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[German version] [I] Greek see  Ps.-Callisthenes Harich-Schwarzbauer, Henriette (Graz) [II] Latin [German version] A. Concept The Latin concept of the Alexander Romance (AR) includes both Latin versions of Pseudo-  Callisthenes as well as writings with similar content that were distributed along with them, which contained mostly descriptions of foreign lands or (based on Cynicism) criticisms of western civilization articulated predominantly by Christian interpreters. Within the history of literature (Alexander…

I. General [German version] A. Introduction The terms  Bible and translation are not clearly separable from each other since the acknowledged textual basis ( Canon) has changed in the course of time and even paraphrases are regarded as translations. Recent discoveries ( Qumran, papyri) have shown that even the texts of the source language, the so-called Masora text, and of the target language, the Septuagint (LXX; Peshitta; Vetus Latina), have undergone historical development and should be read only b…

Ott, Claudia (Berlin) I. Art (CT) [German version] A. Term (CT) It has repeatedly and correctly been pointed out by scholars that the designation Ottonian Renaissance (OR) is impermissible because it is misleading [11. 3 f.]. During the Ottonian period, culture experienced 'a revival in every possible sense, with the exception of that of a planned effort at reviving Antiquity' (9. 53; Ger. p. 65), however. The term nonetheless remained in use when 'Renaissance' began to be understood in its literal meanin…