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Bay

(716 words)

Author(s): Samaran, Ch.
(bey), name applied to the ruler of Tunisia until 26 July 1957, when the Bey Lamine (al-Amīn), 19th ruler of the Ḥusaynid dynasty, was deposed and a Republic proclaimed in Tunisia. To discover the origin of this title, we must go back to the end of the 16th century. It was at that time that the Bey ʿUt̲h̲mān created the Office of Bey (in Turkish: beg ), without consulting the Porte, whose vassal he was. He entrusted the holder of the office with command of the tribes, the maintenance of public order and the collection of taxes. Equipped w…

Baladiyya

(9,924 words)

Author(s): Lewis, B. | Hill, R.L. | Samaran, Ch. | Adam, A. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Et al.
, municipality, the term used in Turkish ( belediye ), Arabic, and other Islamic languages, to denote modern municipal institutions of European type, as against earlier Islamic forms of urban organisation [see madīna ]. The term, like so many modern Islamic neologisms and the innovations they express, first appeared in Turkey, where Western-style municipal institutions and services were introduced as part of the general reform programme of the Tanẓīmāt [ q.v.]. (1) turkey. The first approaches towards modern municipal administration seems to have been made by Sultan …