have founded it, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibāḍ al-Murrī al-Tamīmī. The form usually employed is Abāḍiyya; this is true not only of North Africa ( e.g., in the D̲j̲abal Natūsa, cf. A. de C. Motylinski, Le Djebel Nefousa , Paris 1898-9, 41 and passim ), where it is attested in the 9th/15th century by the Ibāḍī writer al-Barrādī ( Kitāb Ḏj̲awāhir al-mun…

(also al-D̲j̲enāwunī ), Abū ʿUbayda ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd , governor of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa for the Ibādite imāms of Tāhart. He was a native of the village of Īd̲j̲nāwun (also D̲j̲enāwen, in Berber Ignaun) situated below the town of D̲j̲ādū in the present district of Fassāṭo. He already enjoyed great prestige there about 196/811 during the stay of the imām ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Rustam in the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa. On the death of Abu ’l-Ḥasan Ayyūb he was elected governor of the D̲j̲abal Nafūsa by the people of the country and aft…

, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. Sulaymān al-ʿUmānī , Ibāḍī scholar of ʿUmān who lived in the 6th/12th century (he was killed by K̲h̲ardala b. Samāʿa). He was the author of the Kitāb al-Daʿāʾim , a collection of poems on fiḳh of which two editions have been published (one of them in Cairo in 1351). Among his other works there should be mentioned an important Kitāb Silk al-d̲j̲umān fī siyar ahl ʿUmān (T. Lewicki) Bibliography A. de C. Motylinski, Bibliographie du Mzab, in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine, iii (1885), 19, no. 21 ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥumayd al-Sālimī, al-Lumʿa al-murḍiyya, printed in a collec…