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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Limes (Γερμανίκεια; Germaníkeia). City (modern Maraş) in the northern Syrian region of  Commagene mentioned by Ptol. 5,14,8, as well as in Roman itineraries and lists of bishops of late antiquity. The name (on coins Καισαρεία Γερμανική; Kaisareía Germanikḗ) is evidence of the gratitude of the Commagenian king  Antiochus [18] IV towards the emperors Caligula and Claudius, who in AD 38 and 41 restored the indigenous dynasty as rulers of the kingdom of Commagene that had be…

(Ἀντιόχεια; Antiócheia). [German version] [1] on the Orontes Founded as Antigonea on the Orontes 307 BC, but after the defeat of Antigonus I by Seleucus I Nicator at  Ipsus (301 BC), the town was moved to the site of present-day Antakya (Turkey) in 300 BC, and renamed as A. in honour of the latter's father Antiochus. Capital city of the Seleucid kingdom; it developed under the Seleucids through incorporating numerous settlements into a tetrapolis, each with their own boundary walls. Thanks to its positi…

This item can be found on the following maps: Syria | Christianity | Coloniae | Diadochi and Epigoni | Hasmonaeans | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Mesopotamia | Natural catastrophes | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pompeius | Aegean Koine (Σιδών/ Sidṓn; Hebrew Ṣîdôn, Arabic Ṣaidā). [German version] I. To Alexander the Great In Homer (Hom. Il. 6,290 f.; 23,743 f.; Hom. Od. 4,83 f., 618 et passim; cf. Jos 13:6; 1 Kg 5:20), S., 35 km north east of Tyrus on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, is synonymous with Phoenicia in general. In the 1st millennium BC, i…

(Σελεύκεια/ Seleúkeia, Latin Seleucia). [German version] [1] S. on the Tigris This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | India, trade with (Σελεύκεια ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρει/ Seleúkeia hē epì tôi Tígrei: Str. 16,738; 743; 750 et passim; Latin Seleucia Magna: Plin. HN 6,43, cuneiform Selukuja [1], modern Tall Umar). On the right bank of the Tigris, c. 60 km north-east of Babylon and 35 km south of Baghdad, at the mouth of the Nahr Malkā (connecting canal between the Tigris and Euphrates) and thus very favourably located …

[German version] (ND), 2150 m high in the Taurus mountains, is the location of the tomb of Antiochus [2] I of Commagene. The tomb is associated with the apotheosis of Antiochus I in the wake of a dramatic increase in power following Pompey's victory over Tigranes II of Armenia and the acquisition of the city of Seleucia on the Euphrates/Zeugma at the princes' congress of Amisus (65/64 BC). The burial tumulus, a mound made of fist-sized stones that reaches a good 50 m in height, is the site of cult terraces, colossal statues of the gods and a monumental cult i…

[German version] Doliche [1] (Δολίχη; Dolíchē). City of the Perrhaebic Tripolis (with Azorus and Pythium) in western Olympus on the border of Macedonian Elimiotis. D. is now identified not with today's village of Duklista but with the ruins at the village of Sarantaporo. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography G. Lucas, La Tripolis de Perrhébie et ses confins, in: I. Blum (ed.), Topographie antique et géographie historique en pays grec, 1992, 93-137 F. Stählin, Das hellen. Thessalien, 1924, 21 Th. Tzaphalias, in: Thessaliko Himerologio 8, 1985, 140-144 (exploration). …

[German version] I. General In the religious and administrative theory of the land surveyors, the Latin word limes denoted the path marking the boundary between two pieces of land, while in military and political usage (Tac. Ann. 1,50; Frontin. Str. 1,3,10) it meant the border between Roman and non-Roman territory (SHA Hadr. 12). Over recent years, research has led the military connotation of the term limes, which has been used almost exclusively from the 19th cent., to be expanded to comprehend also the historico-geographical and socio-economic fields. Where the limites were origin…

[German version] [1] Figure of speech (ζεῦγμα/ zeûgma, 'connection', in this case an 'incongruous combination'). A rhetorical and stylistic phenomenon of word economy, considered to be one of the figures, a special form of ellipsis: two or more syntactically coordinated substantives are connected as objects or subjects by a verb whose manner of use essentially matches only one of them (cf. Quint. Inst. 9,3,62 est per detractionem figura ..., quae dicitur ἐπεζευγμένον/ epezeugménon, in qua unum ad verbum plures sententiae referuntur, quarum unaquaeque desideraret ill…

Name of two towns in Commagene. [German version] [1] On the Euphrates On the Euphrates, modern Gerger, fortified town, founded by  Arsames at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC, and extended by  Antiochus I ( c. 69-34 BC) as a hierothesion (tomb sanctuary) for his grandfather Samos II and his earlier ancestors. Preserved are a monumental rock relief of Samos II, and important sections of the cultic inscription on the ascent to the castle, which transmits the town's name. Wagner, Jörg (Tübingen) [German version] [2] On the Nymphaeus On the Nymphaeus, modern Eski Kâhta, discovered in 1…