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1. IntroductionThe early modern period saw an unprecedented growth in the range of available drinks. No cultural sphere had ever had such a diversity of liquid refreshment. Traditional alcoholic drinks were refined and differentiated into new forms, while long-distance trade (Trade, Long-distance) brought new drinks to Europe, where changes were made to the ways they were made and consumed. By the end of the early modern period, essentially all the drinks familiar to us today were available, although some of them long remained luxury items.Hasso Spode2. Alcoholic drinks …

1. Iron ore reserves Iron ore fields are found throughout Europe, as well as nearby in North Africa, Jordan, Turkey, and elsewhere. During antiquity and the Middle Ages, reserves exploited were usually those that were easily accessible, such as lodes that reached the surface or fields of bog iron ore (precipitates of iron ore just under the vegetation layer of the soil).Iron production favored mineral deposits with a high concentration of minerals. These provided the raw material for the manufacture of high-quality wrought iron, and from the late 12th c…

1. IntroductionSocieties in which slavery and the slave trade were of significance are generally classified as either “societies with slaves” or “slave societies.” There were only a few instances of the latter in the early modern period. Their defining characteristic was that their social structure and economy were founded on slavery, and had to be secured by means of the slave trade, slave reproduction, and various forms of coercion.The systemic function of a slave society is most clearly apparent in the accusations that emerged as slavery came to an end. F…

The name of the author is followed by the last known workplace (2012). A Dariusz Adamczyk (Warsaw): Eastern European economy; Volga trade route Saheed Aderinto (Austin [Texas]): Cultural contact, global Manfred Agethen (Sankt Augustin): Secret society Renata Ago (Rome): Luxury; Wealth; Conspicuous consumption Ravi Ahuja (Göttingen): Indian Ocean; Colonialism; Colonial wars; South Asian societies Kinji Akashi (Tokyo): Freedom of the seas; Boundary Claudia Albert (Berlin): Bildungsroman Christian Albrecht (Munich): Occasional services; Catechism; Education, Prote…