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[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich In der klassischen Religionsphänomenologie meint man mit der Bez. U. bzw. P. die Unterscheidung von Universal- (Religionstypologie) und sog. Volksrel. (Volksfrömmigkeit/Volksreligion); die letzteren blieben »auf ein einzelnes Volk beschränkt«, während sich die ersteren »über viele Völker verbreitet haben« (Mensching 286f.) und eine »universale«, d.h. prinzipiell an alle Menschen gerichtete Botschaft verkünden – damit sind v.a. die Stifterrel. Buddhismu…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies In the classical phenomenology of religion, the universalism/particularism dichotomy denotes the difference between universal religions (Typology of religion) and so-called folk religions (Folk piety); the latter are “limited to a single people,” whereas the former “spread to include many peoples” (Mensching, 286f.) and proclaim a “universal” message, addressed in principle to all humanity. The universal religions are primarily those with founding figures: Buddhi…

[German Version] I. New Testament – II. Early Church – III. Middle Ages and Modern Period – IV. 19th Century to the Present I. New Testament 1. Definition and sources Although the New Testament does not speak explicitly of Jewish Christians, the phenomenon is everywhere apparent. Makeshift expressions are used (Acts 9:2; 19:9, 23; 24:5; Rom 15:26; Gal 2:9, 12; note also that Christians as a designation used by outsiders is itself rare: Acts 11:26; 26:28; 1 Pet 4:16). In addition, all the NT documents except Luke-Acts were written by Jewish Christian aut…