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[English version] [1] Anhänger des Septimius Severus N. war Schullehrer in Rom und gab vor, als Senator im Auftrag des Septimius Severus in Gallien ein Heer für diesen aufzustellen. Tatsächlich gelangen ihm beträchtliche Erfolge im Kampf gegen die Truppen des Clodius [II 1] Albinus; N. erbeutete angeblich 70 Millionen Sesterzen für Severus. Nach dessen Sieg im J. 197 n.Chr. lehnte N. alle Vergünstigungen ab und begnügte sich lediglich mit einer kleinen Versorgungsrente (Cass. Dio 75,5). PIR2 N 198. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [English version] [2] Imp. Caes. M. Aurelius Numerius …

(Ἔρως). [English version] [1] Personifikation der sexuellen Liebe Griechische Personifikation der Liebe als des sexuellen Begehrens (lat. Amor, Cupido). Gewöhnlich gilt E. als Sohn von Aphrodite, aus deren Machtbereich er einen zentralen Bereich darstellt. Als Vater wird Ares genannt (Sim. fr. 43B). Bei Homer nicht erwähnt, wird E.' Bild in der archa. Dichtung zum Ausdruck der komplexen und widersprüchlichen Erfahrung individueller Liebe ausgestaltet [1]: “gliederlösender” Bezwinger von Göttern und Mens…

[German version] [1] One of the 30 tyrants Character invented by the author of   Historia Augusta ; one of the so-called 30 tyrants, supposedly usurper under Claudius Gothicus, he was killed after seven days. For vita, SHA Tyr. Trig. 31,12; 32,8-33,6. PIR2 C 656. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography K.-P. Johne, Kaiserbiographie und Senatsaristokratie, 1976, 122-28. [German version] [2] Caelius C., C. High official, 4th cent. AD High official of the time of  Constantinus the Great. He is known only from an inscription from Campania (ILS 1216), where the offi…

(Ἔρως; Érōs). [German version] [1] Personification of sexual desire Greek personification of love as sexual desire (Latin Amor, Cupido). Usually, E. is regarded as being the son of  Aphrodite, in whose sphere of influence he represents a central figure.  Ares is named as his father (Simon. fr. 43B). Not mentioned in Homer, E.'s image in archaic poetry is developed into an expression of the complex and contradictory experience of individual love [1]: ‘limb-loosening’ conquerer of gods and men (Hes. Theog.…

[German version] [4] Writer of epigrams Evodus (Εὔοδος; Eúodos) Epigrammatic poet of the Imperial age (1st or 3rd cent. AD), of whom Planudes preserved two short poems, of altogether three hexameters, in the form of riddles (Anth. Pal. 16,116 and 155): the first describes a centaur, the second the phenomenon of the echo, which is int. al. referred to as the ‘residue (τρύγα; trýga) of the voice’ and the ‘tail of the word’. Degani, Enzo (Bologna) [German version] [1] Imperial freedman under Tiberius Imperial freedman who had great influence over Tiberius in the last year of his life. PIR2 E 1…

[German version] [1] Originally the cognomen of  Caracalla Originally the cognomen of  Caracalla. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) [German version] [2] Originally the cognomen of the future emperor M. Aurelius  Severus Alexander Originally the cognomen of the future emperor M. Aurelius  Severus Alexander. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) [German version] [3] Caesar for Italy around 316 AD Married to  Anastasia [1], named Caesar for Italy by  Constantinus the Great shortly before the war against Licinus (AD 316), but was then spurred on by his brother Senecio to…

Roman cognomen (ThlL 2,1694f.; [1. 240]). Consuls with the epithet B.: L. Saenius B. (? 30 BC), P. Coelius B. Vibellius Pius (AD 137), L. Valerius Poblicola B. (AD 256). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] D.C. (Calvinus) B. = Imperator Caesar D.C. Calvinus B. Elected emperor by the Senate in 238 AD According to Zonaras, (12,17, not precise) 60 years old in the year AD 238, when he was elected emperor by the Senate, together with  Pupienus, who is always mentioned before him. Supposed descendant of the Gaditanian Cornelius Balbus (S…

[English version] [1] Urspr. Cognomen des Caracalla Urspr. Cognomen des Caracalla. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) [English version] [2] Urspr. Cognomen des späteren Kaisers M. Aurelius Severus Alexander Urspr. Cognomen des späteren Kaisers M. Aurelius Severus Alexander. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) [English version] [3] Caesar für Italien um 316 n.Chr. Mit Anastasia [1] verheiratet, wurde er kurz vor dem Krieg mit Licinius (316 n.Chr.) von Constantinus d.Gr. als Caesar für It. designiert, doch von seinem Bruder Senecio zu einer Verschwörung gegen Co…

[English version] [1] einer der 30 Tyrannen Vom Verf. der Historia Augusta erfundene Person, einer der sog. 30 Tyrannen, angeblich Usurpator unter Claudius Gothicus, der nach 7 Tagen getötet wurde. Zur vita, SHA trig. tyr. 31,12; 32,8-33,6. PIR2 C 656. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography K.-P. Johne, Kaiserbiographie und Senatsaristokratie, 1976, 122-28. [English version] [2] Caelius C., C. Spätantiker Beamter, 4. Jh. n.Chr. Hoher Beamter in der Zeit Constantinus' d. Gr. Er ist nur durch eine Inschr. aus Campanien bezeugt (ILS 1216), die seine Ämter nennt. PLRE 1,196 Nr. 2. Port…

(Aimilianus). Cognomen, durch das nach Adoption der urspr. Gentilname gekennzeichnet wird, in rep. Zeit zuerst angenommen vom Vater des C. Livius Drusus (cos. 147 v. Chr.), dann von P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (cos. I 147) und seinem Bruder Q. Fabius Maximus (cos. 145). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Imp. Caes. M. Aemilius Ae. Aug. 253 n. Chr. afrikanischer Herkunft (Zon. 12,21), “Maure”, auf der Insel Djerba geboren (Aur. Vict. epit. Caes. 31,2). Konsularischer Statthalter in Moesia, von den Soldaten im Juli oder August 253 n. Ch…

Röm. Cognomen (ThlL 2,1694f.; [1. 240]). Konsuln mit dem Beinamen B.: L. Saenius B. (? 30 v.Chr.), P. Coelius B. Vibellius Pius (137 n.Chr.), L. Valerius Poblicola B. (256 n.Chr.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] D.C. (Calvinus) B. = Imperator Caesar D.C. Calvinus B. vom Senat 238 n. Chr. zum Kaiser gewählt Nach Zonaras (12,17, wohl ungenau) 60 Jahre alt im J. 238 n.Chr., als er zusammen mit dem immer vor ihm genannten Pupienus vom Senat zum Kaiser gewählt wurde. Angeblich Nachkomme des Gaditaners Cornelius Balbus (SHA Max. Bal…

[German version] [1] Avitianus, L., governor under the Severi Avitianus, L., praetoric governor of Arabia and consularian governor of Pannonia inferior in the time of the Severi; frater Arvalis (present in the collegium AD 218 and AD 231). PIR2 A 519. Birley, A. R. (Düsseldorf) Bibliography Leunissen, 256, 262. [German version] [2] Senecio, L., governor (beginning of the 3rd cent. AD) Senecio, L., son of a procurator Aug. by the same name, from Cuicul in Numidia, legatus Aug. pro praetore in Coele Syria under Severus, and governor of Britannia between 205 and 207. PIR2 A 521. Birley, A. R.…

[German version] [1] Imperator Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Augustus Roman emperor AD 276-282 Roman emperor 276-282 AD. Born on 19 August 232 AD in Sirmium; the information about his father in SHA Probus 3,2 and in [Aur. Vict.] epit. Caes. 37,1 is probably fictitious. P.'s career prior to his elevation to emperor in the East in the summer of 276 (Zos. 1,64) (in SHA Probus he is confused with a dux Tenagino P.) is unknown. During his six-year reign ( cos. I-III 277-279, cos. IV 281, cos. V 282) he fought first on the Rhine against the Alamanni, then against the Franci, Burgundiones an…

[No German version] I. Greek Degani, Enzo (Bologna) Bibliography GA 2,1,11 f.; 2,2,13-16. [German version] [I 1] Epigrammatic poet of Nicaea. Author of three interesting epigrams from the ‘Garland’ of Philippus: the astounding lament of a ship that -- having escaped shipwreck -- returns to port ‘with a cargo of corpses’ (Anth. Pal. 9,218), and two descriptions of works of art, the first (Anth. Pal. 7,623) a famous painting by Aristides of Thebes (Plin. HN 35,98), the second (Anth. Pal. 9,756) seems to illustrate …

[German version] [1] Roman emperor, born AD 51 Roman emperor; original name T. Flavius Domitianus = Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] A. Up to the death of Titus Born on 24 Oct. AD 51 in Rome; his parents were T. Flavius  Vespasianus and Flavia Domitilla. D. spent his childhood in Rome; he did not accompany his father Vespasian to Judaea. His life was first threatened in the 2nd half of 69 during the reign of Vitellius, when D.'s father had already been proclaimed emperor, and fightin…

(Κάρος, Κάκυρος; Káros, Kákyros). Celtiberian from Segeda, general of several Iberian tribes and towns that defeated the army of the consul Q.  Fulvius [I 17] Nobilior on 23/ 8/153 BC. The Roman prohibition of building a wall around Segeda caused the confrontation. C. was killed while pursuing the enemy (App. Ib. 45; Diod. Sic. 31,39; Flor. Epit. 1,34 [Megaravicus]).  Hispania Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) [German version] [2] Poet friend of Ovid A poet friend of  Ovid (Pont. 4,13 is addressed to him; 3,5 in the Tristiae, where the identity of the respective addressees is con…

Plebeian nomen gentile, documented in the literary tradition since the 5th cent.; the most important family were the Decii Mures (D. [I 1-3]), possibly from Campania [1], whose self-sacrifice (partly unhistorical) in battle made them much quoted examples in the tradition. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] D. Mus, P. (Origin of the cognomen not known), in 352 BC, committee member dealing with a debt crisis in Rome (Liv. 7,21,6); as war tribune in 343, he is said to have saved the army of the consul A. Cornelius [I 22] Cossus Arvina from…

(Δέξιππος; Déxippos). [German version] [1] Spartan, mercenary leader c. 400 BC Lacedaemonian, 406 BC mercenary leader of Acragas in the war against Carthage in which he played an obscure role. The Syracusans appointed him as the commander in Gela where he refused to support Dionysius I and was then sent back to his homeland (Diod. Sic. 13,85,3f.; 87,4f.; 88,7f.; 93; 96,1). D. is perhaps identical with a perioecus who drew attention to himself in the army of Cyrus the Younger through his wicked machinations and was finally executed by Nicander (Xen. An. 5,1,15; 6,1,32; 6,5ff.). Meier, Misc…

Widespread plebeian gentilicium (ThlL 2,1482-87), which in ancient etymology is derived from Sabine and was derived via the older form Auselius from sol (sun) (Fest. p. 22; from this the modern derivation from the Sabine * ausel over Etruscan usil ‘Sun god’, cf. [1. 36; 2. 468]). The family attained noble status in the 1st Punic War with Aur. [3] and provides numerous consuls in the 2nd cent. BC from the branches of the Cottae, Orestae and Scauri. This, however, does not completely explain the building stages and assignment of various viae Aureliae in the 2nd cent. [3; 4]. The late R…

Cognomen of the Clodii, Decii, Iunii, Lucceii, Mummii, Pescennii, Postumii (fictitious name in Mart. 4,37,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [3] Of Smyrna. Platonic philosopher of the 2nd cent. AD (Ἀλβῖνος; Albînos) of Smyrna. Platonic philosopher of the 2nd cent. AD, who was counted among the ‘top Platonists’ by Proclus [2. 18; see 2. 20]. A student of the Platonist  Gaius, he taught in Smyrna in AD 150, where he was heard by the physician Galen (Gal., Scripta minora 2,97,8 ff. Mueller). A. wrote commentaries on Plato's Timaeus, ‘Republic’ and Phaedo [2. 18, 50, 15…