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[German Version] The Jordan (Heb.הַיַּרְדֵּן/ hayyarden, Gk ὁ ἰορδάνης/ ho iordánēs, Arab. al-urdunn; etymology disputed), divided into the upper and lower Jordan Valley, flows through the central Palestinian section of the Syro-African rift. With its four sources springing from the Hermon massif, with Lake Huleh, the Sea of Galilee (Galilee, Sea of), and especially the tributaries from the east, Yarmuk and Jabbok, and the Dead Sea (with the Arnon and the Zered) at its end, it is the largest inland water sy…

Bibliographic entry in Chapter 22: The U…

Bibliographic entry in Chapter 22: The U…

Al Mamlakah Al Urduniyyah Al Hāshimiyyah (The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) Demographics (United Nations) Population 10,209,000 Area 89,000 sq. km (34,000 sq. mi) Population density 110/sq. km (300/sq. mi) Growth rate p.a. 2.19% (per 1,000: births 23, deaths 4) Under 15 years 34% Urban dwellers 91% (0.98% p.a.) Largest cities Amman 2,148,000; Zarqa 729,000; Irbid 557,000; Russeifa 524,000; Al Quwaysimah 385,000; Tila al-Ali 327,000 Languages & peoples (World Christian Database) Mother tongues 97% Arabic, 1% Kabardian, 1% Adyghe, plus 9 others Peoples 49% Palestinian Arab; 15% …

Volume I: National Reports 1973 Fouad B. Atalla1 Jordan, officially known as Al Mamlaka Al Our- donnia Al Hashemiya (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan), did not acquire its present territorial demarcation until 1950. Earlier, the region east of River Jordan had formed part of the district of Damascus, then under Ottoman rule. In 1921 the country came under Prince Abdalla, grandfather of King Hussein I of Jordan. 1946 saw Prince Abdalla proclaimed King of the land under the title of King Abdalla I of Transjordan. When, on 29 Nov. 1947, the United Nations adopted a resolution partitio…

1. Historical introduction This entry refers to modern-day Jordan, as established in 1921 by the British. Initially it was a princedom designated to Emir (‘prince’), later King, Abdullah. During that stage, between 1921 and 1946, it was known as Trans-Jordan. It was also called ‘the East Bank’, referring to the River Jordan. The second stage began after the annexation of the Palestinian territories, or ‘the West Bank’, that were left unoccupied by the State of Israel in 1948. In 1950, the name changed to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. In the wake of the 194…

Chapter sections I. Introduction pp. 354-358 II. General International Law pp. 358-379 III. Definition Of Water Quality Standards By Treaty And By Decisions Of International Commissions pp. 379-391 IV. International Co-Operation pp. 391-396 This chapter is part of: Colloques | Workshop Series > The Protection of the Environment and International Law Chapter information DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789028604940.25-650.22 Pages in print edition: 353-396 Colloques | Workshop Series Publication Editor: Académie de droit international de La Haye Brill | Nijhoff, Leiden | Boston , 1975 e-ISBN…

Bibliographic entry in Chapter 11: The U…

Women in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine have formed non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and worked in them since the beginning of the twentieth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, these women were generally urban-based upper- and middle-class educated women who aimed to contribute to solving social, economic, and political problems present in their societies. Some of the organizations that they formed started out as charitable in nature. Supporting poorer segments of the population, some aimed to r…

The post-Second World War states of Jordan, Israel, and the emergent Palestine are products of colonial history, although in different ways.1 After the First World War Britain obtained a mandate (a form of quasi-colonial authority) over the former parts of the Ottoman Empire that are now referred to as Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Jordan. In 1921 this area was divided into two. The parts east of the Jordan River became the Emirate of Transjordan, recognized by Britain as an independent state (Jordan) …

[German version] [1] Writer of the Justinian period (6th cent. AD) Writer of the Justinian period (6th cent. AD), a German, probably of Gothic descent, grandson of Paria (secretary to the Prince of the Alani Candac), son of Alanoviamuth. Probably born in the late 5th cent. AD, I. also served as secretary to Cantac's nephew Gunthigis (Iord. Get. 265). Following his conversio (from Arianism to Orthodoxy?, from a secular to a clerical position?), in Constantinople in 551 (Iord. Rom. 4. 363; cf. Iord. Get. 104) he was asked by a friend named Vigilius (unlik…

Tabrīzī, Mīrzā Jaʿfar Nastaʿlīq tabsīṭ ʿArabiyya, Culture and Language Tābūk Northwest Arabian Arabic, Northwest Arabian Arabic tabyīn Tamyīz Tachelhit → Berber, Tachelhit taḍāfur al-qarāʾin Qurʾān taḍāmm Qurʾān, Qurʾān taḍammun Majāz tadāwul Coherence tadāxul al-luġāt Muštarak, Semantic Extension taḍʿīf Causative, Pausal Forms, Verb taʿḏ̣īm Ḍamīr, Speech Acts taʿdiya Causative, Taʿaddin, Verb Tadjoura Djibouti/Eritrea taḏkīr Luġa, 651, Tanwīn taḍmīn Ḍidd, Poetic Koine Taeschner, Traute Child Bilingualism Taez → Taʿizz tafaʿʿala Middle Verbs tafāʿul Ḍidd tafḍīl ʿAma…

(Γαλαάδ; Galaád, LXX, Eus.), Gilead (Hebrew gilad). [German version] [1] Town in eastern Jordan Town in eastern Jordan (Judg. 10:17; Hos. 6:8; 12:12), the modern Ḫirbat Ǧalad south of the Jabboq 10 km north-northeast of as-Salṭ, on the homonymous mountain range (Gen. 31:21, et al.: hăr [hăg]gilad, modern Ǧabal Ǧalad) (cf. Euseb. On. 62,1f.). Kutsch, Ernst (Vienna) [German version] [2] Area east of the Jordan Region east of the Jordan (LXX alongside Γ. also Γαλαδ[ε]ῖτις; Galad[e]ītis; Jos. Ant. Iud. 1,324 et al. Γαλαδηνή; Galadēnē; 5,164 et al., Γαλα[α]δῖτις; Gala[a]dītis; 12,3…

German Asia Corps German Expeditionary Corps established for the purpose of recovering Baghdad. – After the capture of Baghdad by the British on March 11, 1917, the German and Turkish High Commands decided to set up the Army Group F (Yilderim) in order to recapture the capital city of the ancient caliphate. The German core unit was to be the Asia Corps (Pasha II), raised in Neuhammer/Silesia (modern Świętoszów). Initially commanded by Colonel Werner von Frankenberg und Proschlitz, the well-equipped…

After 1345, the Franciscan friars, who were Keepers of the Latin Quarter of Jerusalem, supervised and organized the pilgrimages and led the travelers through Holy Sites. Franciscans also listed the plenary and partial indulgences available at each site. In the late fifteenth century the preset pilgrim's tour included visits to the Via Dolorosa, the Valley of Josaphat, the Mount of Olives with the Garden of Gethsemane, the place of the Ascension, and the town of Galilee, the Valley of Siloe, the …

[German Version] Belonging geologically to the Syrian rift as the continuation of the course of the Jordan River, the Dead Sea constitutes the lowest point on earth (approx. 400 m below sea level). With a length of approx. 85 km and a breadth of 17.5 km, it covers a surface of approx. 10,000 km2. Its northern basin reaches 400 m in depth, the portion south of the Lisan peninsula is flat and, today, almost dried up. Although the high salt content (28–33% instead of …

[German Version] (Tell Deir ʿAllā) lies in the central Jordan rift, 5 km to the east of the Jordan River and 1.5 km north of the Jabbok, and was a junction of of important north-south and east-west routes. Excavations by the University of Leiden (Hendricus Jacobus Franken, Gerrit van der Kooij) and the University of Irbid (Moawiyah M. Ibrahim, Zaidan Kafafi), …

ʿAjlūn, located in modern-day Jordan, denotes a district that includes a settlement; the adjoining castle, Qalʿat al-Rabad; and the mountainous area to the north of the Zarqāʾ River on the east bank of the Jordan River. Although its name is ancient, ʿAjlūn came to be a geo-political centre only as part of a wider shift, extending from Fāṭimid through Ayyūbid times, that saw principal settlements along the desert fringe give way to fortified centres on high points along the Jordan Valley escarpment. The castle of ʿAjlūn was built b…

[German Version] The thesis of a Decapolis founded by Pompey in 63 bce as a Hellenistic bastion against the Arabs in the East is outmoded. A self-concept as Decapolis (Gk “ten cities”) arose only in the middle of the 1st century ce when a few cities of Coelesyria attempted to escape new Herodian sovereignty by proclaiming their autonomy in the Provincia Syria (cf. the beginning of minting municipal coins with the city Tyche: Canatha 38/39, Skythopolis 39/40 [Beth-Shean], Gerasa and Hippos 67/68 ce; only Gadara, rebuilt by Pompey, minted coins from 63 bce on). In the …

[German Version] I. Archaeology – II. History (Arab. Tell el-Qāḍī), city near the southern foot of Mount Hermon enjoying a location favorably situated along trade routes in a fertile valley at one of the sources of the Jordan River. I. Archaeology A differentiated city developed at this site during the EBA (27th – 24th cent.) to which a mighty earthen wall was added during the MBA (1st half of the 2nd mill.). After being destroyed at the end of the MBA, …