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[English version] (Σόος). Mitglied des spartan. Königshauses der Eurypontidai. Bei Herodot (7,204; 8,131) noch nicht erwähnt, von den jüngeren Quellen dagegen als Sohn des Prokles [1] und Vater des Eurypon in die Herrscherlisten eingefügt (Plut. Lykurgos 1,40a-2,40c; Paus. 3,7,1; Phlegon FGrH 257 F …

[English version] (Θέστιος). Myth. Herrscher über Pleuron in Aitolia (Strab. 10,2,24; 10,3,6), Sohn des Ares (Apollod. 1,59; Ps.-Plut. de fluviis 22,1, GGM 2, p. 661 f.) oder des Agenor [3] (Asios bei Paus. 3,13,8) und der Demonike/Demodike (Apollod. 1,59; schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,146-149a) oder der Peisidike (Ps.-Plut. l.c.), Bruder des Euenos, Molos und Pylos (Apollod. 1,59); von Eurythemis (Apollod. 1,62), Leukippe (Hyg. fab. 14,17) oder anderen (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,146-149a; 1,201a) Vater mehrerer Söhne ( Thestiádai), u. a. von Iphiklos (Bakchyl. 5,128 f.; Apo…

[English version] (Θοώτης). Herold des Menestheus [1] vor Troia, wird von diesem zu den beiden Aias [1-2] und zu Teukros [2] geschickt, um Hilfe im Kampf gegen die Lykier Sarpedon [1] und Glaukos [4] zu erbitten (Hom. Il. 12,342-363). Antoni, Silke

[English version] (Σκαιαί sc. πύλαι/ pýlai). Das “Skäische Tor” in Troia (Hom. Il. 3,145; 3,149 u.ö.; ohne pýlai: Hom. Il. 3,263; Strab. 13,1,21; im Sg.: Q. Smyrn. 11,338), auch Dardaníai genannt. Mehrere Erklärungen des Namens sind möglich: “linkes” bzw. “westl. Tor” oder “Unglückstor” (abgeleitet von σκαιός [2]), “Schieftor” oder benannt nach seinem Erbauer Skaios (schol. Hom. Il. 3,145; 9,354; 11,170 Bekker; Hesych. s. v. Σκαιῇσι πύλῃσιν) bzw. dem Volksstamm der Skaioi [1].…

[English version] (Σαώ, “die Schützende, Rettende”). Tochter des Nereus und der Doris [I 1], eine der Nereiden (Hesiod. theog. 243; Apollod. 1,11). Antoni, Silke Bibliography N. Icard-Gianolio, s. v. S., LIMC 7.1, 666.

[English version] (Στύξ). Seit Homer (Hom. Il. 2,755; 14,271; 15,36-38 u.ö.), der ausschließlich die Bezeichnung Στυγὸς ὕδωρ/ Stygós hýdōr (“Wasser des Grausens”) verwendet, Fluß (bei Plat. Phaid. 113c: See) in der Unterwelt und neben Gaia und Uranos wichtigster Schwurzeuge der Götter. Er erscheint bei Hes. theog. 361; 383-403; 775-806 zum ersten Mal als myth. Gestalt. Die S. ist die älteste der Okeaniden und von Pallas Mutter von Zelos, Nike, Kratos und Bia und nach Epimenides (FGrH 457 F 5) von Peiras [1] Mutter der Echidna. A…

[English version] (Τενθρηδών, “Gallwespe”: schol. Nik. Alex. 547a-b; vgl. [1]). Nachkomme des Magnes [2] (schol. und Eust. zu Hom. Il. 2,756), Vater des Magnetenführers Prothoos [3] (Hom. Il. 2,756; Lykophr. 899 mit Tzetz.; Aristot. epigr. 28, in [2]).…

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[English version] (Ἰνώ). Tochter des Kadmos [1] und der Harmonia, zumeist nach Nephele [1] zweite (erste: schol. Hom. Il. 7,86 Bekker nach Philostephanos und Eust. ad locum; schol. Lykophr. 22) Gattin des Athamas in Thebai [2], Mutter von Learchos und Melikertes. Aus Neid auf ihre Stiefkinder Phrixos und Helle ersinnt sie eine List: Sie überredet die Frauen des Landes, das Saatgut zu rösten, und verursacht so eine schlimme Hungersnot. Die von Athamas nach Delphoi geschickten Gesandten besticht sie, damit sie dem …

[English version] (Τακίτα, “die Schweigende”, auch Dea Muta “stumme Göttin”). Name, Datum (21. Februar, an den Feralia) und Art ihres Kultes (Ov. fast. 2,569-582), der bereits von König Numa Pompilius in Rom eingeführt worden sein soll (Plut. Numa 8,65b), weisen auf eine Unterweltsgottheit hin (vgl. Ov. fast. 2,609; 5,422; Verg. Aen. 6,264 f.). Gleichgesetzt wird T. mit der Nymphe Lara/Lala oder Larunda (Varro ling. 5,74), die einen Plan des Iuppiter verrät, worauf dieser ihr die Zunge herausreißt. Von…

(Σχοινεύς, lat. Schoeneus; vgl. σχοῖνος, “Binse”). [English version] [1] Sohn des Athamas und der Themisto Sohn des Athamas und der Themisto, der Tochter des Hypseus; Bruder von Leukon [1], Erythrios und Ptoos/Ptoios (Herodoros FGrH 31 F 38; Apollod. 1,84; Nonn. Dion. 9,312-321; Tzetz. ad Lykophr. 22, z. T. mit Namensvarianten). Vater sowohl der boiotischen als auch der arkadischen Atalante (Hes. fr. 72,9 f.; 75,12-15; 76,9 M.-W.; Apollod. 1,68; 1,112; 3,109; Hyg. fab. 173; 185; 244; Ov. met. 10,609; 10,660 u.…

(Ξάνθιος). [English version] [1] Vater des Leukippos aus dem Geschlecht des Bellerophontes Vater des Leukippos [3] aus dem Geschlecht des Bellerophontes. Als ihm von dem Verlobten se…

(Θεσπιάδες). [English version] [1] Beiname der Musen nach dem Ort Thespiae…

[English version] [2] Sohn des Priamos und der Laothoe Sohn des Priamos und der Laothoe [3], Bruder des Polydoros [2] und Halbbruder u. a. des Hektor und des Paris, wird von Achilleus [1] bei Nacht aus dem Garten seines Vaters geraubt, mit dem Schiff nach Lemnos gebracht und an Euneos [1] verkauft. Der Imbrier Eetion [2] löst L. aus und schickt ihn nach Arisbe, von wo er flieht und heimkehrt. 12 Tage später fällt er unbewaffnet dem Achilleus erneut in die Hände, fleht ihn vergeblich um Gnade an und wird …

[English version] (Θείας). Sohn des Belos und der Nymphe Oreithyia (oder deren Gatte), zeugt unwissentlich mit seiner Tochter Smyrna (Myrrha) den Adonis. Als er den Frevel entdeckt, versucht er zunächst, seine Tochter umzubringen, die sich der Tat durch Verwandlung in den gleichnamigen Baum entzieht, dann tötet er sich aus Scham selbst (Antoninus Liberalis 34; Apollod. 3,183 f. nach Panyassis; Tzetz. Lykophr. 829). Nach anderen Quellen heißt der Vater der Smyrna Kinyras (Ov. met. 10,298-518; Hyg. fab. 58; Tzetz. Lykophr. 831).…

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[English version] (Σιρίκιος; lat. Siricius). Sophist des 4. Jh. n. Chr. aus Neapolis [11] in Palaestina, Schüler des Andromachos (vgl. [1]). S. lehrte einige Zeit in Athen und verfaßte Progymnásmata und Melétai…

[English version] (Ναιάδες, Νηιάδες, Sg. Ναιάς, Νηιάς, Νηίς; lat. Naiades). Sammelbezeichnung für die Wassernymphen im allg. (Nymphen; Hom. Il. 6,22; 14,444; 20,384; Hom. Od. 13,104; 13,356), die entsprechend den ihnen zugeordneten Gewässern auch Einzelnamen tragen (vgl. schol. Hom. Il. 20,8 Bekker). Etym. wird die Bezeichnung …

[English version] (Θαυμακίη). Eine der Städte in Magnesia [1], die unter dem Anführer Philoktetes mit insgesamt sieben Schiffen vor Troia vertreten sind, heute nicht lokalisiert (Hom. Il. 2,716-719; Strab. 9,5,16; Plin. nat. 4,32; vgl. Steph. Byz., s. v. Θαυμακία). Antoni, Silke

[English version] (Τήλων). König der Teleboai, Herrscher über die Insel Capreae, von der Nymphe Sebethis Vater des Oibalos [2] (Verg. Aen. 7,734-736; Serv. Aen. 7,734 f.; vgl. Sil. 8,541 f.). Antoni, Silke

[English version] (Ζῆλος). Personifikation des eifrigen Strebens, Sohn des Pallas und der Styx. Zusammen mit seinen Geschwistern Nike, Kratos und Bia ständiger Begleiter des Zeus (Hes. theog. 383-388) und Helfer im Kampf gegen die Titanen (Apollod. 1,9). Später gleichgesetzt mit Zelotypia (“Eifersucht”: Orph. fr. 127; Meleagros Anth. Gr. 5,190; Hyg. fab. praef. 17: Invidia; vgl. schon Hes. erg. 195 f.). Antoni, Silke

[English version] (Τενάγης). Einer der Heliadai (nach schol. Pind. O. 7,131a-132a, z. T. nach Hellanikos der jüngste, auch Phaethon [3] genannt), der sieben Söhne des Helios und der Rhodos (Rhode). T. wird von einigen seiner Brüder aus Neid ermordet (Diod. 5,56,5-57,2; 5,61,1 = Zenon FGrH 523 F 1; schol. Hom. Il. 24,544c).…

(Οὐρανίωνες). [English version] [1] Bezeichnung für die Nachkommen des Uranos Bezeichnung für die Nachkommen des Uranos im allg. (Hes. theog. 461; 919) und im bes. für die Titanen (Hom. Il. 5,898; Orph. fr. 57; Suda s. v. Οὐ.). Eine Liste aller U.: [1. 973-975]. Antoni, Silke Bibliography 1 E. Wüst, s. v. Uranos, RE 9 A, 966-980. [English version] [2] Sammelbezeichnung für die griech. Götter “Die Himmlischen”, Sammelbezeichnung für die griech. Götter im allg., bald mit dem Zusatz θεοί/ theoí (“Götter”; z. B. Hom. Il. 1,570; Hom. Od. 7,242; Orph. fr. 168,15; Q. Smyrn.…

[English version] (Σήταια). Eine der troischen Kriegsgefangenen der Griechen nach der Einnahme von Troia. Auf der Höhe von Sybaris überredet sie aus Furcht vor der drohenden Knechtschaft die mitgefangenen Frauen dazu, die Flotte der Griechen in Brand zu stecken. Zur Strafe wird sie an eine Klippe gefesselt, Geiern zum Fraß (Lykophr. 1075-1082; Tzetz. ad Lykophr. 921; 1075-1081). Dieser Ort trägt nach ihr den Namen Setaion (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σηταῖον; Etym. m. s. v. Σηταῖον). Nach Apollodor (epit. 6,15c = Tzetz. ad…

[English version] (Θάλπιος). Enkel des Aktor [4], Sohn des Aktorionen Eurytos und der Theraiphone, neben Amphimachos [2], Diores [1] und Polyxenos [3] Anführer der insgesamt 40 Schiffe der Epeier vor Troia (Hom. Il. 2,618-624; Paus. 5,3,3 f.; Dares 14; Diktys 1,17). Th. wird unter den Freiern der Helene [1] (Apollod. 3,129; Hyg. fab. 81) und unter den Besteigern des Troianischen Pferdes (Q. Smyrn. 12,323) genannt, sein Grab liegt in Elis (Aristot. epigramm 36, in [1]).…

[English version] (Θαύμας). Sohn des Pontos [1] und der Gaia (der Tethys: Orph. fr. 117), Bruder von Nereus, Phorkys [1], Keto und Eurybie (Hes. theog. 237 f.; Apollod. 1,10); durch Elektra [1] (Ozomene: Hyg. fab. 14,18) Vater der Harpyien und der Iris [1] (Hes. theog. 265-267; 780; Verg. Aen. 9,5; Ov. met. 4,480 u.ö.; zur Deutung der Genealogie: Plat. Tht. 155d; Cic. nat. deor. 3,20,51). Th. wird auch als Vater des Flusses Hydaspes (Nonn. Dion. 26,358-365) und der Arke (Ptol. Chennos 6,6, p. 39 Chatzis) erwähnt. Antoni, Silke

[English version] [2] Sohn des Nisos Sohn des Nisos aus Dulichion, einer der Freier der Penelope, der bei ihr aufgrund seiner guten Gesinnung am meisten Gefallen findet (Hom. Od. 16,394-398 u.ö.; Strab. 7,7,11; Apollod. fr. Sabbaitica, in: [1. 179]), wird von Telemachos getötet (Hom. Od. 22,89-96). Antoni, Silke Bi…

A. IntroductionEngagement with the languages and culture of Classical Antiquity, being an element of higher education in the 18th century, was reserved for a small segment of the population—the so-called ‘learned’ classes—and proceeded either with the help of private tutors or through attendance at an institution of secondary education.…

[German version] (Νύκτιμος; Nýktimos). One of the 50 sons of Lycaon, either the oldest, who legitimately assumed sovereignty over Arcadia following the death of his father (Paus. 8,3,1; 5), or the youngest, who because of Gaia's intervention was the only one to be spared punishment by Zeus after the sacrilege of Lycaon and his sons (Fairy tale) and became king himself at the time of Deucalion's flood (Apollod. 3,96-99). According to another version N. himself was slaughtered (Lycophr. 481; Clem. Al. Protreptikos 2,36,5; Nonn. Dion. 18,20-24). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[German version] (Οἴαξ/ Oiax, Latin Oeax, 'helm'). Son of Nauplius [1] and Clymene [5] (also Philyra or Hesione [2]: Apollod. 2,23), brother of Palamedes and Nausimedon (Apollod. 2,23; 3,15; schol. Eur. Or. 432; Dictys 1,1). Marched with Palamedes to Troy (Philostr. Heroicus 10,10, p. 183 Kayser), where, after the stoning of Palamedes, he etched an account of his brother's fate onto the blades of a rudder and threw them into the sea (schol. Aristoph. Thesm. 771, following Eur. Palamedes);…

[German version] (Μόψοπος/ Mόpsopos, also Μόψοψ/ Mόpsops or Μόψος/ Mόpsos). Presumably Attic king or hero. Name conjectured from Mopsopia, the old name for Attica (Lycophr. 733, 1340; Call. fr. 709; Strab. 9,1,18; 9,5,22; Anth. Pal. 7,614,8; Tib.…

[German version] (Πανδία/ Pandía, also: Πανδεία/ Pandeía, Πανδείη/ Pandeíē). Daughter of Zeus and Selene (Hom. h. 32,14-16; Hyg. fab. praef. 28; in this sense probably also Phot. s.v. Πάνδια/ Pándia and EM s.v. Πάνδεια/ Pándeia). According to other sources (Orph. fr. 280,8; Maximos, Perì katarchôn 123, 146, 326; schol. Dem. Or. 21,9,39a-d) an epithet (Πάνδια/ Pándia, Πάντια/ Pántia) of Selene (cf. [3. 62]). The Attic festival of the same name can, contrary to the widespread view in (late?) Antiquity (cf. schol.Dem. Or. 21, 9, 39a; Phot. l.c.; EM l.c.), probably neither be traced to the goddess P. nor to the hero Pandion [1], but was dedicated to Zeus Pándios ([2]; cf. [1. 176f.]).…

[German version] (Πιτθεύς/ Pittheús, name probably derived from πειθώ/ peithṓ [1], therefore something like 'good adviser' [3], cf. [2]). P. was perhaps originally an ancient oracular deity, according to the sources the son of Pelops and Hippodamia [1], a brother of Atreus and Thyestes (Eur. Med. 684; Eur. Heracl. 207; Apollod. Epit. 2,10; Schol. Eur. Or. 5; Ov. Me…

[German version] (Θαύμας/ Thaúmas). Son of Pontus [1] and Gaia (or Tethys: Orph. Fr. 117), brother of Nereus, Phorcys [1], Ceto and Eurybia (Hes. Theog. 237 f.; Apollod. 1,10); with Electra [1] (Ozomene: Hyg. Fab. 14,18) father of the Harpies and Iris [1] (Hes. Theog. 265-267; 780; Ver…

A. IntroductionThe dispute over the correct, appropriate reception of Antiquity and the ancient languages (Greek; Latin) was one of the key points of conflict in 18th-century pedagogics. Two groups can be distinguished in general: the Enlightenment pedagogues, known as thephilanthropinists, and the Neo-Humanists, known as the Philhellenists (German New Humanism). The two groups had common ground: criticism of the role Antiquity was allotted (or had increasingly taken on) in the teaching of boys and youths, especially at the Latin Schools of the 17th century. The ancient la…

(Ξάνθιος/ Xánthios). [German version] [1] Father of Leucippus from the Bellerophontes family Father of Leucippus [3] from the Bellerophontes family. When his daughter's fiancé tells him that she has had a relationship with …

(Ῥηξήνωρ/ Rhēxḗnōr). [German version] [1] Brother of Alcinous and father of Arete, Alcinous's wife Son of Nausithous [1], brother of Alcinous [1]. He dies shortly after his wedding, leaving as his only child his daughter Arete [1], the later wife of Alcinous (Hom. Od. 7,63-66; 146; Schol. Hom. Od. 7,56; Eust. ad Hom. Od. 7,63-65). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Father of Chalciope [1], the second wife of Aegeus Father of Chalciope [1], the secon…

(Θεσπιάδες/ Thespiádes). [German version] [1] Epithet of the Muses from the town of Thespiae Epithet of the Muses after the town of Thespiae (Thespia) on the Helicon [1] (Varro Ling. 7,20; Ov. Met. 5,310; Fulg. Mythologiae 1,11, p. 7,5-8 Helm). T. statues are mentioned by several artists (Cic. Verr. 2,4,2,4; Plin. HN 34,66; 34,69; 36,33; 36,39). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 P. Müller, s. v. T., LIMC 8.1, 1 (with bibliogr.) [German version] [2] The fifty daughters of Thespis The fifty (according to Hyg. Fab. 162: twelve) daughters of Thespis (or Thes…

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(Νοήμων/ Noḗmōn). [German version] [1] Lycian, follower of Sarpedon at Troy Lycian, follower of Sarpedon at Troy, killed by Odysseus (Hom. Il. 5,678; Ov. Met. 13,258). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Pylian, companion of Antilochus at Troy Pylian, companion of Antilochus at Troy (Hom. Il. 23,612). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [3] Ithacian Ithacian, son of Phronius, who upon Athena's request lent a ship to Telemachus for his journey to Pylus (Hom. Od. 2,386f.). When he later needed the ship himself, he asked Antinous…

(Ὀδίος/ Odíos, auch Ὁδίος/ Hodíos). [German version] [1] Herald of the Greeks at Troy Herald of the Greeks at Troy (Hom. Il. 9,170; of the Telamonian Ajax [1]: schol. Hom. Il. 2,96). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Leader of the Halizons at Troy …

[German version] (Ζῆλος; Zêlos). Personification of zeal; son of Pallas and Styx. He and his siblings, Nike, Kratos and Bia, are constant companions of Zeus (Hes. Theog. 383-388), and his aides in the fight against the Titans (Apollod. 1,9). He is later equated with Zelotypia ('Jealousy': Orph. Fr. 127; Meleager Anth. Gr. 5,190; Hyg. Fab. praef. 17: Invidia; Hes. Op. 195 f.). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

(Σχοινεύς/ Schoineús, Latin Schoeneus;  cf. σχοῖνος/ schoînos, 'rush'). [German version] [1] Son of Athamas and Themisto Son of Athamas and Themisto, the daughter of Hypseus; brother of Leucon [1], Erythrius and Ptous/Ptoeus (Herodorus FGrH 31 F 38; Apollod. 1,84; Nonnus, Dion. 9,312-321; Tzetz. Ad Lyk…

[German version] (Σήταια; Sḗtaia). One of the Greeks' Trojan prisoners of war after the capture of Troy. On Mount Sybaris, fearing threatening servitude, she persuades the women captured with her to set fire to the Greek fleet. As punishment she is shackled to a cliff for v…

[German version] (Σόος/ Sóos). Member of the Spartan royal house of the Eurypontids. Not yet mentioned in Herodotus (7,204; 8,131), but included as son of Procles [1] and father of Eurypon in ruler lists in more recent sources (Plut. Lycurgus 1,40a-2,40c; Paus. 3,7,1; Phlegon FGrH 257 F 1,2). It may be possible to trace this mythical figure back to a historical person, since it is to S.'s reign that e.g. the enslaving of the Helots is ascribed (Plut. loc.cit.), and Plato (Crat. 412b) is familiar with a respected Spartan with the name Σοῦς/ Soûs (contracted form of Sóos). Lycurgus [4] Antoni, S…

[German version] (Στύξ/ Stýx). From Homer (Hom. Il. 2,755; 14,271; 15,36-38 et passim), who exclusively uses the phrase Στυγὸς ὕδωρ/ Stygòs hýdōr ('Water of Horror'), onwards a river (in Pl. Phd. 113c: lake) in the Underworld and besides Gaia and Uranus the most important of the gods' witnesses to oaths. It appears for the first time in Hes. Theog. 361; 383-403; 775-806 as a mythical figure. The S. is the earliest of the Oceanids and the mother with Pallas of Zelus, Nike, Cratus and Bia and, according to Epimenides …

(Ὀτρεύς; Otreús). [German version] [1] Son of Dymas Son of Dymas [1], brother of Hecabe, brother-in-law of Priamus. King of Phrygia (Hesych. s.v. Ο.), eponym of the Bithynian town of Otroia (Strab. 12,4,7). Together with Mygdon [2] and with Priamus, he fought against the Amazons who were invading Phrygia (Hom. Il. 3,184-189; schol. Hom. Il. 3,189; Eust. ad Hom. Il. 3,186 p. 402). Aphrodite, in an encounter with Anchises, refers to herself as a daughter of O. (Hom. h. 5,111f.).…

[German version] (Θέρσανδρος/ Thérsandros)…

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[German version] (Φυλεύς; Phyleús). Eldest son of Augeias (Paus. 5,1,10), brother of Agasthenes (Paus. 5,3,3), according to Echemus [1] the second husband of Timandra (Hes. Fr. 176,3f.; cf. Hes. Fr. 23a,9. 31. 34f. M.-W.) or Ctimene [1] (Eust. ad Hom. Il. 2,625-630), in Hyg. Fab. 97,12 the husband of Eustyoche. P. is the father of Meges (Hom. Il. 5,72; 15,519f. and 528; Apollod. 3,129; Quint. Smyrn. 12,326) and Eurydameia (Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 115a). When Augeias refuses to pay Hercules [1] the prom…

[German version] (Ναύτης; Naútēs). Elderly Trojan, companion of Aeneas [1], priest of Athena and distinguished by her with outstanding wisdom. When Aeneas doubts whether he should stay in Sicily or continue to Italy, N. advises him to go on and found the colony of Acesta (Egesta/Segesta; Verg. Aen. 5,704ff.…

(Φύλας; Phýlas). [German version] [1] King of the Thesprotians King of the Thesprotians, father of Astyoche [4] (Astyocheia in Hom. Il. 2,658). Heracles [1] fights on the side of the Caledonians against the Thesprotians, captures Ephyra [3], kills P, takes his daughter prisoner and fathers Tlepolemus with her (Hom. Il. 2,653-660; Apollod. 2,149, cf. Soph. Trach. hypothesis; Apollod. 2,166; Apollod. Epit. 3,13). The same king is called Phyleus in Diod. Sic. 4,36,1. Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] King of the Dryopians King of the Dryopians who commits sacrilage (a feast in the grove of Apollo: Apollod. 2,155; cf. Soph. Trach. hypothesis) against the sanctuary in Delphi, whereupon Heracles [1] and the Melians advance against P. and kill him; Heracles takes his daughter Meda [3] with him as a prisoner and fathers Antiochus with her (Diod. Sic. 4,37,1; Paus. 1,5,2; 10,10,1). In Apollod. l.c. the king is called Laogoras (cf. Tzetz. Chil. 2,466). On the fate of the Dryopians: Paus. 4,34,9f.…

[German version] (Πληίονη/ Plēíonē, Latin Plione: Serv. Georg. 1,138). Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys (Ov. Fast. 5,83f.), mother of the Pleiades (Apollod. 3,110; schol. Hom. Od. 5,272), who - according to a widely accepted version- are named after their mother (schol. Hom. Il. 18,486 Bekker after the Epic cycle ; schol. Apoll. Rhod. 3,225-227a), also mother of Hyas and the Hyades (schol. Hes. Op. 383a; Hyg. Poet. Astr. 2,21 after Musaeus; Hyg. Fab. 192 and 248), and grandmother ofM…

[German version] (Παχράτης/ Pachrátēs). Magician and prophet from Heliopolis [1], proved his craft to emperor Hadrian with the help of a smoke sacrifice to Selene, in recognition of which he received double his fee (PGM 1, P 4,2446ff.). P. may have served as inspiration for the figure of the magician Pancrates in Lucian. Philopseudes 34-36 [1] and is perhaps identical [2. 618f.] with the poet Pancrates [3]. Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 K. Preisendanz, s.v. P., RE 18, 2071-2074 2 F. Stoessl, s.v. Pankrates (5), RE 18, 615-619.

[German version] (Πελαργή; Pelargḗ). Daughter of Potneus, wife of Isthmiades. After the Epigoni campaign and the capture of Thebes P. and her husband are said to have renewed the interrupted Boeotian cult of Demeter Kabeiria and of Kore (Persephone) outsid…

(Ὀθρυονεύς; Othryoneús). [German version] [1] Warrior from Cabesus Warrior from Cabesus, fights at Troy on Priamus' side, for which the latter promises him the hand of his daughter Cassandra. O. is killed by Idomeneus [1] (Hom. Il. 13,363ff., 772; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀγάθυρσοι and Καβασσός; Macr. Sat. 5,5,8). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Teacher from Opus Teacher from Opus, in whose company Patroclus strikes dead the son of Amphidamas [2] while playing (Alexander Aetolus in schol. Hom. Il. 23,86a1 = CollAlex fr. 10, p. 127f. and TrGF 1, 101 F 1). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

(Πείρας; Peíras). [German version] [1] Father of Echidna According to Epimenides (FGrH 457 F 5), P. was the father of Echidna with Styx as the mother (Paus. 8,18,2). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] …

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[German version] (Τενθρηδών/ Tenthrēdṓn, 'gall wasp': schol.  Nic. Alex. 547a-b;  cf. [1]). Descendant of Magnes [2] (schol. and Eust. on Hom. Il. 2,756), father of Prothous [3], the leader of the Magnetes (Hom. Il. 2,756; Lycophr.  899 with Tzetz.; Aristot. Epigr. 28, in [2]). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 LSJ, 1775, s. v. T. 2 Th. Bergk (ed.), Poetae Lyrici Graeci, vol. 2, 41882.

[German version] (Τήλων; Tḗlōn). King of the Teleboae, ruler of the island Capreae, father of Oebalus [2] by the nymph Sebethis (Verg. Aen. 7,734-736; Serv. Aen. 7,734 f.; cf. Sil. Pun. 8,541 f.). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

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[German version] (Νικαγόρα/ Nikagóra). Sicyonian, wife of Echetimus, mother of Agasicles. According to legend she brought Asclepius, in the shape of a serpent, in a mule cart from Epidaurus to Sicyon (Paus. 2,10,3). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[German version] ('the silent', also Dea Muta 'mute goddess'). The name, date (21 February, on the Feralia) and nature of her cult (Ov. Fast. 2,569-582), which is supposed to have been introduced to Rome by the king Numa Pompilius (Plut. Numa 8,65b), suggest an Underworld deity (cf. Ov. Fast. 2,609; 5,422; Verg. Aen. 6,264 f.). T. is identified with the Nymph Lara/Lala or Larunda (Varro Ling. 5,74), who betrays a plan of Iuppiter, and he tears out her tongue. Raped by Mercurius, she becomes the mother of the Lares (Ov. Fast. 2,583-616; Lactant. Div. inst. 1,20,35). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[German version] (Θοώτης; Thoṓtēs). Herald of Menestheus [1] at Troy, sent by him to the two Aiantes (Ajax [1-2]) and to Teucrus [2] to ask for help in battle with the Lycians Sarpedon [1] and Glaucus [4]  (Hom. Il. 12,342-363). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[German version] (Σαώ/ Saṓ, ‘protector (fem.)’, ‘saviour’). Daughter of Nereus and Doris [I 1], one of the Nereids (Hes. Theog. 243; Apollod. 1,11). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography N. Icard-Gianolio, s.v. S., LIMC 7.1, 666.

[German version] (Σκαιαί/ Skaiaí sc. πύλαι/ pýlai). The 'Scaean Gate' in Troy (Hom. Il. 3,145; 3,149 et passim; without pýlai: Hom. Il. 3,263; Str. 13,1,21; in the singular: Quint. Smyrn. 11,338), also called Dardaníai. Several explanations of the name are possible: the 'left' or 'western gate' or 'gate of misfortune' (derived from  σκαιός [2]), 'crooked gate' or named after its builder Scaeus (schol. Hom. Il. 3,145; 9,354; 11,170 Bekker; Hsch. s. v. Σκαιῇσι πύλῃσιν) or after the Scaei [1] people. Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 L. Bürchner, s. v. Skaiisches Tor, …

(Ὀφελέστης; Opheléstēs). [German version] [1] Trojan Trojan, killed by Teucrus outside the city (Hom. Il. 8,274). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Paeonian warrior at Troy Paeonian warrior at Troy, killed by Achilles [1] (Hom. Il. 21,210; schol. Hom. Il. 13,643 Maass with conjecture). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[German version] (Οἶστρος/ Oîstros). Personification of frenzy (cf. Furor, Lyssa, Mania [1]). The only preserved literary source (Poll. 4,142) lists O amongst the ékskeua prósōpa ('especially elaborate masks') of tragic drama (for illustrations: [1…

[German version] (Σιρίκιος/ Siríkios, Latin Siricius). 4th century AD sophist from Neapolis [11] in Palaestina, pupil of Andromachus (cf. [1]). S. taught for a while in Athens and wrote Progymnásmata and Melétai (Suda, s. v. Σιρίκιος; Nicolaus of Myra, Progymnásmata, in: [2]). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 L. Cohn, s. v. Andromachos [20], RE 1.2, 2154 2 Spengel 3, 465 (Kap. 4).

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[German version] (Φάλκης; Phálkēs). Heraclid (Heraclidae), son of Temenus, brother of Cissus (Ceisus: Paus. 2,19,1), Cerynes, Agaeus (other sons of Temenus are mentioned in Apollod. 2,179) and Hyrnetho, father of Rhegnidas (Paus. 2,13,1). Out of envy of Hyrnetho and her husband Deïphontes, whom Temenus prefers to his sons, P. and his brothers (with the exception of the youngest: Agaeus) have their father attacked and killed while bathing (Nicolaus of Damascus FGrH 90 F 30; Diod…

[German version] (Θείας; Theías). Son of Belus and the Nymph Oreithyia (or her husband), unwittingly fathers Adonis with his daughter Smyrna (Myrrha). When he discovers the offence, he first tries to kill his daughter, who escapes by transforming herself into the tree of the same name, then kills himself in shame (Antoninus Liberalis 34; Apollod. 3,183 f. after Panyassis; Tzetz. Lycoph. 829). Other sources name Cinyras as Smyrna's father (Ov. Met. 10,298-518; Hyg. Fab. 58; Tzetz.  Lycoph. 831). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

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[German version] (Θάλπιος; Thálpios). Grandson of Actor [4], son of the Actorion Eurytus and of Theraephone; he and Amphimachus [2], Diores [1] and Polyxenus [3] were leaders of the 40 Epeian ships at Troy (Hom. Il. 2,618-624; Paus. 5,3,3 f.; Dares 14; Dictys 1,17). T. is mentioned among the suitors o…

[German version] (Ὠκυπέτη/ Ōkypétē). Daughter of Thaumas and Electra [1], one of the Harpies, also called Ocythoe or Ocypode (according to Hesiod; Apollod. 1,123). Sister of Aëllo (also Nicothoe) and Celaeno [2] (Hes. Theog. 267; Apollod. 1,10; Hyg. Fab. 14,18; Praef. 35). O. fled from the sons of Boreas to the islands of the  Echinades, which are called Strophades after her because she turned back there (στροφή/ strophē…

[German version] (Ἰνώ; Inṓ). Daughter of  Cadmus [1] and  Harmonia, generally taken to be the second (first: schol. Hom. Il. 7,86 Bekker according to Philostephanus and Eust. ad locum; schol. Lycoph. 22) wife of  Athamas in Thebes [2] (the first being  Nephele [1]). She is the mother of Learchus and  Melicertes. Envy of her stepchildren  Phrixus and  Helle prompted her to develop a cunning plan. She talked the women of the country into roasting the seed grains, thus causing a severe famine. She bribed the envoys sent by Athamas to Delphi to tell the king that the infertility of the land could only be reversed by offering Phrixus as a sacrifice. After Phrixus and his sister had been carried away by the ram sent by Nephele, Athamas succumbed to madness and, in the mistaken belief that he was out hunting, he killed his eldest son Learchus with arrows. I. fled and flung herself from a cliff into the sea together with her younger son Melicertes. From then on, she was cultically venerated as  Leucothea or respectively as  Mater Matuta. Melicertes became Palaemon (in Hom. Od. 5,333-353; 5,458-462; Apollod. 1,80-84; Paus. 1,44,7 f.; Hyg. Fab. 2; cf. Aristid. 3,25-28, p. 42-46 Dindorf). In a different version,  Hera was angry with Athamas and I., because they had taken in  Dionysus after the death of I.'s sister  Semele, and struck them both with a madness which led to their deaths (Eur. Med. 1282-1289; Apollod. 3,28 f.; Ov. Met. 4,416-562; Ov. Fast. 6,481-562 with an expanded version; further details in: Nonnus, Dion. 9,49-138; 9,243-10,138; Hyg. Fab…

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[German version] (Θέστιος/ Théstios). Mythical ruler of Pleuron in Aetolia (Str. 10,2,24; 10,3,6), son of Ares (Apollod. 1,59; Ps.-Plut. De fluviis 22,1, GGM 2, p. 661 f.) or Agenor [3] (Asius in Paus. 3,13,8) and Demonice/Demodice (Apollod. 1,59; schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,146-149a) or Peisidice (Ps.-Plut. loc.cit.), brother of Euenus, Molus and Pylus (Apollod. 1,59); with Eurythemis (Apollod. 1,62), Leucippe (Hyg. fab. 14,17) or others (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,146-149a; 1,201a) father of several sons ( Thestiádai), e.g. Iphiclus (Bacchyl. 5,128 f.; Apollod. loc.cit.; Hyg. Fab. 14,17), Plexippus (Apollod. loc.cit.; Ov. Met. 8,439-444; Hyg. Fab. 173 f.; 244), Eurypylus (Apollod. loc.cit.; schol. Hom. Il. 9,567a) and Toxeus [3] (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,201b; Ov. loc.cit.), and several daughters ( Thestiádes), e.g. Althaea [1] (Eur. fr. 515 Nauck2;  Bacchyl. 5,137 f.; Diod. Sic. 4,34,4-7; Paus. 8,45,6), Leda (Eur. fr. 515 N.2;  Str. 10,2,24; Paus. 3,13,8; Hyg. Fab. 77; 150) and Hypermestra [2] (Diod. 4,68,5;…

[German version] (Θεῖος; Theîos). The term Theíōi is found, exclusively in the dative, in several inscriptions, e.g. in a calendar of sacrifices from the period of Hadrian. It is controversial (discussion of the sources: [1]) whether it refers to an independent deity (e.g. as a masculine counterpart to Theia [1]) or is an orthographical variant of the dative of theós ('god') or tò theîon ('the divine', 'the deity'). When Theíōi is linked…

(Οὐρανίωνες; Ouraníōnes). [German version] [1] Term for the descendants of Uranus Term for the descendants of Uranus in general (Hes. Theog. 461; 919) and for the Titans in particular (Hom. Il. 5,898; Orph. fr. 57; Suda s. v. Οὐ.). For a list of all U. see [1. 973-975]. Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 E. Wüst, s. v. Uranos, RE 9 A, 966-980. [German version] [2] Collectiv…

[German version] (Τενάγης; Tenágēs). One of the Heliadae (according to schol. Pind. Ol. 7,131a-132a, partly according to Hellanikos, the youngest, also called Phaethon [3]), the seven sons of Helios and Rhodos (Rhode). T. is killed by some of his own brothers out of envy (Diod. 5,56,5-57,2; 5,61,1 = Zenon FGrH 523 F 1; schol. Hom. Il. 24,544c). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[German version] (Σαγαρῖτις; Sagarîtis). According to one of the many aetiological versions of the legend of Attis which purport to explain the self-mutilation of the priests of Cybele, Attis fell in love with …

[German version] (Νηρίτης; Nērítēs). Only son of Nereus and Doris [I 1], brother of the Nereids. He is either transformed into the snail of the same name by Aphrodite, who loves him because of his extraordinary beauty, out of anger because he does not follow her to Olympus, or in another version by Helios, possibly out of jealousy against Poseidon, N.'s lover (Ael. NA 14,28 with reference to lógoi …

[German version] (Μύλας; Mýlas). One of the Telchines. Inventor of the mill (according to Paus. 3,20,2 the Laconian King Myles), founder of the cult of the Mylánteioi theoí in Cameirus on Rhodes, and eponym of the promontory of Mylantia near Cameirus (Hesych. s.v. Μ.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μυλαντία). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

(Περιφήτης; Periphḗtēs). [German version] [1] Son of Hephaistos (Periphantos/Περίφαντος/ Períphantos: Suda s.v. Θησείοισιν/ Thēseíoisin ). Son of Hephaestus (or of Neptunus: Hyg. Fab. 38; on the other hand Hyg. Fab. 158) and of Antikleia. Highwayman in Epidaurus who with his club ( korýnē), which is the basis of his epithet Korynḗtēs ('club-carrier', Lat. claviger: Ov. Met. 7,436f.), kills all those passing by. P. is killed (mostly as the first one: Diod. Sic. 4,59; Apollod. 3,217; Plut. Theseus 8,4b) by Theseus on his way from Troizen to Athens w…

[German version] (Νικοθόη; Nikothóē). Daughter of Thaumas and Electra [1], one of the Harpies, also called Aëllopus (Apollod. 1,122) or Aëllo (Hes. Theog. 267; Apollod. 1,10). Sister of Ocypete and Celaeno [2]. Chased from the table of Phineus [1] and pursued by the sons of Boreas, N. plunged into the Peloponnesian river Tigres, which was named Harpys after her (Apollod. 1,122). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

A. Allgemeine TendenzenDie Beschäftigung mit den Sprachen und der Kultur des klassischen Altertums war als Bestandteil einer höheren Bildung im 18. Jahrhundert nur einer kleinen Bevölkerungsgruppe, den sog. »gelehrten« Ständen, vorbehalten und erfolgte entweder mithilfe von Privati…

A. Allgemeines…

(Ὀτρεύς). [English version] [1] Sohn des Dymas Sohn des Dymas [1], Bruder der Hekabe, Schwager des Priamos. König von Phrygien (Hesych. s.v. Ο.), Eponym der bithynischen Stadt Otroia (Strab. 12,4,7). Kämpft zusammen mit Mygdon [2] und mit Priamos gegen die in Phrygien einfallenden Amazones (Hom.…

[English version] (Νηρίτης). Einziger Sohn des Nereus und der Doris [I 1], Bruder der Nereiden. Wird entweder von Aphrodite, die ihn wegen seiner außergewöhnlichen Schönheit liebt, aus Zorn darüber, daß er ihr nicht in den Olympos folgt, in die gleichnamige Meerschnecke verwandelt oder, nach anderer Version, von Helios, evtl. aus Eifersucht auf Poseidon, dessen Geliebter N. ist (Ail. nat. 14,28 mit Berufung auf lógoi thaláttioi, “Schiffersagen”; vgl. Etym. m. s.v. ἀνηρίτης und νηρίτης). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

(Φοίβη, lat. Phoebe). [English version] [1] Titanin, Tochter der Gaia und des Uranos (die “Lichte”, “Reine” [2], vgl. zur Etym.: [3]). Titanin (Titanen), Tochter der Gaia und des Uranos (Hes. theog. 136; Orph. fr. 114; Apollod. 1,2; vgl. Diod. 5,66,2f.; des Chthon (Chthonische Götter): Aischyl. Eum. 6f.; des Kronos: schol. Pind. P., Hypothesis p. 1 Drachmann), von ihrem Bruder Koios (korrupt: Hyg. fab. praef. 10: Polus) Mutter der Leto und der Asteria [2] (Hes. theog. 404-409; Diod. 5,67,2; Apollod. 1,8; schol. Pind. P. l.c.), Großmutter von …

(Ὀφελέστης). [English version] [1] Troianer Troer, fällt vor Troia durch Teukros (Hom. Il. 8,274). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [English version] [2] paionischer Kämpfer vor Troia Paionischer Kämpfer vor Troia, von Achilleus [1] getötet (Hom.…

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[English version] (Οἴαξ, lat. Oeax, “Steuerruder[griff]”). Sohn des Nauplios [1] und der Klymene [5] (auch Philyra oder Hesione [2]: Apollod. 2,23), Bruder des Palamedes und des Nausimedon (Apollod. 2,23; 3,15; schol. Eur. Or. 432; Dictys 1,1). Zieht mit Palamedes nach Troia (Philostr. heroicus 10,10, p. 183 Kayser), wo er nach dessen Steinigung das Schicksal des Bruders als Nachricht für Nauplios in Ruderblätter ritzt und diese ins Meer wirft (schol. Aristoph. Thesm. 771, nach Eur. Palamedes); Suda s.v. Παλαμήδης (π 45 Adler). Nach se…

(Πείρας). [English version] [1] Vater der Echidna Nach Epimenides (FGrH 457 F 5) von der Styx Vater der Echidna (Paus. 8,18,2). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [English version] [2] Gründer des Heraions von Argos Sohn des Argos [I 1] und der Euadne, Bruder des Ekbasos, Epidauros und Kriasos (Apollod. 2,3). P. gründet nach Plutarch (FGrH 388 F 2) als erster das Heiligtum der argivischen Hera, setzt seine Tochter Kallithyia (Kallithoe [2]/Io) als Priesterin ein und weiht der Hera ein Götterbild aus Birnbaumholz. Identisch mit Peiranthos/Pi…

[English version] (Σαγαρῖτις). Nach einer der vielen aitiologischen Versionen der Attissage, die die Selbstverstümmelung der Kybelepriester erklären sollen, verliebt sich Attis in die Hamadryade S. und bricht das Keuschheitsversprechen, das er Kybele gegeben hatte. Die Nymphe stirbt daraufhin durch die Wunden, die Kybele ihrem Baum zufügt, Attis dagegen wird wahnsinnig und entmannt s…

[English version] (Νημερτής). Tochter des Nereus und der Doris [I 1], eine der Nereiden (Hom. Il. 18,46; Hes. theog. 262 (schol. 253 zieht N. als Adj. zu Pronoe); Hyg. fab. praef. 8; bei Apollod. 1,12 steht an ihrer Stelle Neomeris). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)

[English version] (Ὠκυπέτη). Tochter des Thaumas und der Elektra [1], eine der Harpyien, auch Okythoe oder Okypode (nach Hesiod) genannt (Apollod. 1,123). Schwester der Aëllo (auch Nikothoe) und der Kelaino [2] (Hes. theog. 267; Apollod. 1,10; Hyg. fab. 14,18; praef. 35). O. flieht vor den Boreassöhnen bis zu den Echinaden, die nach ihr Strophaden genannt werden, weil sie dort umkehrt (στροφή) und vor Erschöpfung abstürzt (Apollod. 1,123). Antoni, Si…