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[German Version] I. Origin and Spread – II. Doctrine – III. Islamic Philosophy – IV. Islamic Art (Architecture and Book Art) – V. Islamic Studies – VI. Christianity and Islam – VII. Judaism and Islam – VIII. Islam in Europe – IX. Islam in North America – X. Political Islamism I. Origin and Spread 1. Muḥammad and his message In 569 ce, Muḥammad was born in Mecca, a city with the shrine of the Kaʿba at its center. Mecca enjoyed good relations with the Sasanian Empire and its Arab vassal princes in Ḥīra, but considered itself politically independen…

[German Version] I. History and Sociology of Religion Under the term “new religious movements” (NRM), scholars class together a wide variety of religious groups of recent origin that presumably share a “new religious consciousness,” which draws in part upon old occult-theosophical teachings. Some definitions emphasize groups developed after World War II and especially after the 1960s, whereas other definitions include religions founded within the last 200 years. Some definitions include Eastern religion…