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(θώραξ; thṓrax). [German version] [1] Cuirass Cuirass. As a part of Greek hoplite armour, the thorax protected the chest and the back. In the Geometric and Archaic Periods, it was commonly a bell-shaped armour made of bronze; it consisted of two hip-length plates that widened towards the bottom and were attached to each other at the sides. This thorax offered excellent cover against blows from lances and swords or shots from arrows, but it was extremely heavy and cumbersome and limited the soldiers' mobility to a great extent. It was therefore replaced…

[German version] (Ξενάρης; Xenárēs). Spartiate, probably identical to the son of Cnidis who, as harmost ( Harmostaí [2]) in Heraclea [1] Trachinia in the winter of 420/19 BC, fell in battle against the Aenianes, the Dolopes and other tribes in that territory (Thuc. 5,51,2). As éphoros in 421/20 BC, X. and his colleague in office Cleobulus [3] rejected the alliance between Sparta and Athens concluded after the Peace of Nicias [1]. After unofficial negotiations with the Boeotians and the Corinthians, the two managed to conclude a special a…

(Ἀρχίδαμος; Archídamos). [German version] [1] II. Spartan king (ca. 475-427 BC) II., Spartan king, Eurypontid, grandson and successor of Leotychidas II, who went into exile in Tegea after a failed campaign in Thessaly (476/75 BC?) and died there in 469 (Paus. 3,7,10). It remains uncertain if A. already became king in 476/75 or only in 469. After the great earthquake of 464 he forcefully defended Sparta against an attack by the  Helots (Diod. Sic. 11,63,4-641; Plut. Cimon 16) and apparently proved himself i…

(Τιμοκράτης/ Timokrátēs). [German version] [1] From Sparta, advisor of Cnemus, 2nd half of the 5th cent. BC Spartan, one of the three advisors of the nauarchos Cnemus who, following the defeat off the Acarnanian coast in 429 BC, were supposed to make strategic and logistical preparations for a new naval battle (Thuc. 2,85,1). T. committed suicide after the devastating defeat in 429 against the Athenian fleet near Naupactus (Thuc. 2,92,3). Peloponnesian War Beck, Hans (Cologne) [German version] [2] From Rhodos, legate of Pharnabazus [2], c. 400 BC Rhodian. In the winter of 396/5 BC…

[German version] (Παντεύς; Panteús). Spartan, who in 223 BC successfully commanded two Spartan units under Cleomenes [6] III in the attack on Megalopolis (Plut. Cleomenes 23,5-6). After the battle of Sellasia, he fled to Egypt with Cleomenes , where he committed suicide after the latter's failed attempt to free himself from internment (ibid. 37,13-16; 38,5; Pol. 5,37,8). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Σπαρτιᾶται; Spartiâtai). Full citizens of Sparta, who attained this status at 20 years of age, and who from the 5th cent. BC saw themselves as homoioi [II] (peers), distinct from the perioikoi , and from the hypomeiones, who enjoyed only limited rights as citizens. The conditions for assuming this status included pure Spartan blood, completion of the agoge and participation in the syssitiai (Banquet [II. B]), to which they had to contribute. Their economic basis were the klaroi ( kleros ), which were worked by helots. The notion that all o…

This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Theatre | Christianity | Doric Migration | Dark Ages | Hellenistic states | Achaeans, Achaea | Colonization | Apollo | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Σπάρτη/ Spártē, Doric Σπάρτα/ Spárta). I. Political history [German version] A. Archaic period City in Laconica on the middle reaches of the Eurotas; originally four villages (Cynosura [3], Limnae, Pitana/Pitane, Mesoa), which developed from settlements of D…

(Λίχας; Líchas). [German version] [1] Messenger of Hercules Herald of Hercules [1]; he brings Hercules the garment which Deianira, jealous of Iole, had painted with the blood of the centaur Nessus (Hes. Cat. fr. 25,20-25 M-W; Soph. Trach.; Bacchyl. 16; for possible precursors and variants, see [1]). The supposed love charm causes the death of Hercules, who, in his agony, smashes the innocent L. against a rock in the sea (Soph. Trach. 772ff.; Apollod. 2,7,7? corrupt text). Later sources (Ov. Met. 9,2…

(κόσμοι; kósmoi). [German version] [1] Official in Cretan cities Name of the highest official in Cretan poleis, before the 3rd cent. BC, also attested as ho kósmos (singular) or hoi kosmíontes (plural). Kosmoi had political and military leadership functions in addition to their representative and judicial duties. The department of the kosmoi could include up to 10 officials and a ‘leader’ ( startagétas = stratēgós; later prōtókosmos). It made political decisions and was subject to the control of the people. If they performed their office well, the kosmoi could be elected to the co…

(ξένοι/ xénoi). 'Alien', i.e. free-born person not belonging to the Greek citizenship structure, who voluntarily stayed in a place and enjoyed certain rights there. Non-free aliens (slaves, prisoners of war) were not members of the group of xenoi, which was primarily defined in terms of rights. [German version] I. Classical Greece The term xenoi generally describes large groups of free-born people, staying permanently or temporarily in a particular community, without being citizens of it (Thuc. 2,31,1; 2,36,4; 6,30,2; Aristot. Pol. 1300b 31 f.), often used in contrast to ἀστοί/ ast…

[German version] (Νάβις; Nábis). Son of Damaratus; controversial representative of the last phase of the Spartan reform movement. After the death of Machanidas (207 BC), N. - apparently a member of a branch of the Eurypontidae - first became regent of Sparta. He consolidated his power by removing the young king Pelops (Diod. Sic. 27,1) and then took the title of king himself (Syll.3 584). Polybius (13,6,1-7,11) and later authors depict N. as a cruel tyrant (Diod. Sic. 27,1; Liv. 33,44,8; 34,32,3; Plut. Titus 13; Paus. 4,29,10). At first, his rule was suppor…

(Πλείσταρχος/ Pleístarchos). [German version] [1] King of Sparta (5th cent. BC) King of Sparta, of the house of the Agiads; still not of age at the death of his father Leonidas [1], fallen at Thermopylae in 480 BC; P.' cousin Pausanias [1], who commanded the Greek forces at Plataeae in 479 BC, thus became regent (Hdt. 9,10,2; Thuc. 1,132,1; Paus. 3,4,9; Plut. Mor. 231c). Once of age, P. exercised the role of king for only a few years until his death in 458 BC (Paus. 3,5,1), making no political or military impression. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Member of the Macedon…

[German version] (Σωφάνης/ Sōphánēs). Athenian from Decelea, son of Eutychides (Hdt. 6,92,3; 9,73,1). In 490 BC after the battle of Marathon he refused to honour Miltiades [2] with a wreath (Plut. Cimon 8,1), since the victory was understood to be a success of the dêmos as a whole [1. 193]. S. distinguished himself by particular bravery in the Athenians' war with Aegina in 488/7 (Hdt. 6,92; 9,75; Paus. 1,29,5) and in the battle of Plataeae in 479 (Hdt. 9,73-75; Plut. Cato maior 29,2). He fell in 465/4 as a stratēgós and one of the commanders of the colonists who advanced from Ennea…

(ἑταιρία/ hetairía, also ἑταιρεία/ hetaireía). [German version] [1] In Crete a sub-category of citizenry In Crete a sub-category of citizenry, with communal meals ( andreia or syssitia: Aristot. Pol. 1272a 12ff.; Ath. 4,143a-b = Dosiadas FGrH 458 F 2) and a common cult of Zeus Hetaireîos (Hsch. s.v. ἑταιρεῖος/ hetaireîos), but neither an association of family members nor part of a phyle, as was the hetairia in Thera or Cyrene (ML 5, l. 16). Acceptance into the hetairia took place after those fit for military service had left the   agélai and it was a prerequisit…

[German version] (ἡ περαία; hē peraía). Description of a community's territory lying 'opposite', predominantly (but not exclusively) a mainland possession of an island state. The development of regions near coasts was primarily for the purpose of gaining resources, but for island poleis also represented a protection zone [1. 466f.]. Examples of peraíai of mainland states are Myus, disputed between Miletus [2] and Magnesia [2] on the Maeander (Syll.3 588), and the peninsula of Perachora to the north of Corinth, which originally belonged to Megara [2] (Xen. Hell…

[German version] (Ἰσάδας; Isádas). Spartan, son of Phoebidas, proved himself in 362 BC at the defence of Sparta in battle against the forces of  Epaminondas (Plut. Agesilaus 34; Ael. VH. 6,3). In the writings of Polyaenos (2,9), who clearly confused the incursions of the Thebans of 370/69 and 362, erroneously given the name Isidas. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Εὐρυπωντίδαι; Eurypōntídai). Spartan royal house, whose representatives according to Herodotus (6,51) were supposed to have less prestige than the royal house of the Agiads. In fact the E. provided important kings such as Archidamus II, Agesilaus II, Agis II, III and IV. Its eponym was the fictitious figure of Eurypon, a descendant of Heracles in the sixth (Hdt. 8,131; Str. 8,366) or seventh generation (Plut. Lycurgus 1; Paus. 3,7,1). The list of E., like that of the Agiads, is unusable historically for the period prior to the early 6th cent. BC.  Agiads Welwei, Karl-W…

[German version] (Γύλιππος; Gýlippos). Spartiate, son of Cleandridas. His education (  agōgḗ ) was perhaps (at times?) made possible by an affluent Spartan, as Aelianus (Var. 12,43) calls him mothax (‘Bastard’) [1. 434]. When Syracuse asked Sparta for help against the Athenians, he was sent to Sicily (Thuc. 6,93; 104), reached Himera in the summer of 414 BC with a small force, reinforced his army there considerably, broke through to Syracuse, organized the resistance and prevented the encircling of the city (Thuc. 7,1-7). A…

[German version] (Ἀστύοχος; Astýochos). Spartan nauarch in 412/11 BC. In the summer of 412 his attempt to gain Lesbos failed (Thuc. 8,22f.); his operations between Lesbos, Chios, Erythrae and Clazomenae were luckless (8,31-33). Dissatisfied with his administration, Sparta sent ‘advisors’ with extraordinary powers to his headquarters in Milet in the winter of 412/11 (Thuc. 8,39,1f.). After advances as far as Cnidus and Rhodes he signed the third Spartan-Persian contract in the spring of 411, in whic…

[German version] (Γοργώπας; Gorgṓpas). Spartiate, in 389/8 BC. Epistoleús of the nauarch Hierax, who assigned to him the defence of the polis Aegina under the siege of Athens. He operated successfully against Athenian forces and against Attic coastal regions, accompanied the new nauarch Antalcidas to Ephesus in 388, and got into difficulties in a battle against an Athenian squadron on his return. He won the counter attack in a night battle at Cape Zoe, but was not up to the surprise attack of the Atheni…

(Ξενοκλῆς; Xenoklês). [German version] [1] See Little-Master cups See Little-Master cups. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Attic tragic poet, end of 5th cent. BC Attic tragic poet, end of the 5th cent. BC, son of Carcinus [3] (family tree: TrGF I 21, p. 129), frequently mocked in comedy (TrGF I 33 T 1-7); successful at the Dionysia in 415 (DID C 14) with Oedipus, Lycaon, Bacchae and the satyr play Athamas. There is evidence of the further titles Licymnius (one surviving verse, F 2) and possibly Myes (Μύες, Mice) (but cf. TrGF I 21 T 3 d-e). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) …

(δεκαδαρχία; dekadarchía). [German version] [1] Rule by ten c. 400 BC ‘Rule by ten’; commissions of ten men, used in 405/04 BC by the oligarchically inclined Spartan Lysander, especially in the former Athenian sphere of influence; according to Diodorus (14,13,1), besides dekadarchia he also set up oligarchies, but according to Xenophon (Hell. 3,5,13; 6,3,8), Plutarch (Lys. 13) and Nepos (Lys. 1,4-2,1) dekadarchia persisted ‘everywhere’. This is improbable, as Sparta had proclaimed freedom and autonomy as its goal in the war against Athens, and in Greek constitutional conceptions d…

(Λυσανδρίδας; Lysandrídas). [German version] [1] Spartan military commander, 4th cent. BC (Plut.: Λυσανορίδας; Lysanorídas). Spartan, one of the three harmostai of the Spartan occupation in Thebes, who could not prevent this polis from being liberated by Pelopidas in 379 BC. L. was condemned to a big fine in Sparta and left the Peloponnese (Plut. Pel. 13; Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 240; cf. Xen. Hell. 5,4,13; Diod. Sic. 15,27). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] From Megalopolis, end of the 3rd cent. BC L. from Megalopolis ( Megale Polis); in 223/2 BC L. wanted to l…

[German version] (Μενεδάϊος/ Menedáios). Spartan, in 426 BC a member of Eurylochus's [2] war council in Acarnania. After Eurylochus's defeat and death at Olpae, he became commander of the Peloponnesian troops there. In a secret agreement the Athenian commander Demosthenes [1] granted him free passage in return for surrender of the Ambraciots (Thuc. 3,100,2; 109,1-3; [1. 30]. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 J. Roisman, The General Demosthenes and His Use of Military Surprise, 1993.

[German version] (Κλεαρίδας; Klearídas). Spartan, son of Cleonymus. Appointed by  Brasidas in 423 BC as commander at Amphipolis, C. proved himself after Brasidas' death in 422. After the peace of  Nicias he did not surrender the polis entrusted to him to the Athenians so its inhabitants would not be exposed to retaliation (Thuc. 5,21; 34). Unimpressed by the instructions of the leading committees in Sparta he instigated considerable new tensions between Sparta and Athens.  Peloponnesian War Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

(Λύσανδρος; Lýsandros). [German version] [1] Spartan fleet commander, end of the 5th cent. BC Spartiate, son of Aristocritus. Reports that the family, which traces its family tree back to Hercules and was connected to king Libys of Cyrene through hospitality (Diod. Sic. 14,13,5-6; Paus. 6,3,14), was impoverished (Plut. Lysander = Lys. 2,1) and that L. was considered a móthax (foster-brother of a citizen's boy, móthakes ) (Phylarchos FGrH 81 F 43; Ael. VH 12,43), appear to be based on deliberate defamation. L. became fleet commander ( naúarchos) of the Spartan fleet in Rhodes ( Pe…

[German version] (Κυνίσκα; Kyníska). Rich Spartan woman, born around 442 BC, daughter of Archidamus [1] II, sister of Agesilaus [2] II. C. was the first woman to participate in chariot races at Olympia where she was twice victorious (Xen. Ages. 9,6; Plut. Agesilaus 20; Paus. 3,8,1f.; 6,1,6; SGDI 4418). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[German version] (Εὐρυβιάδης; Eurybiádēs). Spartan commander of the fleet of the Greek confederation of 481 BC at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis in 480. After the Persians had overcome Leonidas' position at Thermopylae, E. took timely measures to lead the Greek fleet through the narrow sound of Euripus into Attic waters (Hdt. 8,4-21). At Salamis, against the vigourous protests of most leaders of the Greek naval contingents, he followed Themistocles' plan to give battle to the Persian fleet in…

[German version] (γέροντες; gérontes). ‘Elders’, in the Homeric epic not only the aged advisers of a city-king (Hom. Il. 3,149) but also high-ranking dignitaries ( Basileus, I. B. Homeric) with leadership functions in war and peace (Hom. Il. 2,404-408). From the advisory assemblies in early Greek pre-city settlements and defensive communities, committees with distinct competencies and criteria of admission developed along with city structures. An indication of this process is the trial scene in Hom. Il. 18,497-508, in which gerontes resolve a dispute over compensation [1…

(γερουσία; gerousía, ‘Council of Elders’). [German version] I. Graeco-Roman In Sparta the gerousia was probably originally an assembly of representatives from leading families. There it gained its institutional character from early on and consisted of the two kings and 28   gérontes (γέροντες), who were appointed for life and were at least 60 years old. Election took place on the basis of the volume of the acclamation in the   apélla (ἀπέλλα), with ‘electoral officials’ in a closed room deciding who got the strongest applause (Plut. Lycurgus …

(Θίβρων/ Thíbrōn). [German version] [1] Spartan commander, around 400 BC Spartan, who inaugurated Sparta’s war against the Persians in the autumn of 400 BC, but only had command of a small force (Isoc. Or. 4,144), He had some successes only after he had taken on Cyrus’ [3] former mercenaries (about 5000-6000 men) (Xen. An. 7,6,1; 7,8,24; Xen. Hell. 3,1,4-6; Diod. Sic. 14,36,1-37,4). He then went to Caria on the instructions of the éphoroi (Xen. Hell. 3,1,6-7), but was replaced in Ephesus by Dercylidas and punished in Sparta by being exiled be…

[German version] (Ῥαμφίας; Rhamphías). Spartiate, father of Clearchus [2] (Thuc. 8,8,2). Member of the last Spartan delegation before the outbreak of the Peloponnesisan War (431 BC) that in Athens signaled a willingness for peace if the Athenians returned "independence to the Hellens" (Thuc. 1,139,3). R. was supposed to reinforce the army of Brasidas in the summer of 422 but in Thessaly he received news of his death and returned to Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

(Ἀρχίδαμος). [English version] [1] II., spartanischer König (ca.475-427 v. Chr.) II., spartanischer König, Eurypontide, Enkel und Nachfolger des Leotychidas II., der nach einem mißglückten Thessalienfeldzug (476/75 v. Chr.?) ins Exil nach Tegea ging und dort 469 starb (Paus. 3,7,10). Ob A. bereits 476/75 oder erst 469 König wurde, bleibt unsicher. Nach dem großen Erdbeben 464 wehrte er entschlossen den Überfall von Heloten auf Sparta ab (Diod. 11,63,4-641; Plut. Kimon 16) und bewährte sich anscheinend in …

[English version] (Εὐρυβιάδης). Spartanischer Kommandeur der Flotte der 481 v.Chr. gegründeten griech. Eidgenossenschaft in den Schlachten bei Artemision und bei Salamis 480. Nach der Umgehung der Thermopylenstellung des Leonidas durch die Perser führte E. die griech. Flotte rechtzeitig durch den engen Euripos-Sund in att. Gewässer (Hdt. 8,4-21). Bei Salamis folgte er gegen heftigen Widerstand der meisten Führer der griech. Schiffskontingente dem Plan des Themistokles, die persische Flotte in der B…

(Καλλικρατίδας). [English version] [1] Spartanischer Nauarch 407/6 v. Chr. Spartanischer Nauarch (Flottenkommandant) 407/6 v.Chr., konnte erst im Frühjahr 406 Lysandros im Kommando ablösen und wurde durch dessen Intrigen vor größte Probleme bei der Vorbereitung seiner Operationen gestellt, ließ sich aber hierdurch ebensowenig beeindrucken wie durch die Brüskierung, die ihm durch Kyros d.J. widerfuhr. K. sicherte jedoch die Finanzierung seiner Kriegführung und riß die Initiative an sich. Nach Verlegung se…

[English version] (Μέγιλλος). Spartiat, Mitglied einer Dreiergesandtschaft, die 408/7 v.Chr. in Athen über die Freilassung von Kriegsgefangenen verhandelte (Androtion FGrH 324 F 44; [1. 50; 2. 395]); wohl identisch mit dem gleichnamigen Mitglied einer 396 von Agesilaos [2] II. zu Tissaphernes geschickten Gesandtschaft (Xen. hell. 3,4,6) und einem Gesprächspartner bei Platon (epin. passim und leg. 642b), der hier als Gastfreund der Athener bezeichnet wird. Peloponnesischer Krieg Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bibliography 1 D.J. Mosley, Envoys and Diplomacy in An…

[English version] (Κρατησίκλεια). Gattin des Leonidas II., Mutter des Kleomenes [6] III., dessen Reformpläne sie entschieden unterstützte. Nach der Flucht ihres Sohnes zu Ptolemaios III. ging sie als Geisel nach Äg., wo sie nach dem gescheiterten Putsch des Kleomenes 219 v.Chr. hingerichtet wurde (Plut. Kleomenes 6,2; 7,1; 22,3-10; 38,2-12). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Πλειστοάναξ). Sohn des spartan. Regenten Pausanias [1] aus dem Haus der Agiadai, König 458-408/7 v.Chr. (Diod. 13,75,1), zunächst unter der Vormundschaft seines Onkels Nikomedes [1] (Thuk. 1,107,2; Diod. 11,79,6). P. befehligte 446 ein spartan. Heer, das faktisch von seinem Berater Kleandridas geführt wurde und nach Attika einmarschieren sollte, um athen. Truppen während der Erhebung Euboias zu binden. Er kehrte jedoch nach einem Vorstoß in die Thriasische Ebene zurück, wurde in…

[English version] (προξενία, πρόξενος). Der Begriff p. bezeichnet die Funktion eines “Staatsgastfreundes” ( próxenos), d. h. die Vertretung eines griech. Gemeinwesens in einem anderen “Staat” durch einen Bürger der fremden Gemeinschaft. Sie ist eine spezifisch griech. Institution, die auf den Schutz des Fremden ( xénoi ; Fremdenrecht III.) zurückgeht und erstmals in einem Beschluß des “Volkes” ( dámos) von Kerkyra aus dem späten 7. Jh. v. Chr. bezeugt ist (ML 4). Im 5. Jh. v. Chr. wurde die p. darüber hinaus zu einem athen. Herrschaftsinstrument im Attisch-Delischen See…

(πρυτάνεις, Sing. πρύτανις/ prýtanis, “Vorsteher, Erster”). [English version] I. Einstellige Höchstmagistrate Bezeichnung für Inhaber höchster Macht bzw. Amtsgewalt. Die urspr. Bed. “Herrscher” kommt noch in dem epischen Namen Prýtanis (Hom. Il. 5,678) und in dem Appellativum für Zeus bei Aischylos (Prom. 169) sowie in der auf röm. Kaiser und Kaiserin bezogenen Verbform ( prytaneúein; Phil. in Flaccum 126; Prok. HA 17,27) zum Ausdruck. Im Zuge der Institutionalisierung der Polis-Organe und im Verlauf der Großen Kolonisation (IV.) der Griechen ents…

[English version] (Βρασίδας). Sohn des angesehenen Spartiaten Tellis, der 421 v.Chr. den Nikiasfrieden mitbeschwor (Thuk. 2,25; 5,19; 24). B. bewährte sich bereits zu Beginn des Peloponnesischen Krieges, als er die von Athenern eingeschlossene messenische Küstenstadt Methone befreite. Wohl deshalb wurde er relativ jung 431/30 eponymer Ephor (Diod. 12,43,2) und mil. “Berater”. 429 beriet er den Nauarchos Knemos bei der sog. zweiten Seeschlacht bei Naupaktos und einem Überfall auf Salamis (Thuk. 2,85-94), 427 den Nauarchos Alkidas während der erfo…

(Ἀγησίπολις). [English version] [1] I., spartan. König (395-380 v. Chr.) A. I., Agiade, Sohn des spartanischen Königs Pausanias und älterer Bruder des Kleombrotos I., wurde König, als sein Vater nach der Schlacht bei Haliartos 395 v. Chr. ins Exil gehen mußte (Diod. 14,89; Paus. 3,5,7). Zunächst unter der Vormundschaft seines Verwandten Aristodemos [3] (Xen. hell. 4,2,9), erzielte er bereits 388/87 Erfolge gegen die Argiver (Xen. hell. 4,7,2-7) und zwang 385/84 die Polis Mantineia unter fadenscheinigem Vo…

[English version] (μαστιγοφόροι, “Peitschenträger”). In Sparta junge Männer (ἡβῶντες, hēbṓntes), die die paidonómoi in der agōgḗ der Knaben unterstützten (Xen. Lak. pol. 2,2); in Athen 404 v.Chr. 300 berüchtigte Polizeidiener der Dreißig ( triákonta ; Aristot. Ath. pol. 35,1); in Kerkyra 425 Mannschaften zur Bewachung von Gefangenen (Thuk. 4,47,3); im hell. Ägypten Diener hoher Funktionsträger, z.B. des oikonómos, des Vertreters des Königs in den nomoí (PTebtunis 121,58; vgl. PCZ 80,4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (ἔφοροι). “Aufseher”, Jahresbeamte in Sparta und einer Reihe von peloponnesischen bzw. dorischen Poleis und Kolonien (z.B. Thera, Kyrene, Herakleia am Siris). Die bedeutendste Institution dieser Art waren die fünf e. in Sparta, die mit Mehrheitsbeschlüssen entschieden und deren Vorsitzender (Plut. Lysander 30) jeweils spartanischer Eponym wurde. Nach älterer Tradition galt das spartanischer Ephorat als Einrichtung Lykurgs (Hdt. 1,65), später wurde das Kollegium auf König Theopompos im 1. Messenischen Krieg z…

[English version] (Κνῆμος). Spartan. Nauarch (Flottenkommandant) 430/29 v.Chr., verwüstete 430 Zakynthos, operierte 429 in Akarnania und wurde bei Oiniadai geschlagen (Thuk. 2,66; 80-82; Diod. 12,47,4f.). K.' Flottenverbände erlitten 429 schwere Niederlagen bei Stratos und Naupaktos gegen die Athener unter Phormion. Im Spätherbst 429 unterblieb ein von K. und seinem “Berater” Brasidas geplanter Überfall auf den Peiraieus; statt dessen wurde Salamis verwüstet (Thuk. 2,83-94; Diod. 12,49). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] (Κινάδων). Als hypomeíōn (“Minderberechtigter”) wohl vollbürtiger Spartaner ohne Vollbürgerrecht, suchte K. 398 v.Chr. bei Heloten, Neodamoden, Hypomeiones und Perioiken nach breiter Unterstützung für einen Umsturz, um die herrschende Spartiatenschicht zu entmachten. Einzelheiten über Reformpläne sind nicht bekannt. K. wurde verraten, in eine Falle gelockt und getötet, nachdem er auf der Folter seine Mitwisser genannt hatte. Im Bericht Xenophons (Xen. hell. 3,3,4-11) übertreibt K. generalisierend die Spannungen in Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bo…

(Ἀρεύς). [English version] [1] Spartan. König (309-ca. 265 v. Chr.) Spartan. König 309 - ca. 265 v. Chr., Agiade, Sohn des Akrotatos [1], suchte 281 unter Ausnutzung der Niederlage des Antigonos [2] Gonatas gegen Ptolemaios Keraunos im Bunde mit peloponnes. Gemeinwesen Hellas von der maked. Herrschaft zu befreien, unterlag aber den mit Antigonos verbündeten Aitolern (Iust. 24,1,5 f.). Von Kämpfen auf Kreta zurückgekehrt, rettete er 272 im Bunde mit Antigonos Sparta vor dem Zugriff des Pyrrhos (Plut. Pyrrh…

[English version] (Πασιππίδας). Spartiat, wahrscheinlich in der Funktion eines naúarchos 410/409 v.Chr. Flottenbefehlshaber in der östl. Ägäis; er wurde beschuldigt, in konspirativer Weise in Thasos einen Aufstand gegen eine lakonisch gesinnte Gruppe und den Harmosten Eteonikos inszeniert zu haben. Er floh, wurde aber bereits 409 als Gesandter nach Persien geschickt (Xen. hell. 1,1,32; 1,3,13). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)

[English version] Bezeichnung für den faktisch vom pers. Großkönig Artaxerxes [2] II. den Griechen diktierten (Isokr. or. 4,175f.) “Allgemeinen Frieden” ( koinḗ eirḗnē ) 387/6 v.Chr.; auch “Frieden des Antalkidas” genannt. Die pers. Forderungen, die im Herbst 387 den Griechen in Sardeis übermittelt wurden (StV II 242), enthielten den Anspruch auf alle Poleis in Westkleinasien, Klazomenai und Kypros. Lemnos, Imbros und Skyros sollten “wie früher” zu Athen gehören, alle anderen griech. Staaten autonom…

[English version] Ehemalige oskische, vorwiegend aus Campania stammende Söldner des Agathokles [2] von Syrakus, die nach dessen Tod (289 v.Chr.) zw. 288 und 283 die Stadt Messana in ihre Gewalt brachten, sich M. nach dem Kriegsgott Mamers, der osk. Form von Mars, nannten (Diod. 21,18,1; Cass. Dio fr. 40,8; Fest. 150,30-35) und weiträumig plünderten und Tribute erzwangen (Pol. 1,7,2-5; 8,1; Plut. Pyrrhos 23,1). Nachdem die M. große Teile NO-Siziliens unterworfen hatten (Diod. 22,13,1-2), schlossen …