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[German version] Mountain range in Gallia (modern Cévennes), separating the Arverni from the Helvii (Caes. B Gall. 7,8; 56). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (In Str. also Γέρηνα; Gérēna, on inscriptions ἁ πόλις τῶν Γερηνῶν, formerly Enópē). Spartan perioecic city on the west side of the Taygetus peninsula, member of the league of  Eleutherolakones during the Imperial period. The location is documented on an inscription (finding-place of a decree with the mention τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Μαχάονος, ‘the sanctuary of Machaon’) near today's Kambos, 15 km south-west of Kalamata, home also to a Mycenaean c…

[German version] (Κυνόρτιον; Kynórtion). The mountain above the theatre of the Asclepius sanctuary of Epidaurus with the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas (Paus. 2,27,7). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography V. Lambrinudakis, Excavation and Restoration of the Sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas and Asclepius at Epidauros, in: Peloponnesiaka Suppl. 13, 1987f., 298ff.

[German version] (Ἐπιτάλιον; Epitálion). Town in Triphylia on the left bank of the  Alpheius [1]. References: Xen. Hell. 3,2,29; Pol. 4,80; Str. 8,3,12; 8,3,24. Archaeology: significant remains from Roman times. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Chroniques des fouilles, in: BCH 94, 1970, 996 E. Meyer, Neue peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1957, 50, 60.

[German version] Left side-arm of the river Seine, modern Yonne, also the name of the river goddess (CIL XIII 2921: dea Icauna, votive inscriptions from Autessiodurum; Vita S. Germani 12, late 5th cent. AD: flumen Ycaunense). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (αἱ Κολωνίδες). Town (or ‘village’, κώμη, Plut. Philopoemen 18,3) on the west coast of the Messenian Gulf near present-day Kaphirio [1] or possibly Vunaria (evidence of settlement) [2]. Minted coins during the Severian dynasty. References: Paus. 4,34,8; 12; Ptol. 3,16,7 (Κολώη). Inscription: IG V 1,1402-1404; SEG 11,996f. Coins: HN 432f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 R. Hope Simpson, The Seven Cities Offered by Agamemnon to Achilles, in: ABSA 61, 1966, 125 2 E. Meyer, s.v. Messenien, RE Suppl. 15, 197.

(Καρύαι; Karýai). [German version] [1] Arcadian settlement Arcadian settlement (χωρίον) on the southern shore of the lake of Pheneus (Paus. 8,13,6; 14,1). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [2] Settlement in NW-Parnon This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Settlement in the north-western Parnon range, on Sparta's north-eastern border with Arcadia, either near the modern Analipsis on the banks of the Saranda-Potamos in the north-east of the plain of Kambos, or near Arachova north of the village that once again bears th…

[German version] Town of the Salluvii (Gallia Narbonensis) beside a lagoon of the same name (now Étang de Berre) or on an elevation rising above it between Rhodanus (Rhône) and Massalia. The identification with Saint-Blaise is uncertain. It is possible that Maritima Avaticorum was founded by the inhabitants of M. References: Artemidorus, in Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαστραμέλη (πόλις καὶ λίμνη τῆς Κελτικῆς); Plin. HN 3,34 ( stagnum M.); Avien. Ora maritima 701 ( oppidum Mastrabalae priscum). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule,…

[German version] Civitas of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis on the left bank of the Rhône, statio on the Vienne-Geneva road (Tab. Peut.). Identified with Yenne or Etain near Yenne. Flourished from the 2nd to 6th cents. AD. Inscriptions: CIL 12,305. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Dufournet, Le réseau routier gallo-romain de Vienne à Genève et la position des stations d'E. et de Condate, Archéologie, 1965, 35-72.

[German version] (Πίκτονες; Píktones). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, afterwards Aquitania, to the south of the lower Liger (Caes. B Gall. 3,11,5; 7,4,6; 75,3; 8,26,1; Plin. HN 4,108; 17,47; Str. 4,2,1; Ptol. 2,7,6), in the modern départements Vendée [1], Deux-Sèvres [2] and Vienne [3]. The P., known from the 2nd cent. AD as Pictavi (CIL XIII 7297; Notitia Galliarum 13,6; Amm. Marc. 15,11,13), were neighboured by the Namnetes on the north-west, the Bituriges Cubi on the east, the Lemovices on the south east and the Santones on the south west. In 56 BC,…

(Λύκαια; Lýkaia). Name of two towns in northwestern Arcadia, both also attested in the form of the name Λυκόα/ Lykóa, belonging to Megale Polis. [German version] [1] L. in the region of the Maenalii L. in the region of the Maenalii in the upper reaches of the Helisson (Paus. 8,3,4; 27,3; 30,1; 36,7), possibly identifiable with Palaiokastro between Arachova and Karteroli in the southeast of the plain of Davia. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [2] L. in the region of the Parrhasii L. in the region of the Parrhasii on the northern slope of the Lycaeum west of the confluenc…

[German version] (Ῥοδανός/ Rhodanós). The biggest and, at 812 km, the second longest river in Gaul (Gallia), modern Rhône, with an extremely fertile drainage basin of 99,000 km2, navigable up to and above Lugdunum (for an unsuccessful attempt to connect the R. and the Rhenus/Rhine by means of a canal, cf. Tac. Ann. 13,53), an important axis of commerce with trade centres at Massalia (Marseilles), Arelate (Arles) and Lugdunum (Lyon) between the Mediterranean (Mare Nostrum) and the interior of Gaul. It rises near the spr…

[German version] (Κάναθος; Kánathos). The spring in which, according to Argive legend, Hera bathed once a year to restore her virginity (Paus. 2,38,2); probably the large spring in the monastery of Hagia Moni, 2 km east of Nauplia. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography J. G. Frazer, Pausanias's Description of Greece 3, 21913, 304f.

[German version] Tribe on the western bank of the lower Sequana in the Gallia Celtica, later in the Gallia Lugdunensis. In Caesar's time they were part of the civitates Aremoricae. Main settlement: Noviomagus, modern Lisieux. Attestation: Caes. B Gall. 3,9; 7,75; Str. 4,1,14; 3,5; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol. 2,8,2; 5. Inscr.: CIL III 3177-3182. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography C. Lemaitre, Noviomagus Lexoviorum, in: R. Bedon (ed.), Les villes de la Gaule lyonnaise (Caesarodunum 30), 1996, 133-166.

[German version] (Μακαρέαι; Makaréai). Town west of Megale Polis, belonging to its region, in the plain to the left of the Alpheius, in ruins at the time of Pausanias (8,3,3; 27,4; 36,9); remains not known. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Νηρίς/ Nērís). Settlement in the territory of Cynuria [1] in the eastern Peloponnese, possibly at modern Kato Doliana [1. 122-124; 2. 75-79] (Paus. 2,38,6; Stat. Theb. 4,46). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Pritchett 3 2 Pritchett 4.

[German version] (Ἁλιεῖς, Ἁλιαί; Halieîs, Haliaí). Harbour town on the Bay of Porto Cheli in the Argolis, founded by exiles from  Tiryns, instigated by Hermione, shortly after 479 BC (Hdt. 7,137). The remains of the ancient city, partially sunken into the sea, were found opposite the modern town on a small cape dominating the harbour entrance. H. was probably destroyed at the end of the 4th cent. BC. References: Scyl. 52; Str. 8,6,11; Paus. 2,36,1 (Ἁλίκη). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography B. Bergquist, Primary or Secondary Temple Function: the Case of H., in: OpAth 18, 1990, 23-37 M. H…

[German version] Principal city of the Veneti in the Gallia Lugdunensis, today known as Vannes, on the Gulf of Morbihan. Documentary evidence: Ptol. 2,8,6; Tab. Peut. ( Dartoritum); Not. Galliarum 3,8 ( civitas Venetum). A prosperous city during the Roman imperial period, D. was protected by a city wall during the troubled times of the 3rd cent., a wall which, as indicated by the remains, only enclosed part of D. Inscription.: CIL 13, 3140f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography L. Pape, La Bretagne romaine, 1995.

[German version] (Λυρκεία, Λύρκειον; Lyrkeía, Lýrkeion). Settlement c. 12 km north-west of Argos in the Inachus valley (Paus. 2,25,4f.; Str. 6,2,4), located either on the site of the ruins of Skala, or on the site of the modern Lyrkeia (formerly Kato Belesi), or east of the modern Sterna on the left bank of the Inachus. The pre-Homeric city was probably sited near Melissi (Mycenaean necropolis). Following Argos' rise, L. remained a politically dependent kṓmē . According to Str. 8,6,7 [1. 70], the river Inachus [2] rose from the mountain range also n…

(Ἑλίκη; Helíkē). [German version] [1] City in Achaea This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Natural catastrophes City on the plain of Aegium in Achaea between the mouths of the Selinus and the Cerynitis (modern Buphusia) with the famous sanctuary of Poseidon Helikonios. H. took part in the Ionian and wider Greek colonization (founding of Sybaris, Str. 6,1,13-15) and in the classical period was the main headquarters of the Achaean League with the league sanctuary of Homarion. In 373 BC H. was…

[German version] A Celtic people northeast of the Allobroges in the valley of the upper Rhodanus (Rhône) from the Lacus Lemanus (Lake of Geneva) to the Rhone glacier, where the Veragri, the Seduni and the Uberi were also settled. Together with these at the beginning of Roman rule they formed a confederation as part of the province of  Alpes Graiae et Poeninae ( quattuor civitates Poeninae: CIL XII 147). Their capital was Tarnaiae (modern Massongex). They gave their name to the modern town of Nantua ( D épartement of Ain). Further sources: Caes. BG 3,1,6; 4,10,3; Str. 4,6,6: Ναντουᾶται/ Nantou…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine (Λέρνη; Lérnē, modern Myli). Settlement 40 stadia ( c. 7 km) south of Argus with a sacred grove, bordered by the rivers Pontinos in the north and Amymone in the south, with about a dozen rich springs, which are personified in the legend of the Lernaean Hydra [1]. The lake to the west of the Argive Plain (the ‘Halcyonian Pool’, which was considered to be bottomless and the entrance to Underworld) has existed since the Neolithic; …

[German version] (Modern La Guerche/Nièvre). City of Gallia Celtica in the region of the  Arverni, later of Aquitania, east of Elaver, south of Aquae Bormonis. The  Boii settled in G. in 58 BC, after the defeat of the Helvetii in the battle against Caesar. G. became Boiorum oppidum (Caes. B Gall. 7,9,6). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography H. Bigeard, A. Bouthier, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 58 (Nièvre), 1996.

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Caesar | Christianity | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Colonization | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars (Μασσαλία/ Massalía, Latin Massilia), modern Marseilles. [German version] A. Founding Around 600 BC the Phocaeans founded M. ( Colonization IV.), attracted by the potential resulting from the proximity of the Rhône and the rocky bay of Lacydon for the establishment and securing of a harbour (founding legends in Aristot. fr. 549 Rose = Ath. 13,576a; Iust. 43,3,4-13). M.'s early top…

[German version] (Ὁμάριον/ Homárion, Ἁμάριον/ Hamárion). Sanctuary of Zeus near Helice (Pol. 5,93,10 and Str. 8,7,3; 7,5; Syll.3 490, [1]), centre of the Achaean League, after the destruction of Helice (373 BC) in the possession of Aegium. Its location cannot be pinpointed in spite of several finds of inscriptions north-west of Aegium [2; 3; 4; 5. 191-193]. Not to be confused with Homagyrion in Paus. 7,24,2. But cf. the Achaean sanctuary of Zeus Homarios in lower Italy (Pol. 2,39,6) [6]. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. Aymard, Le Zeus fédéral achaien Hamarios-Homarios,…

[German version] (Φαισάνα; Phaisána). Town on the river Alpheus (Pind. Ol. 6,34f.) in the district of Pisatis (Istrus FGrH 334 F 41; Didymus, schol. Pind. Ol. 6, 55a); Phaesana is possibly identifiable as Phrixa. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography F. Carinci, s.v. Elide, EAA 2. Suppl. 2, 1994, 450.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Commerce (Πιτάνα/ Pitána, Πιτάνη/ Pitánē). District of Sparta (Pind. Ol. 6,28; Hdt. 3,55; Paus. 3,16,9; Plut. Mor. 601b) west and southwest of the acropolis, preferred as a residential area: even Menelaus [1] is supposed to have lived there (Eur. Tro. 112ff.; Paus. 3,14,6). The grave monument of the royal family of the Agiads (Paus. 3,14,2ff.) also lay there. With Mesoa, Cynosura, Limnae and Amyclae, P. was one of the five villages to form the foundling polis Sparta. P. formed one of the divisions (ὠβά/ ōbá) of the Spartan cit…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Colonization | Batavian Revolt (Ἀντίπολις; Antípolis). Harbour town in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Antibes, inhabited from the 10th cent. BC, a colony of  Massalia in the territory of the Deciates, opposite of Nicaea (thus its name: Str. 4,1,5; 9. Plin. HN 3,5,34). In 154 BC, A. was harried by the  Ligures, and called for Rome to help: Pol. 33,7,2. Greek and Latin inscriptions: IG XIV, 2424-30; CIL XII 165-246 [1]. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 A. Chastagnol, Inscr. lat. de Narbonnaise 2, 1992. J. Clergues, A…

[German version] People in Aquitaine between the Elusates and the Ausci (only in Caes. B Gall. 3,27). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] Fortified high-altitude settlement ( oppidum?) between Béziers and Narbonne on a hill c. 120 m high, well protected by steep slopes to the north and to the east; it ruled a plain surrounded by ponds and crossed by an important traffic route between the Iberian and Italian peoples. Three settlement phases are documented by ceramic finds (end of 6th cent. BC ─ end of 1st cent. AD). The second phase ( c. 425-220 BC) includes the building of a city wall (4th cent.), and of the necropolis with its numerous Celtic finds; there is evidence of trading relati…

[German version] (Λουσοί/ Lousoí; ethnicon inscription Λουσιάτας/ Lousiátas; literary also Λουσιεύς, Λουσεύς probably after the Attic demoticon). Town in northern Arcadia between Cynaetha and Cleitor near modern Chamakou (at a height of about 1,000 m), sanctuary of Artemis Hemera, Hemerasia games. The sanctuary lies in the foothills of Chelmos southwest of modern Ano-L. and Kato-L. above a small plain in the south. Building remains only from the 4th-3rd cents. BC (propylaea, bouleuterion, Doric temple)…

[German version] A. Land and population in pre-Roman times G. comprises the most western part of the European rump, between the Rhine, the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic. Five large river-systems supply the land with water: the Garumna (Garonne) in the south-west, the Liger (Loire) in the centre and the west, the Sequana (Seine) in the north, the Mosa (Maas) with a tributary of the Rhine, the Mosella (Mosel), in the north-east, and the most important water vein, the Rhodanus (Rhôn…

[German version] (Μύρσινος; Mýrsinos). Town of the Epeii tribe in Elis (Hom. Il. 2,616). According to Str. 8,3,10, Myrtoúntion it was 70 stades to the north of the town of Elis on the coast (cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.). There is a debate surrounding its identification with a fortress on Cape Araxus in the northwest of the Peloponnese [1. 17-19]. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 B. Sergent, Sur les frontières de l'Élide aux hautes époques, in: REA 80, 1978, 16-35.

(Καρμάνωρ; Karmánōr). [German version] [1] Cretan seer A Cretan seer and priest of purification, as such closely connected with  Apollo, the god of ritual purification, and with Delphi, his centre of cult worship. He purifies Apollo and Artemis after the killing of the snake  Python (in Tarrha, Phaestus or Dion on Crete, Paus. 2,30,3; Euseb. Praep. evang. 5,31); in his house Apollo loves the nymph Acacallis who becomes mother of the founding heroes of the Cretan city Elyrus (on the myth of abandonment …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ῥύπες/ Rhýpes). Town in Achaea (Achaeans, Achaea [1], with map), probably to be identified with the few ancient remains (including traces of Mycenaean settlement [2. 123-127; 3. 35]) on the plateau of Trapeza at Koumaris, c. 6 km southwest of Aegium. The find sites on the fortified hill on the left bank of the Phoenix, c. 8 km northwest of Aegium [1. 193, 417-418] and on the right bank of the Tholopotamus, 5.2 km north west of Aegium, have also been suggested. With eleven other ci…

[German version] Tribe in south-western Gaul on the middle Garumna (Caes. B Gall. 7,7,2; 46,5; Str. 4,2,2; Ptol. 2,7,14: Νιτιόβριγες/ Nitióbriges; Tab. Peut. 2,4f.; Sid. Apoll. Epist. 2,11,1: Nisiobroges) where they settled during the 4th cent. BC. Their neighbours to the north were the Bituriges Vivisci and the Cadurci, to the east were the Cadurci and Ruteni, to the south the Volcae Tectosages and the Ausci (to the river Tarnis, CIL XIII p. 117; Plin. HN 4,109) and to the west there were the Vasates. The capital of the N. was Aginnum (modern Agen). Originally amici populi Romani (‘friends…

[German version] [1] City in southern Messenia This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Φαραί/ Pharaí, Φηραί/ Phēraí). City in southern Messenia (Str. 8,4,4f.; 5,8; 7,5; Paus. 4,30,2-31,1; Ptol. 3,16,8 (Φεραί/ Pheraí); Steph. Byz. s.v. Φ.; [1. 181]), modern Kalamata. In Homer (Hom. Il. 5,543; 9,151; 293) one of the seven cities Agamemnon promised Achilles [2], Spartan perioikoi city. In 394 BC its territory was devastated by Conon [1] (Xen. Hell. 4,8,7; Nep. Conon 1), made a part of the territory of Messana [2] by Philip [4] II at …

(Ἴναχος; Ínachos; etymology unresolved). [German version] [1] Progenitor of the Argive royal house Son of  Oceanus and of  Tethys, who gave the main river of  Argus [II] and of  Argolis their names (schol. Eur. Or. 932). First king of Argus (Acusilaus, FGrH 2 F 23c) and progenitor of the Argive kings and heroes (‘Inachids’: Eur. IA 1088). In the argument between Poseidon and Hera about Argus, I. decides in favour of the goddess and introduces her cult, which causes Poseidon to dry up his river (Paus. 2,15,4-…

(Ἀμύκλαι; Amýklai). [German version] [1] Pre-Greek settlement This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Dark Ages | Aegean Koine Pre-Greek settlement on and at the foot of the hills bearing the chapel of Agia Kyriaki, inhabited from the early Helladic to the imperial Roman period (Paus. 3,18,6-19,6; IG V 1, 515), c. 5 km south of  Sparta near the modern Tsausi. In historical times, it was a ὠβή ( ōbḗ) of Sparta with its own ephors and other officials (cf. Syll.3 932). The region seems to have reached its peak in the 7th/6th cent. BC. From the late Mycenaean period, it housed a sa…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Limes | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome City in Gallia Narbonensis on the right bank of the lower Atax in the territory of the Volcae Arecomici (Strab. 4,1,12), modern Narbonne. In the pre-Roman period there was a settlement here on the mythical road of Heracles from Spain to the Rhône. From the 6th cent. BC, 4 km from N., there was an oppidum on the Montlaurès Hill, which was known by the name of Naro (Avien. 587; [1]). The lagoon between…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars | Arcadians, Arcadia | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Τεγέα/ Tegéa). [1] Town in the eastern Arcadian plateau [German version] I. Location Important town in the south of the eastern Arcadian plateau (Arcadians, Arcadia, with map; Str. 8,8,2; Paus. 8,44,1-53,11; Ptol. 3,16,19; Plin. HN. 4,20.; [1]), whose vast area lay between the present-day villages of Hagios Sostis, Episkopi and Alea. The rich, fertile, loamy …

[German version] Powerful Celtic people (Pol. 2,17,4; Str. 5,1,6; according to Liv. 5,34,9 the district of the Haedui), of a simple lifestyle (Pol. loc. cit.), in Upper Italy to the east of the Salassi (Ptol. 3,1,34) and Libici (Ptol. 3,1,36) and west of the  Cenomanni [3] (Ptol. 3,1,33; Pol. 2,17,4; Str. 5,1,9) and the river Clusius (Κλούσιος, Pol. 2,32,4) with their main settlement at Mediolan(i)um (Liv. 5,34,9; Plin. HN 3,124; Str. 5,1,6). Other towns of the Insubres (Ptol. 3,1,33): Comum, Tici…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Coloniae | Doric Migration | Dark Ages | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Commerce | Achaeans, Achaea | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Rome | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κόρινθος; Kórinthos, Corinthus, the modern Corinth). [German version] I. Position The city lies on the second and third terraces above the coastal plain (40-95 m above sea level), c. 2 km from the coast; its original location was presumably on a delta originating from the time c. …

[German version] (Πετροκόριοι; Petrokórioi). Tribe of Gallia Celtica (later Aquitania), on both banks of the Duranus (Dordogne) in what is now the Périgord (Str. 4,2,2 mentions the Petrokórioi among the 14 tribes of Aquitania between Garumna and Liger; Ptol. 2,7,9: Πετροκόριοι καὶ πόλις Οὐέσσουνα/ Petrokórioi kaì pólis Ouéssouna). Their neighbours to the north west were the Santoni, to the west the Bituriges Vivisci, to the south the Nitiobriges, to the south east the Cadurci and to the north east the Lemovices (Plin. HN 4,109; Not. Galliaru…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Education / Culture (Πελλήνη/ Pellḗnē, Πελλάνα/ Pellána, ethnic name Πελληνεύς/ Pellēneús, Πελλανεύς/ Pellaneús). Town in the easternmost part of Achaea (Achaeans, with map), to the west of Sicyon (Paus. 7,26,12-27,12). From the Mycenaean Period (place name pre-Greek., Hom. Il. 2,574) onwards and into the 7th/6th cents. BC, P. was possibly located on the site of the kṓmē of the same name mentioned in Str. 8,7,5 . The town found itself in lengthy quarrels with Sicyon (POxy. 11,1365; 1…

(Argives; Ἀργολίς, Ἀργεῖοι; Argolís, Argeîoi). By modern common practice collective name for the north-eastern region of the  Peloponnese, consisting of the Argive plains and its fringes and the mountainous Argolic Acte. In ancient times, too, the term A. was used in the modern sense, parallel with the more common form of the ethnic Ἀργεῖα ( Argeîa), which was mostly exclusively restricted to the territory of  Argos (Plut. Ages. 31). In its landscape and climate, the entire region is part of the arid zone of eastern Greece (πολυδίψιον Ἄργος: Hom. Il…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Limes | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome | Batavian Revolt (modern Lyons). [German version] A. Name Oldest, purely Celtic form on a silver coin from 42 BC. Lugudunon, Latin Lugudunum; Ptol. 2,8,17: Λούγδουνον/ Loúgdounon. Cass. Dio 46,50,5 mentions Λουγούδουνον/ Lougoúdounon as the oldest form and Λούγδουνον as the usual form in his time. The meaning of the first part of the word is controversial [1. 30, 38]: from Lug, the name of a Celtic deity or from λοῦγος/ loûgos, according to Clei…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Coloniae | Dark Ages | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Oracles | Peloponnesian War | Pilgrimage (Πάτραι/ Pátrai, ethnicon usually Πατρεύς/ Patreús, Latin Patrae, ethnicon Patrensis). [German version] I. Topography Town in western Achaea, with an important harbour, still known as P. today (on the name see [1]), created by synoikismós from seven villages (δῆμοι/ dḗmoi) (Str. 8,3,2; [2. 89-95, 120f.; 3; 4]). Unlike the modern town, P. was not on the coastal plain, but on the first, low rise above it…

[German version] Celtic-Ligurian tribe in Gallia Narbonensis in the area of the modern French department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence with capital Alebaece (Plin. HN 3,36, cf. Str. 4,6,4: Ἀλβίοικοι/ Albíoikoi; Caes. B Civ. 1,34,4; 56,2; 2,2,6: Albici; modern Riez) [1] at the foot of the hill of Saint-Maxime between Forum Iulii (modern Fréjus) and Aquae [III 5] Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence), constituted beginning in Augustus' time as colonia Iulia Augusta Apollinaris Reiorum, with quattuorviri, aediles, flamen Romae et Augusti and pontifex (cf. inscriptions CIL XII 351;…

(Κερύνεια; Kerýneia). [German version] [1] Town in Achaea (Arcadian Καρύνεια; Karýneia). Inland town in Achaea (Peloponnese), not originally listed amongst the 12 cities of the Achaean Confederacy in Hdt. 1,145 and Str. 8,7,4. According to Str. 8,7,5, C.'s location was high up in the mountains between Bura and the sea. For a long time, C. was identified with remains found above the village of Rizomylo and the coastal road near the modern Keryneia. Following on from Wilhelm, Meyer suggested to localize the…