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, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusain al-Wāʿihẓ al-Kās̲h̲ifī, with the tak̲h̲alluṣ Ṣafī, son of the preacher and man of letters al-Ḥusain al-Wāʿiẓ al-Kās̲h̲ifī (d. 910 = 1504/5), a Persian author. From the preface to his work Laṭāʾif al-Ṭawāʾif it appears that he was a prisoner in Herāt for a year and in 939 (1532/3) entered the service of S̲h̲āh Muḥammad, prince of G̲h̲ard̲j̲istān where he composed the Laṭāʾif. He must therefore have died after 1533; the exact date is not known any more than that of his birth. Works: 1) a romantic poem, Maḥmūd u Āyāz, as far as is known the oldest poetic ve…

, Kamāl al-Dīn Abu ’l-Aṭâʾ Maḥmūd b. ʿAlī of Kirmān, known as Ḵh̲wād̲j̲ū Kirmānī [the name Ḵh̲wād̲j̲ū is a diminutive form from Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a: cf. Grundriss der Iran. Phil., 1/ii. 185; another instance of this formation, not noticed there, is pīrū from pīr, Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Mat̲h̲nawī(ed. Nicholson) i. line 2169], a Persian poet, born, as stated in the epilogue of his Gul u-Nawrūz, S̲h̲awwāl 5, 679 (Jan. 28,1281) at Kirmān. He died at S̲h̲īrāz, probably in 753/1352; the date 742, given by Dawlats̲h̲āh, is erroneous. Men of letters gave him the surname of Nak̲h̲band-i S̲h̲uʿarāʾ (or N.ī ma…

, or Sid̲j̲istān (from Sakastāna, land of the Sakae, cf. its classical name Sakastāne), also called Nīmrūz [“midday” = southland, scil. south of Ḵh̲urāsān; this name occurs often in the S̲h̲āhnāma, and also on the coins of the Kayānī chiefs ( malik) of Sīstān, cf. J.R.A.S., 1904, p. 669], border district between Persia and Afg̲h̲ānistān. Its area covers ± 7,006 square miles, 2,847 of them being Persian, and 4,159 Afg̲h̲ān territory; its population being about 205,000 persons (for 1906, cf. MacMahon in Geogr. Journal, xxviii. 213). The land is divided between the two countries by …

(p.), commander. From the older Pahlavi sardār there arose as early as the Sāsānid period the form sālār with the well-known change of rd to l and compensatory lengthening of the a (cf. Grundr. d. Iran. Phil., i.a 267, 274). The synonymous word in modern Persian ( serdār) is not a survival of the ancient sardār, but is a modern formation; indeed, the elements from which the ancient word was composed still exist in the modern language. The old Armenian took over the Pahlavi sālār in the form sałar; the form sardār which would give * sardar in Armenian is not found in the latter language. A …

, the name of a line of robber chiefs who made themselves masters of a considerable part of Ḵh̲urāsān; their subjects are also known as Serbedārs. This state, a regular republic of brigands, in which military considerations and the influence of S̲h̲īʿī dervishes predominated, was formed during the troubles that succeeded the death of the Īlk̲h̲ān Abū Saʿīd; it collapsed before the great Timūr. The name Serbedār, which one might translate “gallows-bird” (or perhaps better “desperado”), goes back, according to the historian Ḵh̲wānd-amīr, to a saying of the first chief, ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ: “a…

, Mīrzā Muḥammad ʿAlī, whose tak̲h̲alluṣ was Ṣāʾib, a Persian poet, born about 1012 (1603) near Iṣfahān, hence called Iṣfahānī, though also called Tabrīzī, because his father Mīrzā ʿAbd al-Raḥīm came from Tabrīz. This ʿAbd al-Raḥīm moved to ʿAbbāsābād near Iṣfahān, where he was appointed kadk̲h̲udāy of the merchants of ʿAbbāsābād. Ḥakīm Ruknāyī Kās̲h̲ī and Ḥakīm S̲h̲ifāʾī Iṣfahānī are mentioned as Ṣāʾib’s masters in poetry. He spent a considerable time in India, where the governor of Kābul, Ẓafar Ḵh̲ān, became his patron and obtained his i…

(p.), a town. It is etymologically the same word as old Persian k̲h̲s̲h̲at̲h̲ra — (cf. skr. kṣatra —); the old Persian word, however, means only: “dominion, reign”, and also: “empire”; this old. significance the Pahlawī s̲h̲ahr (written ideogrammatically: ) originally retained, but it means also: “a district, a large town”. The Armenian loan-word as̲h̲k̲h̲arh denotes: “a province, a land”, also: “the world” (κόσμοΣ, οἰκουμένη, cf. also the compound as̲h̲k̲h̲arhakal = κοσμοκράτωρ). It seems to have been borrowed from the older (Arsacidian) middle-Iranian. The modern Persian s̲h̲a…

, I. Nameoftworivers belonging to the system of the Ḳizil Ūzen (Safīdrūd: this other name, however, which in the Middle-Ages designed the whole Ḳizil Ūzen, at present belongs to its lower course, from Mand̲j̲īl to the Caspian, cf. Andreas in Pauly-Wissowa, Realenz.2, i., col. 1736; Monteith, p. 16). The most important of the two S̲h̲āhrūds is that, which at Mand̲j̲īl (± 36° lat., 49° long.) joins the main river. This S̲h̲āhrūd takes its rise in the mountain-system of the Alburz, and its direction is from the South-East to the North-Wes…

, a Persian dynasty, descended from a certain Sāmānk̲h̲udāt. The genealogy down to Ismāʿīl, the first really independent prince, is as follows: Sāmānk̲h̲udāt, who traced his family back to the celebrated Bahrām Čubīn, that is to a noble ¶ family of Ray (Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, ed. Tornberg, vii. 192), was, as his name shows, lord of the village of Sāmān (in the district of Balk̲h̲; cf. Ḥamza Iṣfahānī, ed. Gottwaldt, p. 237; Barbier de Meynard, Dict. géog…..de la Perse, p. 297). When Sāmfink̲h̲udāt had to flee from Balk̲h̲, he sought refuge with Asad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī, gover…

, a Persian dynasty. The names of the kings in modern Persian forms are as follows: The dates are not absolutely certain; this is especially true of the reigns between Hurmizd I and S̲h̲āpūr II (see Nöldeke, Gesch. d. Perser und Araber, p. 400 sqq.). The dynasty is said to be descended from a certain Sāsān, of whom little that is really historical is known; the genealogy is then traced farther back through Dārā to the mythical royal family of Īrān. In the beginning of the third century a. d., several petty kings were reigning in Persis under the suzerainty of the Arsakids. The epoch…

, Ḥamd Allāh b. Abī Bakr b. Aḥmad b. Naṣr al-Mustawfī al-Ḳazwīnī, a Persian geographer and historian. He belonged to au old family of Ḳazwīn of which he himself ( Tārīk̲h̲-i Guzīda, ed. Browne, p. 839—842, 848) gives a full account. It was a S̲h̲īʿī family, which traced its descent from Ḥurr b. Yazīd al-Riyāḥī who fought at Karbalāʾ and had held the governorship of Ḳazwīn since the time of the Caliph al-Muʿtaṣim with only a brief interruption under the Sāmānids. In the time of Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azna this office was taken from them. Ḥamd Allāh’s great-grandfather was accountant ( mustawfī) of the ʿ…

(p.), a mythical bird. The word is a composition of murg̲h̲ (bird) with (the modern-Persian equivalent of) Pahlawī sēn (Avestan saēna, the name of a great bird of prey, probably the eagle). Cognate with the Īrānian word is Skrt. çyena (a falcon); whether Armenian çin (a kite) and Greek ἰκτῖνοΣ may be compared, is doubtful. The Awestan word occurs once in company of the word mĕrĕg̲h̲a (bird), and once without it (cf. Bartholomae, Air. Wb., col. 1548); in Pahlawī sēn as well as sēnmurg̲h̲ are found. The Avestan information about saēna is scanty: once, the Īzed Wĕrĕt̲h̲rag̲h̲na is compa…

(p.), Arabie Sābūr (the form S̲h̲āhafūr in a verse of Aʿs̲h̲a quoted in T̲h̲aʿālibī, Hist. des rois des Perses, ed. Zotenberg, p. 493 is nearer the Pahlavi S̲h̲āhpuhrē), the name of several members of the Sāsānid dynasty. The three Persian kings of this name have associations with Muslim tradition. S̲h̲āpūr I b. Ardas̲h̲īr called Sābūr al-Ḏj̲unūd by the Arabs, the Sapor I of the classical histo rians (241—272 a.d.) who waged war with the Romans for the greater part of his reign, for he continued the offensive which had been begun by his father Artaxerxes. He suc…

, name of a Kurdish tribe and their country. Ibn al-At̲h̲īr has S̲h̲awānkāra; Marco Polo: Soncara. According to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, the realm of S̲h̲abānkāra is bounded by Fārs, Kirmān and the Persian Gulf. Nowadays it forms part of Fārsistān; modern maps show a village of the name of S̲h̲abānkāra on 30° N. Lat. and 51° E. Long. Mustawfī says that the capital was the stronghold of Īg; other, localities of the province, which was divided into six districts, were: Zarkān (near Īg), Iṣṭabānān (or …

(p.), commander. From the older Pahlavi sardār there arose as early as the Sāsānid period the form sālār with the well-known change of rd to l and compensatory lengthening of the a (cf. Grundr. d. Iran. Phil ., i,a 267, 274). The synonymous word in modern Persian sardār is not a survival of the ancient sardār, but is a modern formation; indeed, the elements from which the ancient word was composed still exist in the modern language. The old Armenian took over the Pahlavi sālār in the form sałar ; the form sardār which would give * sardar in Armenian is not found in the…

, the name of a river of Fārs in southern Persia and also of the mediaeval Islamic town of Fārs which was the chef-lieu of the district of S̲h̲āpūr K̲h̲ūra. 1. The river. This is also called the Bis̲h̲āwur (in Thévenot, Suite du Voyage de Levant , Paris 1674, 295: Bouschavir; 296: Boschavir), and river of Tawwad̲j̲. It must be identical with the antique Granis, mentioned by Arrian, Indica , 39; Pliny, Nat . hist., vi, 99. The lower course, the proper river of Tawwad̲j̲, is formed by the junction of two streams, the S̲h̲āpūr and the Dalakī Rūd, rising both in the southwestern border mountains of the ¶ …

, the name of a Kurdish tribe and of their country in southern Persia during mediaeval Islamic times. Ibn al-At̲h̲īr spells the name S̲h̲awānkāra, whilst Marco Polo rendered it as Soncara. According to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, the S̲h̲abānkāra country was bounded by Fārs, Kirmān and the Persian Gulf. At present, it falls within the ustān or province of Fārs, and there are still two villages, in the s̲h̲ahrastāns of D̲j̲ahrum and Bū S̲h̲ahr respectively, bearing the name S̲h̲abānkāra (Razmārā (ed.), Farhang-i d̲j̲ug̲h̲rāfiyā-yi Īrānzamīn , vii, 139). Mustawfī says that the capital was…

(t.), Heaven, God. In the eastern Turkish dialects the vocalisation is usually palatal: Čag̲h̲atay, tengri (written ) and similar forms in the other dialects. The trisyllabic forms in Teleut ( täñärä ) and in the Altai dialect ( täñäri ) are worthy of note; the Kazan Tatar dialect has alongside of tängri (god) a word täri = image of a saint, ikon (we may here mention the proper name Täri-birdi , where täri of course means God). The Og̲h̲uz dialects (Ottoman Turkish, Azerbaijani and Turkmen) have a non-palatal vocalisation, as has Yakut ( tañara ) and Chuvas̲h̲ ( tură < tañri̊ ). For the lexicogr…