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This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | | Rome | Rome (Βάρις; Báris). Peucetian harbour town (Βάριον, Atbaris: schol. Hor. Sat. 1,5,97; Beroes: It. Burd. 609,15; cf. Liv. 40,18; Str. 5,3,8), founded by Illyrians (Plin. HN 3,102) or by emigrants from Barra (Fest. s.v.), at the junction of the via Traiana and the coastal road (Hor. Sat. 1,5,96-97), modern Bari. Flourished between the 6th and 4th cents. BC (cf. the rich necropolis outside the town to the south, close to the coast). Municipium of the tribus Claudia (inscriptions: IG XIV 687; C…

[German version] (δισύπατος; dis(h)ýpatos). Middle-ranking administrator within the Byzantine bureaucracy, first recorded in 804 [1. 153*, 39]. The title of a dishypatus was given to judges and administrators. Of frequent occurrence from the 12th cent. on; after 1178 exclusively as a family name.…

[German version] Brief local chronicle, original version from the 10th cent. AD. Mainly concerned with Patras, it tells of the founding of Monemvasia (southeastern Peloponnese) as a retreat settlement, of the conquest of western and centra…

This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Wine | | Coloniae | Commerce | Italy, languages | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Regio, regiones (Βρενδέσιον, Βρεντήσιον; Brendésion, Brentḗsion, modern Brindisi). Important Iapygian-Messapian harbour town (Hdt. 4,99) in agro Sallentino (Liv. per. 19), eastern terminus of the via Appia (cf. Hor. Sat. 1,5). [German version] A. Greek and Roman period Ancient historians assumed a connection between the name of the town and the Messapian βρένδον, ( bréndon, ‘deer’) or βρέντιον ( bréntion, ‘deer's head’), based on the theory that the toponym was derived from the shape of the harbour (together with the town's centre) [5. 39f.; 6. 396-401]. Finds from Punta Le Terrare and in Torre S. Sabina date from the Mycenaean period [3. 22]. The settlement was supposedly founded by Cretans from Cnossus under the leadership of Theseus, or, alternatively, by Siculi under Iapyx, or by Aetolians under Diomedes [2. 838]. Finds from the necropolis of Tor Pisana attest to a small Greek settlement fo…

(Δημήτριος; Dēmḗtrios). Well-known personalities: the Macedonian King D. [2] Poliorketes; the politician and writer D. [4] of Phalerum; the Jewish-Hellenistic chronographer D. [29]. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] Officer under Alexander the Great Officer under Alexander [4], fought at Gaugamela as commander of a troop ( ile) of  Hetairoi and in India he commanded a hipparchy. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 256. …

(Ἀμώνιος; Ammónios). [German version] [1] Favourite of  Alexander [II 13] I (Balas), middle of the 2nd cent. BC …

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(ἀναγνώστης; anagnṓstēs). [German version] [1] see  Lector Makris, Georgios (Bochum) [German version] [2] Lector, member of the lower byzantine Clerus The anagnostes ( lector), in the Byzantine period…

[German version] A. Roman period Roman double province (after Diocletian, 284-305, only Bithynia) with  Nicomedia as its capital. In 74 BC the death of Nicomedes IV [2;7]; M. Iunius Iuncus, proconsul Asiae, is given the task of securing the kingdom as a Roman province; in the autumn of 74 the province of Bithynia is conferred upon the incumbent consul M.  Aurelius Cotta and Asia and B. established as a unitary customs zone (SEG 39, 1180 = AE 1989, 681 [1;4]). The 3rd Mithridatic war began in early 73 [2; 4; 7; 8]; Mithridate…

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[German version] (Καυκάσιον ὄρος; Kaukásion óros, Hdt. 3,97; Καύκασον ὄρος; Kaúkason óros, App. praef. 4, App. Mith. 103; καυκάσια ὄρη, Str. 11,2,1; Caucasii/Caucasei montes, Plin. HN 5,98; 6,47; Mela 1,15; 1,19; Geogr. Rav. 2,20). First mentioned at Aesch. PV 422; 719 (πόλισμα καυκάσου, καύκασον); the name has been retained until today. High mountain range (1,100 km long, up to 60 km wide) between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that separated the world of the northern steppe peoples (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alania…

[German version] (Χαλκιδική; Chalkidikḗ). The name C., used today for the entire peninsula with its three extended fingers, in antiquity referred only to the area occupied by the Chalcidians on Sithonia and its hinterland, which they probably settled before the great period of Greek colonization (middle of the 8th cent. BC). The coastal towns are first mentioned by name at the time of Xerxes' march, and later, together with inland towns, as members of the Athenian League. In 432 the majority secede…

[German version] Title of the collection of the entire Christian hagiographical corpus. 68 volumes ordered according to the calendar (1 Jan. - 10 Nov.), as we…

[German version] High ecclesiastical office, one of the five or six deacons responsible for the administration of the patriarchate of Constantinople. As an archivist and librarian, the C. was as a rule highly cultured; he had access to forbidden writings and administrated the library of the patriarchate, which was probably the most important collection of ancient Greek writings during the high Middle Ages. Georgios  Choiroboskos -- besides other 8th-10th cent. incumbents -- rendered outstanding services to the conservation of the cultural heritage of the ancient world.…

Makris, Georgios (Bochum) [German version] A. From 1453 to the 18th Cent. (CT) Soon after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman advance stimulated interest among the scholars of Central Europe in Byzantine …

[German version] Followers of a doctrine, taught by the half-legendary priest Bogumil (Greek ‘Theophilus’, ‘loved by God’ [1]), that spread through Bulgaria in the 10th cent. and lat…

[German version] The Middle Greek counterparts of the chronica minora of late antiquity offer hardly any possibility of distinguishing between an original breviarium, a summary of a more substantial historical work ( epitomḗ) and a short chronicle (e.g. [1]). No  annals in the strict sense o…

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[German version] Sophist and rhetorician from the school of Gaza in the 1st half of the 6th cent.; pupil and successor of Procopius of Gaza. Two enkṓmia to bishop Marcianus (Or. 1 and 2 Foerster/Richtsteig) incorporate ekphráseis of two churches inaugurated by the bishop, together with their paintings. Thus C. is first to apply the tools of pagan rhetoric to Christian objects. He made two further eulogies to prominent individuals, dux Aratios and the archon Stephanus (Or. 3) as well as general Summos (Or. 4); two wedding addresses to his pupil Zacharias (Or. 5) as wel…

[German version] [I] Office (ἄρχοντες, ἄρχων; árchontes, árchōn). In general, the term applied to all holders of   archai …