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I. General [German version] A. Introduction The terms  Bible and translation are not clearly separable from each other since the acknowledged textual basis ( Canon) has changed in the course of time and even paraphrases are regarded as translations. Recent discoveries ( Qumran, papyri) have shown that even the texts of the source language, the so-called Masora text, and of the target language, the Septuagint (LXX; Peshitta; Vetus Latina), have undergone historical development and should be read only b…

[German version] The Vulgate is the revision by Jerome (= Jer.) (Hieronymus) of the old Latin Bible translation (the so-called Vetus Latina, earlier known also as the Itala), which contained considerable textual variation. The designation Vulgate (Lat. vulgatus = 'universally disseminated'; after the 1st cent. AD also applied to literary works, cf. for example Jer. Ep. 65,9) was firmly established only at the Council of Trent (1545-1563). There are details of Jer.'s Bible revision - some on specific points - in his letters (esp. 5…