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Runda

(2,174 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
, en espagnol Ronda (aujourd’hui dans la province de Malaga), chef-lieu du district ( kūra, parfois iḳlīm) de Tākurunnā, située au Nord-ouest de Rayya [ q.v.] (aujourd’hui Malaga). Il s’agit d’une région très montagneuse et très bien arrosée par des rivières et des pluies abondantes, ce qui permit le développement de l’agriculture et de l’élevage. La ville de Ronda est décrite par les sources arabes comme une forteresse imprenable et ce fait, joint à sa situation géographique, a vraiment conditionné son histoire. La partie Nord de la ville est protégée par le ravin ( tajo) formé par la r…

S̲h̲ūrā

(2,669 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | Marín, Manuela | Ayalonn A
(a.), concurremment avec mas̲h̲wara, mas̲h̲ūra, forme nominale associée au verbe de forme IV as̲h̲āra, «indiquer, aviser, conseiller» (voir Lane, s.v.), au sens de «consultation». 1. Dans l’histoire primitive de l’Islam. Dans ce cadre, s̲h̲ūrā désigne le conseil consultatif restreint d’éminents Ḳurays̲h̲ites qui finirent par choisir ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān comme troisième calife de la communauté musulmane après l’assassinat de ʿUmar b. al-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb [ q.v.] en dhū l-ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 23/novembre 644. La pratique de la consultation des principaux personnages par le sayyid ou s̲h̲ayk̲h̲

S̲h̲ilb

(1,103 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
, aujourd’hui Silves, dans le Sud du Portugal, capitale de la kūra d’Uks̲h̲ūnuba. Les sources géographiques arabes décrivent un territoire fertile, avec maintes forêts (surtout des pinèdes), des vergers et des cours d’eau. La ville elle-même est située sur une colline peu élevée et à côté d’une rivière ( nahr S̲h̲ilb, actuel Arade) qui fournissait de l’eau à la population. S̲h̲ilb était reliée au réseau des communications terrestres dans le Sud-ouest de la Péninsule et sa proximité de la côte (15 km) lui donnait accès aux produits de la mer et …

Ṭāhirides

(2,803 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | Marín, Manuela | Smith, G.R.
, le nom de trois dynasties de l’Islam médiévale. I. Une lignée de gouverneurs des califes ʿabbāsides dans le Ḵh̲urāsān et détenteurs de hautes fonctions en ʿIrāḳ qui prospérèrent au IIIe/IXe siècle (205-78/821-9). Le fondateur de cette lignée fut le chef persan d’origine mawlā, Ṭāhir (I) b. al-Ḥusayn Ḏh̲ū l-Yamīnayn [ q.v.] qui devint gouverneur du Ḵh̲urāsān en 205/821 mais mourut presque immédiatement après, alors qu’il venait de montrer des velléités d’indépendance par rapport à Bag̲h̲dād. Quoi qu’il en soit, le calife — peut être en raison d…

al-S̲h̲antamarī

(500 words)

Author(s): Fierro, Maribel | Marín, Manuela
, Abū l-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ Yūsūf b. Sulaymān b. ʿĪsā b. Sulaymān al-S̲h̲antamarī al-Andalusī al-Naḥwī (né en 410/1019), connu sous le nom d’al-Aʿlam al-S̲h̲antamarī, était originaire de la ville de S̲h̲antamariyyat al-G̲h̲arb (aujourd’hui Faro, sur la côte méridionale du Portugal). Il devait son surnom (al-Aʿlam) à son bec-de-lièvre; l’appellatif devint un nom de famille et son fils aîné, ḳāḍī à S̲h̲antamariyya, était connu comme ibn al-Aʿlam. En 433/1041 al-S̲h̲antamarī s’installa à Cordoue où il étudia et devint, à son tour, un maître réputé dans les …

al-Ruṣāfa

(4,183 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | Haase, C.P. | Marín, Manuela
, nom de plusieurs lieux du monde islamique, depuis Cordoue à l’Ouest jusqu’à Nīs̲h̲iāpūr à l’Est (voir Yāḳūt, Buldān, éd. Beyrouth, III, 46-50). En ʿIrāḳ, on connaît: 1. Ruṣāfat Abī l-ʿAbbās (ʿAbd Allāh al-Saffāḥ), commencée par le premier calife ʿabbāside en bas ʿIrāḳ, sur les rives de l’Euphrate, près d’al-Anbār, et probablement identique à la ville du nom d’aī-Hās̲h̲imiyya. Bibliography al-Yaʿḳūbī, Buldān, 237, trad. Wiet, 9 Yāḳūt, Buldān, III, 46. 2. al-Ruṣāfa, nom d’un quartier de la ville de Bag̲h̲dād, fondé peu après que le calife al-Manṣūr eut bâti sa Ville Ronde. ¶ Le quartier…

S̲h̲āṭiba

(1,891 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
, actuellement Xàtiva ou Játiva, ville du s̲h̲arḳ al-Andalus, au Sud de Valence. L’ancienne ville romaine ( Saetabis) était située sur la Via Augusta; la ville arabe s’est déplacée au flanc de la montagne, couronnée par un puissant château. La région environnante, arrosée par des rivières, se consacrait à l’agriculture. S̲h̲āṭiba est décrite par les géographes arabes comme un centre commercial qui était en relation avec le Nord de l’Afrique et le Ghana; sa situation dans le réseau des communications du ¶ s̲h̲arḳ al-Andalus [ q.v.] a sans doute favorisé cette activité marchande, …

S̲h̲urṭa

(2,031 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, J.S. | Marín, Manuela
(a.), terme d’administration militaire traduit assez conventionnellement par police. Le sens de base de la racine s̲h̲-r-ṭ est «séparer ou distinguer quelque chose d’un ensemble plus grand». Il peut s’agir d’un corps d’élite au sein d’une armée, ou, selon certaines sources, de malfaiteurs qui se dégagent de l’ordre social, et par voie de conséquence, de ceux ¶ dont la fonction est de les contraindre à se réintégrer. L’individu faisant partie d’un tel groupe est un s̲h̲urṭī, pl. s̲h̲urāṭ, ou plus couramment s̲h̲urṭiyya. 1. Dans les régions centrales du califat. Le mot s̲h̲urṭa est, dan…

Ṣubḥ

(773 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
al-Bas̲h̲kunsiyya, ainsi appelée pour son origine basque, était une esclave chanteuse du deuxième calife umayyade d’al-Andalus, al-Ḥakam al-Mustanṣir (350-366/961-976) [ q.v.], qui l’aimait éperdument (et qui l’appelait Ḏj̲aʿfar) et auquel elle donna deux fils, devenant ainsi une umm walad et prenant le titre de sayyida. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. al-Ḥakam naquit en 351/962; il était le premier fils du calife, qui avait déjà 46 ans. Bien que ʿAbd al-Raḥmān fût mort en bas âge (359/969-70), son frère His̲h̲ām (né en 354/965) assura la succession d’…

al-S̲h̲arīf al-G̲h̲arnāṭī

(616 words)

Author(s): Fierro, Maribel | Marín, Manuela
, Muhammad b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib al-Ḥasanī al-Sabtī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh et Abū l-Ḳāsim (697-760/1297-1359), philologue, grammairien et poète, né à Sabra (Ceuta) où il reçut une éducation très soignée dans les domaines de la langue arabe et du droit. A une date non connue il s’établit à Grenade, où il fit partie d’abord du dīwān al-ins̲h̲āʾ du roi Naṣride Muḥammad IV (725-737/1325-1337) et se lia d’amitié avec le fameux poète Ibn al-Ḏj̲ayyāb [ q.v.]. Il commença ensuite une carrière dans l’administration judiciaire du royaume Naṣride. En 737/1336 il fut nommé ḳāḍī

Runda

(1,974 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
, Sp. ronda, the chef-lieu of the district ( kūra , sometimes iḳlīm ) in mediaeval al-Andalus of Tākurunnā, situated to the north-west of Rayya [ q.v.] (modern Malaga). This is a very mountainous region, well watered by rivers and abundant rain, allowing the development of agriculture and stockrearing. The town of Runda is described in the Arabic sources as an impregnable fortress, and this fact, in addition to its geographical situation, has moulded its history. The northern part of the town is protected by a ravine ( tajo ) formed by the river, a kilometre lo…

Taʾrīk̲h̲

(48,480 words)

Author(s): De Blois, F.C. | Van Dalen, B. | Humphreys, R.S. | Marin, Manuela | Lambton, Ann K.S | Et al.
(a.) “date, dating, chronology, era”, then also “annals, history”. ¶ I. Dates and Eras in the Islamic World 1. In the sense of “date, dating”, etc. i. Etymology . The non-Arabic origin of this word was recognised by the mediaeval philologists, but the often-cited derivation of the participle muʾarrak̲h̲ “dated”, from a supposed Persian compound māh-rōz “month-day”, is naturally fanciful. In fact, it clearly belongs to the common Semitic root for “moon” and “month”; cf. Akkadian ( w) arḫu , Sabaic wrḫ , Ethiopic wärḫ , Mehri wark̲h̲ , or, with the usual Northwe…

S̲h̲ilb

(899 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
, modern Silves in southern Portugal, a town of medieval al-Andalus in the kūra of Uks̲h̲ūnuba. Arabic geographers describe it as being in a fertile region, with many trees, especially pines, orchards and watercourses. The town itself is on a slight hill at the side of a river (the nahr S̲h̲ilb , modern Arade), which supplied the town with water. It was linked to the roads of the south-west of the Peninsula, and its nearness to the sea (15 km/9 miles) gave access to maritime produce and trade. Roman remains have been found …

Ṭāhirids

(2,744 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | Marín, Manuela | Smith, G.R.
, the name of three dynasties of mediaeval Islam. 1. A line of governors for the ʿAbbāsid caliphs in K̲h̲urāsān and the holders of high offices in ʿIrāḳ, who flourished in the 3rd/9th century (205-78/821-91). The founder of the line was the Persian commander, of mawlā origin, Ṭāhir (I) b. al-Ḥusayn D̲h̲u ’l-Yamīnayn [ q.v.], who became governor of K̲h̲urāsān in 205/821 but who died almost immediately afterwards, after showing signs of asserting his independence of Bag̲h̲dād. Nevertheless, the caliph—possibly being unable to find anyone else with th…

al-Ruṣāfa

(4,234 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | Haase, C.P. | Marín, Manuela
, the name of several places in the Islamic world, from Cordova in the west to Nīs̲h̲āpūr in the east (see Yāḳūt, Buldān , ed. Beirut, iii, 46-50). Amongst the Ruṣāfa settlements of ʿIrāḳ were: 1. Ruṣāfat Abi ’l-ʿAbbās (ʿAbd Allāh al-Saffāḥ), begun by the first ʿAbbāsid caliph in lower ʿIrāḳ on the banks of the Euphrates, near al-Anbār [ q.v.], and probably identical with that town called al-Hās̲h̲imiyya. Bibliography Yaʿḳūbī, Buldān, 237, tr. Wiet, 9 Yāḳūt, Buldān, iii, 46. 2. al-Ruṣāfa, the name of a quarter of the city of Bag̲h̲dād [ q.v.] founded soon after the caliph al-Manṣūr [ q.v.] buil…

S̲h̲āṭiba

(1,947 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
, the modern Xàtiva or Játiva, a town of the S̲h̲arḳ al-Andalus [ q.v.], to the south of Valencia. The ancient Roman town (Saetabis) was situated on the Via Augusta; the Arab town saw a shift to the slope of the mountain, which was crowned by a powerful fortress. The surrounding region, irrigated by several rivers, was devoted to agriculture. S̲h̲āṭiba is described by the Arab geographers as a commercial centre which had trading links with North Africa and with G̲h̲āna; its location in the network of communi…

al-S̲h̲arīf al-G̲h̲arnātī

(569 words)

Author(s): Fierro, Maribel | Marín, Manuela
, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad ... b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib al-Sabtī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh and Abu ’l-Ḳāsim (697-760/1297-1359), philologist, grammarian and poet of Muslim Spain. He was born at Sabta (Ceuta) and deeply educated in Arabic language and the law. At an unknown date he went to Granada and worked in the dīwān al-ins̲h̲āʾ of the Naṣrid Muḥammad IV (725-37/1325-37), and became friendly with the eminent poet Ibn al-D̲j̲ayyāb [ q.v.]. He then embarked on a legal career and in 737/1336 became ḳāḍī of Malaga and then six years later followed Ibn Burṭāl as ḳāḍī ’l-d̲j̲amāʿa

Ṣubḥ

(784 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
al-Bas̲h̲kunsiyya , so-called on account of her Basque origin, was a singing slave girl belonging to the second Umayyad caliph of al-Andalus, al-Ḥakam al-Mustanṣir (350-62/961-76 [ q.v.]), who loved her dearly (calling her D̲j̲aʿfar) and to whom she bore two sons, thus becoming an umm walad and taking the tide of sayyida . ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. al-Ḥakam was born in 351/962; he was the first son of the caliph, who was already 46 years old at the time. Although ʿAbd al-Raḥmān died at an early age (359/969-70), his brother His̲h̲ām…

S̲h̲urṭa

(2,106 words)

Author(s): Nielsen, J.S. | Marín, Manuela
(a.), a military-administrative term most conveniently translated as police. The basic meaning of the root s̲h̲-r-ṭ is “to separate or to distinguish something out of a larger entity”, thus an élite force within an army or, according to some sources, criminals who separate themselves from the social order, and thence those whose function it is to bring them to book. An individual in such a unit is a s̲h̲urṭī , plural s̲h̲uraṭ or more popularly s̲h̲urṭiyya . 1. In the central lands of the caliphate. The term s̲h̲urṭa is among the earliest of the Arabic sources…

al-S̲h̲antamarī

(482 words)

Author(s): Fierro, Maribel | Marín, Manuela
, Abu ’l-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ Yūsuf b. Sulaymān al-Andalusī al-Naḥwī, Spanish Muslim grammarian and philologist, known as al-Aʿlam al-S̲h̲antamarī (the first epithet from his hare-lip; it became a family name, and his eldest son, ḳāḍī at S̲h̲antamariyya, became known as Ibn al-Aʿlam), born at S̲h̲antamariyyat al-G̲h̲arb [ q.v.] (modern Faro, on the southern coast of Portugal) in 410/1019, died at Seville in 476/1083. In 433/1041 he moved from his home town to Cordova, where he studied, and became, in his turn, a famed master in the fields of gr…

S̲h̲ūrā

(2,676 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E. | Marín, Manuela | Ayalon, A.
(a.), together with mas̲h̲wara , mas̲h̲ūra , a nominal form connected with the form IV verb as̲h̲āra “to point out, indicate; advise, counsel” (see Lane, s.v.), with the meaning “consultation”. 1. In early Islamic history. Here, s̲h̲ūrā is especially used of the small consultative and advisory body of prominent Ḳuras̲h̲īs which eventually chose ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān as the third caliph over the Muslim community after the assassination of ʿUmar b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb [ q.v.] in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 23/November 644. The practice of consultation by the sayyid or s̲h̲ayk̲h̲

Badía y Leblich, Domingo

(525 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
Domingo Badía y Leblich (1767–1818) was a renowned Spanish traveller, born in Barcelona. Self-educated, he was early interested in scientific matters and in travelling to distant countries. In 1801 he presented a project of travelling to Muslim countries to the Spanish government, who supported a trip involving geographical exploration as well as political aims, especially concerning Morocco. Badía left Spain in May 1802, and, after a stay in Paris and London (where he was circumcised), arrived in …
Date: 2021-07-19

Ibn al-Jadd

(1,024 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Yaḥyā b. Farḥ Ibn al-Jadd al-Fihrī (496–586/1103–90) was the most prominent member of the Banū l-Jadd, a wealthy family of landowners in southwestern al-Andalus. The Banū l-Jadd claimed to be of Arab origin; although they adopted the tribal nisba al-Fihrī, the claim is dubious. Nothing is recorded in Arab sources about the Banū l-Jadd before the fifth/eleventh century, when the first distinguished members of the family appear as scholars and jurists in the princely courts of the period. The Banū l-Jadd, l…
Date: 2021-07-19

Odors and Smells

(778 words)

Author(s): Marín, Manuela
Aromas — both pleasant and unpleasant — detected with the olfactory sense. In contrast to the many references to the senses of hearing and sight (see seeing and hearing ), smell is rarely mentioned in the Qurʾān. Two words from the root r-w-ḥ are used in this respect: rīḥ and rayḥān. The former appears nearly always with the meaning of “wind” (see air and wind ), but on one occasion (q 12:94) it is said that Joseph's (q.v.) father (see jacob ) perceives his son's scent (rīḥ) in the shirt brought to him by his brothers (see brother and brotherhood ). As for the latter word, it occurs in q 55:12, in the …
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