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Kolakretai
(175 words)
[German version] (κωλακρέται;
kōlakrétai). The etymological meaning of
kolaketrai (from κωλᾶς and ἀγρεῖν) might be ‘thigh collector’ (for sacrificial purposes?). In Athens,
kolaketrai were a group of ten financial officials.
Kolaketrai existed already in Solon's time ([Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 7,3) and are attested in the 5th cent. BC as officials who issued payments from the central state treasury. Since access to the treasury implied a particularly great danger of corruption, they did not ser…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Synhedrion
(598 words)
(συνέδριον/
syn(h)édrion, lit. 'sitting together'). [German version] I. Greek Term used for various kinds of meetings and of bodies capable of holding meetings. Thus in Athens it can be used of the Areopagus and the Council (Boule) of Five Hundred (Aeschin. In Ctes. 19–20), of the archons (Archontes) and their paredroi (Dem. Or. 59,83), or of any official doing business in his place of business (Lys. 9,6; 9,9). There are several particular uses of the term. Many individual states called their council synhedrion (e.g. Corinth 4th cent., Diod. Sic.16,65,6–8; Elate…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Bureaucracy
(1,086 words)
[German version] I. General The term bureaucracy has no roots in the political terminology of antiquity, but is a modern French-Greek hybrid formation (Old Fr. ‘bure’, ‘burrel’ from Lat.
burra). Bureaucracy refers -- also in a critical sense -- to specific organizational structures of modern states [1]. As an ‘ideal type’ in Max Weber's definition, bureaucracy in general terms refers to a special form of legal rulership: its rulers employ officials in their administration, who -- in full-time salaried positions with a clear career structure -- carry out certain specific official duties (strictly separate from their private spheres), in accordance with an order of competence, an offic…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Nomothetai
(694 words)
[German version] (νομοθέται;
nomothétai, ‘lawmakers’). Officials responsible for compiling or enacting legislation. A text from Corcyra seemingly indicates that the
nomothétai there compiled and recorded the final version of a decision taken in principle by the popular assembly (IMagn 44). In Cyme [3], a decision by the popular assembly had to be submitted by the law's proponent (
eisagōgeús ) to a ‘tribunal of
nomothetai ’(
nomothetikòn dikastḗrion (IK 5,12). If it is assumed that Thucydides (8,97,2) used the term correctly, then
nomothétai were appointed in Athens in the p…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Tetrakosioi
(464 words)
(οἱ τετρακόσιοι/
hoi tetrakósioi, 'the four hundred'). A group of 400 Athenians, assigned to political tasks as a council (see 1), or usurping those same tasks (see 2). [German version] [1] Under Solon A 'probouleutic' council in Athens consisting of 100 members from each of the four (Ionian) tribes (Phyle[1]), created by Solon in 594/3 BC to advise the ekklesia (Ath. Pol. 8,4, Plut. Sol. 19,1 f.). Its existence has been doubted, but probably mistakenly [5. 92-96]. It was replaced after 508/7 BC by Cleisthenes' council of five hundred [1; 2. 153-156]. Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) [German version] …
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Koinon
(996 words)
(κοινόν;
koinón). [German version] I. General In the Greek world,
koinon may refer to any type of ‘community’. As a political term,
koinon is used, on the one hand, for small units (such as the interior divisions of a polis or of a community dependent on a polis) (e.g. Mycenae, referred to as a
kṓmē of Argus, SEG 3,312; in Rhodes, demes or parts of demes may be called
koiná, e.g. IK RhodPer [IK, inscription of the Rhodian Peraea] 201; IG XII 3,1270), a…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sympoliteia
(417 words)
[German version] (συμπολιτεία/
sympoliteía, 'joint citizenship'). The verb
sympoliteúein is used from the late fifth cent. onwards to denote the merging of separate communities in a single state, similar to synoikismos; e.g. Thuc. 6,4,1; Xen. Hell. 5,2, where the states threatened with incorporation in the Chalcidian koinon contrast
sympoliteúein (5,2,12) with
autopolítai eînai, ‘being autonom…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Demokratia
(1,075 words)
[German version] (δημοκρατία;
dēmokratía, ‘people-power’) the standard Greek term for a form of government in which power resides with the many rather than with the few (
oligarchía) or with a single man (
monarchía). That threefold classification is first found in Pindar's
Pythia (2,86-88), perhaps of 468 BC; it is used by Herodotus, in his debate about constitutions, set at the 6th-cent. Persian court (3,80-84)…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lot, election by
(2,381 words)
(Greek κλῆρος/
klêros , Lat.
sors). I. Political [German version] A. Greece The lot was used especially in democracies, but not only in such, as a means to distribute office among those who were equally eligible, rather than appointing the best candidate under the circumstances. For Athens, the Aristotelian
Athenaion Politeia states that Solon introduced the selection of the archons by lot from a short list of pre-selected candidates ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 8,1; but differing: Aristot. Pol. 2,1273b 35-1274a 3; 1274a 16-17; 3,1281b 25-34). In the…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sitesis
(218 words)
[German version] (σίτησις/
sítēsis). Provision of food at public expense, on a particular occasion or regularly. There were three categories of recipients [5.308f.]: (a) Officials had the right of
sitesis during their term of office; in Athens the
prytáneis ate in the
tholos (Ath. Pol. 43,3), and secretaries (
grammateîs ) and other officials ate with them [1.7-20] (these officials are called
aeísitoi , 'regular eaters'; [1.86,84]). The archons (árchontes) ate in the
thesmotheteîon (Schol. Plat. Phd. 235d; location unknown). (b) Recipients of major honours were given…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Dioiketes
(83 words)
[German version] (διοικητής;
dioikētḗs). In Ptolemaic Egypt as well as in other parts of the Greek world, the word
dioíkēsis was used to designate the administration in general and the financial administration in particular. The title of
dioiketes was held by the official in charge of the king's financial administration (see, for instance, OGIS 59; Cic. Rab. Post. 28). Local financial officials may also have held this title (Pol. 27,13,2 with Walbank, Commentary on Polybius, ad. loc.). Dioikesis Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham)
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Demarchos
(417 words)
(Δήμαρχος;
Dḗmarchos). Holder of office with political and/or religious duties in Greek communities. Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) [German version] I. Greece until late antiquity (1) In Athens the
demarchos was the highest office-holder in each of the 139 demes ( Demos [2]), into which Cleisthenes had divided the polis ([Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 54,8). By no later than the 4th cent. BC the
demarchos was elected by lot in each
dḗmo…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Euthynai
(257 words)
[German version] (εὔθυναι;
eúthynai). The term
euthynai (‘straightening out’) was used specifically in reference to the audits of the official conduct of administrators after their departure from office. In Athens, this procedure was split into two parts: on the one hand, there was the
lógos (‘statement of accounts’), which looked into the way officials handled public funds, carried out by a committee of ten
logistaí (‘…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Ekklesia
(1,051 words)
(ἐκκλησία;
ekklēsía). Assembly of the adult male citizens, which was entitled to the ultimate decision-making authority in the Greek states. At times also called
(h)ēliaía (with differences due to dialect) or
agorá. The frequency of meetings, the areas of authority, the degree to which independent actions were restricted by the officials' and/or the council's realm of authority, and the number of members of the
ekklesia varied depending on the type of the political organisation; thus, oligarchies can exclude the poor from the
ekklesia by requiring a minimum of wealth. In the Homeric…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Prohedria
(286 words)
[German version] (προεδρία/
pro(h)edría). The right to occupy a place in the front row in institutions of various kinds; it was conferred by the state on prominent fellow citizens and visitors and is recorded for many
poleis. In the 6th cent. BC
pro(h)edría was bestowed by Delphi on Croesus of Lydia (Hdt. 1,54,2), and Olympia gave it to a Spartan
próxenos (SEG 11, 1180a). In Athens among the recipients of
pro(h)edría were the oldest living descendents of Harmodius and Aristogiton (Isaeus 5,47); Demosthenes [2] provided the ambassadors of Philip [4] II of Macedonia with
pro(h)edría at the…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Phoros
(1,696 words)
(φόρος/
phóros, plural
phóroi, 'tribute', 'contribution', from
phérein, 'carry', 'take', 'bring'). [German version] A. Definition
Phóroi were payments by states to a superior power or to an organization to which they belonged. In particular
phoros was the term for the financial contri…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly