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[German version] Illyrian. In AD 544, with the rank of ἄρχων ( árchōn; dux?) per Illyricum under Vitalis he was the defender of Bononia (Bologna) against the Goths, and in 551 took part in action against plundering by the Slavs in the Balkan peninsula. PLRE 3, 936f. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[German version] Leader of a Thracian troupe of horsemen under  Belisarius against the Persians in AD 530. Since about 539, together with him magister militum per Orientem, he undertook the campaigns against the Persians in 541 and 542. According to Procopius, Historia arcana (reliable source?), he was recalled in 542 supposedly because of high treason, and was incarcerated for more than two years. In 554, he saved an army under general Bessas in Lazica (Colchis) from annihilation by the Persians. It is highly likely that he is identica…

[German version] (πρωτασηκρήτις/ prōtasēkrḗtis). Byzantine term for the office of chief of the imperial secretaries (singular ἀσηκρήτις/ asēkrḗtis, from Latin a secretis), used in the 6th-12th centuries AD. ODB 3, 1742. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[German version] (Ἑλικώνιος; Helikṓnios). From Byzantium, chronicler, known only from the Suda, wrote a χρονικὴ ἐπιτομή ( chronikḕ epitomḗ) from Adam up to emperor Theodosius I (Suda E 851). The Suda (A 3215 and 3868) quotes one note each from the chronicle on the lives of Apion and Arrian. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography PLRE 1, 411 [Heliconius] G. Wirth, Helikonios der Sophist, in: Historia 13, 1964, 506-509.

[German version] Mētrópolis (μητρόπολις) in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt; in AD 640, it was defended by the dux Domentianus who was attacked by Amr, the commander of the Arabian-Islamic troops, in the spring of 641. He fled and his army was wiped out at N. PLRE 3, 408f. (Domentianus). Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[German version] Isaurian, East Roman general, honorary consul AD 484; fought against the Vandals in 468; he followed Illus to Antioch in 481, and died in 484 having taken part in Illus' uprising against Emperor Zeno. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography PLRE 2, 728f. Nr. 2 Stein, Spätröm. R. 1, 577f.

[German version] B.I, born in AD 850/53, margrave of Friaul, grandson of Louis the Pious. Following Charles III's deposition in Tribur by Arnulf of Carinthia, B.I was installed as King of Italy in January of 888 in Pavia, but struggled for years with rivals (Wido and Lambert of Spoleto; Louis of Provence). In 915, he was crowned emperor by the Pope in agreement with Byzantium; in 924 he was murdered in Verona. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography LMA 1, 1933 R. Hiestand, Byzanz und das Regnum Italicum, 1964

[German version] (σιλεντιάριοι; silentiárioi). Guards at the Imperial Roman courts instituted by Constantine (Constantinus [1]  I) that were named after the ceremonial silence surrounding the emperor. They were subordinate to the imperial chamberlain ( praepositus sacri cubiculi). From AD 437, 30 silentiarii are documented under three decuriones at the court of Constantinople. Their rank within the court hierarchy continued to rise until the 6th cent. after which their importance decreased. The last of the silentiarii are mentioned in sources from as late as the 12th cent. Tinnef…

[German version] One of several terms (others are e.g. adscriptio, extraordinaria munera) for special taxes levied by imperial decree in the Roman and Byzantine Empires to offset extraordinary expenses, e.g. in times of crisis, either from all or only from rich landowners. As unanticipated burdens, they were universally detested. Taxes Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography J. Karayannopulos, Das Finanzwesen des frühbyzantinischen Staates, 1958, 138-141  N. Oikonomides, s.v. Secondary Taxes, ODB 3, 1863f.

[German version] (Ζωή; Zōḗ). Empress regnant of Byzantium 21 March - 12 June AD 1042 (born 978), as the daughter of Constantinus [10] VIII (1025-1028) a descendant of the Macedonian dynasty, therefore she also legitimated the emperorship of her three husbands [2; 4]. She was presumably the bride from Byzantium intended for Otto III who did not arrive in Italy until shortly after his death on 24 January 1002. By having her first husband Romanos [4] III, imposed on her by her dying father in 1028, mu…

[German version] (Σαββάτιος/ Sabbátios). Father of the emperor Iustinianus [1] I, Illyrian, mentioned only in passing in Procop. Arc. 12,18 and Theophanes p. 183,9 de Boor. PLRE 2, 966. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[German version] Revolt against Iustinianus [1] I in Constantinople, AD 13-18. 1. 532, named after the cry of níka (νίκα, ‘be victorious!’) of the rebels in the Hippodrome. The outward reason was the decisive action of the city prefect Eudaemon against rampaging members of the so-called circus parties (‘green’ and ‘blue’, factiones ), the real cause, however, was the strict rule of the emperor, particularly his fiscalism occasioned by expensive war campaigns. The growing unrest among the citizens, further stirred up by oppositi…

[German version] Silentiarius at the court of Justinian I, Armenian, son of the proconsul of Armenia I Arsacius, who was murdered in AD 539. Participant in campaigns against the Persians, in 542 under  Belisarius, whom he supported through tactical manoeuvres at the conquest of Callinicus on the Euphrates, in 543 under Martinus, after whose defeat at Anglon in Armenia he was killed while fleeing (Proc. Pers. 2,3; 21; 24 f.). Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography Rubin 1, 340-43.

[German version] (λογοθέτης; logothétēs). Byzantine term for an office attested from the 6th cent. AD, initially for more lowly finance officers (tax collectors in the province or pay administrators in the army), and from the 7th/8th cents. for the following high offices: 1) logothetes genikoú (‘general logothetes’, i.e. logothetes of the state treasury), initially still subordinate to the sakellários but soon the highest finance officer in the empire corresponding to the earlier comes sacrarum largitionum ( comes ), 2) logothetes idikoú, successor of the comes rerum privatarum, …

[German version] (Ἡρακλωνᾶς; Hēraklōnâs). Son of the emperor  Heraclius [7] and his second wife Martina, born c. AD 626. After his father's death in 641, he was to assume the succession as a minor represented by his mother together with Heraclius' oldest son Constantinus III, but was already deposed and exiled with his mother in Sept. 641 at the instigation of the Senate. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography PLRE 3, 587f. ODB 2, 918.

[German version] (πρωτονοτάριος, Latin protonotarius). Superintendent of notarii (Greek notárioi) in Byzantine public authorities, primarily as 'state secretary' of the logothétēs toû drómou ( Logothétēs ), 9th-12th centuries. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography R. Guilland, Les logothètes, in: REByz 29, 1971, 5-115, esp. 38-40 ODB 3, 1746.

[German version] (κουροπαλάτης; kouropalátēs; from Lat. cura palatii). Initially a term for an official responsible for palace business, used for the first time by Justinianus [1] I as a higher court title for his successor Iustinus [4] II. In the period following it was mainly reserved for members of the imperial family or for foreign princes. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography ODB 2,1157 R. Guilland, Titres et fonctions de l'Empire byzantin, 1976, III.

[German version] (καθολικός; katholikós). In the early 4th cent. AD the designation of a financial supervisor in an imperial diocese, later used only in the ecclesiastical sense: in the Byzantine world, used of an abbot in charge of several monasteries, in the Christian East used of bishops and above all for ecclesiastical leaders of whole countries (Armenia, Georgia). ODB 2, 1116. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[German version] (and gloriosissimus). Unofficial epithet of the Roman emperor and of high officials in correspondence and in the intitulatio of laws, having the same meaning as the official inclitus, Greek éndoxos (ἔνδοξος), a result of translating the Greek word back into Latin. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography G. Rösch, Ὄνομα βασιλείας, 1978.

[German version] [1] Byzantine emperor, 9th cent. Byzantine emperor (AD 811), son of Nikephoros [2] I, seriously wounded in the battle against the Bulgarian Khan Krum, in which his father fell. After a short period of recognition as successor to the throne, he was succeeded by Michael [3] I. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography P. A. Hollingsworth, s.v. S., ODB 3, 1945 f. [German version] [2] Eunuch, 8th cent. AD Eunuch in the rank of a πατρίκιος/ patríkios (Patrikios), from AD 781 λογοθέτης τοῦ δρόμου/ logothétēs toû drómou (Logothetes), victorious over the Slavs in Greece i…

[German version] Originally ‘levy, tax’ (Dig. 19,1,13,6; Cod. Just. 1,51,11 and 12,52,3), from the 4th cent. AD also a term in chronology and from the 6th cent. solely used as a term in chronology. In the Imperial period Indictiones temporariae were extraordinary duties on grain. In 287 emperor  Diocletianus introduced an annual tax census that in each case involved a five-year assessment. It was initially called ἐπιγραφή ( epigraphḗ), and after 297 also indictio (ἰνδικτίων, indiktíōn). A 15-year tax cycle was introduced in 314, retroactively effective as of September…

[German version] (Φιλιππικὸς Βαρδάνης/ Philippikòs Bardánēs). Byzantine emperor (November AD 711 -June 713). Of an Armenian family at Constantinople (hence his Armenian name Bardanes), d. at Constantinople in 714/5. While participating in an expedition against Cherson, he was proclaimed emperor there under the Greek name P.B. as a rival to Iustinianus [3] II, who, while attempting to stall him on his way to Constantinople, was killed. As an adherent to Monotheletism, P.B. revoked the rulings of the 680/1 Council of Co…

[German version] (Aelia V., Greek Βηρίνη/ Bērínē). Eastern Roman empress, wife of Leo [4] I, died AD 484. After the death of her husband in 474 she initially favoured rule by the Isaurian Zeno [18], the husband of her daughter Ariadne and the father of her grandson Leo [5] II, but for a time in 475 she supported the rebellion of her brother Basiliscus against Zeno. In 478 she and Epinicus [2] tried to overthrow the powerful magister officiorum Illus; but he anticipated it and banished her to Tarsus. He was able to win her over in 484, however, to suppor…

[German version] (πατρίκιος/ patríkios, from Lat. patricius). From the time of Constantine [1] I until about the 11th cent., a court title (court titles) in the Roman-Byzantine empire for high officials and officers. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography LMA 6, 1789-1791  ODB 3, 1600  W. Heil, Der konstantinische Patriziat, 1966.

[German version] Sovereign family, ruled the Byzantine Empire for three generations (AD 820-867). Its founder Michael II (820-829) from Amorion in Phrygia asserted himself in 823 against the usurper Thomas the Slav. His son Theopilus (829-842) was the last of the iconoclast emperors (opponents of religious cult images). During his rulership the Arabs achieved a significant success in 838 by taking the fortress Amorion. Under his widow Theodora, who first ruled for her son Michael III (842-867, bor…

[German version] (σκευοφύλαξ; skeuophýlax). Clerical post in the Byzantine Church, responsible for liturgical equipment, sanctuaries and ecclesiastical ceremonies, associated with the headship of an office and highly prestigious. At major churches such as Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography P. Magdalino, A. M. Talbot, s.v. S., ODB 3, 1909f.

[German version] (Latin factiones; Greek μέρη/ mérē or, less succinctly, δῆμοι/ dêmoi; see Demos [2] C.). Modern term for the associations or clubs that from the Roman Imperial Period onwards, initially in Rome itself and later also in other cities of the Empire, organised chariot races in hippodromes ( Hippódromos [1]). They were grouped - distinguished from one another by the colours white, red, blue and green - around successful charioteers and in Late Antiquity, primarily in the East of the Roman Empire, occasionally exhibited a clear political orientation (Nika Revolt; Factiones …

[German version] (σακελλάριος/ sakellários). From the 5th cent. AD, a chamberlain at the Roman-Byzantine imperial court (Court D), from the 8th-12th cents. the senior custodian of the state finances (last reference 1196), from 1094 sometimes called mégas logariastḗs . Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography P. Schreiner, s.v. Finanzwesen, -verwaltung (A. I.f.), LMA 4, 456  P. Magdalino, s.v. Sacellarius, ODB 3, 1828 f.

[German version] (Βελισάριος; Belisários). B. (born around 500/505 in Germania near  Serdica), distinguished commander under  Iustinianus I. The main source about his life is the historical work ( Bella) which glorifies B. and thus should be read critically, written by  Procopius of Caesarea, who accompanied him on his campaigns until 540. From 529, he was mag. militum per Orientem and, in 528, he assumed leadership in the newly erupted war against the Persians. He was victorious in 530 near Dara, but suffered a crushing defeat in 531 on the Euphrates…

[German version] Flavius V., Byzantine army leader, who rebelled in AD 513 because of the lack of supplies for his troops, but also because, as a supporter of the Christology of the Synod of Calchedon (Synodos II. D.4.), he was opposed to the monophysite emperor Anastasius [1] I (Monophysitism). When in 514 V. had brought under his control Anastasius' nephew Hypatius [4], who had been sent against him with an army, he consented to free him for a large ransom and, in return for being appointed magister militum per Thracias and the emperor's backing down on the question of belief, to…

[German version] (Εἰρήνη; Eirḗnē). Byzantine empress (AD 797-802; born in Athens c. 752, died on Lesbos in 803), from 768 wife of  Leon IV; after his death in 780 regent for her underage son  Constantinus [8] VI. The Council of Nicaea in 787, convened at her instigation and conducted by Tarasius, the patriarch of her choice, arrived at a moderate reconciliation of the Byzantine image controversy ( Syrian dynasty) in favour of the cult of images. In 790 her son forced her to hand over power, but was deposed…

[German version] (so named in Marcellinus Comes) or Μοῦνδος ( Moûndos; Greek sources). Eastern Roman general, born the son of a king (Giesmus?) of the Gepidae before AD 488, died in 536, probably not identical with the Hun M. (PLRE 2, 767f.). Initially he served the Ostrogoth king Theoderic the Great until his death (in 526). In 529 he was appointed magister militum per Illyricum by the Emperor Justinian [1] I. Magister militum per Orientem in 531, he returned to his earlier position in 532. In the Nika Revolt (January 532) he and Belisarius successfully defended Justin…

[German version] Army leader in the war between the Eastern Roman empire and the Goths in Italy, recorded only in Procopius [3] (Goth. 3,10,2) under the name Βιτάλις/ Bitális as magister militum per Illyricum c. AD 539-544. PLRE 3, 1380 f., no. 1 (s. v. Vitalius). Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[German version] [1] see Musonianus see Musonianus Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) [German version] [2] Eastern Roman official, 6th cent. AD (Strategios). Eastern Roman official, praef. Augustalis at Alexandria c. AD 518-523, received the title patrikios by 530 at the latest, and was head of the exchequer ( comes sacrarum largitionum) from AD 535 to c. 538. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography PLRE 2, 1034-1036, Nr. 9  Stein, Spätrömische Republik 2, 433, 476f.

[German version] Account, partly from secondary sources, of the journey that some Palestinian monks took to monastery centres in the Nile valley from the Thebaid to the Delta, composed c. AD 395 by one of the travellers, often transmitted together with the Historia Lausiaca of Palladius ( c. 400) (DHGE 24, 681f.). Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography A.-J. Festugière, Historia Monachorum in Aegypto, 1961 (Ed.) Lat. Übers. des Rufinus von Aquileia: PL 21, 387-462.

[German version] (Μουνδίλας; Moundílas). Eastern Roman officer in the body-guard of Belisarius during the Gothic War, attested between AD 537-539. M. was at Belisarius' side when he was besieged at Rome by the Gothic King Vitigis in 537-538, and he held Milan for nine months in 538 until finally forced to surrender to the Gothic besiegers and taken captive to Ravenna. Thereafter, he vanishes from history (PLRE 3, 901-903). Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)

[English version] [1] Flavius Iustinianus I. röm. Kaiser 527-565 Der röm. Kaiser Iustinian (527-565 n.Chr.), geb. ca. 482 als thrako-illyr. Bauernsohn lat. Sprache namens Petrus Sabbatius in Bederiana bei Tauresium, im Gebiet der von ihm später erbauten Stadt Iustiniana Prima (wohl identisch mit dem heutigen Caričin Grad, 45 km südl. von Niš; s. [1. 1085]), gest. am 14. Nov. 565 in Konstantinopel. Seinen Aufstieg verdankte er Iustinus [1] I., dem Bruder seiner Mutter. Dieser schenkte I., der bei seinem Regierungsantritt 518 als candidatus in der kaiserlichen Palastgarde die…

[English version] (λογοθέτης). Seit dem 6. Jh.n.Chr. bezeugte oström.-byz. Amtsbezeichnung, zunächst für niedere Finanzbeamte (Steuereinnehmer in der Prov. oder Soldverwalter beim Heer), seit dem 7./8. Jh. für folgende hohe Ämter: 1) l. genikú (“des Allgemeinen”, sc. der Staatskasse), anfangs noch dem sakellários unterstellt, bald der höchste Finanzbeamte des Reiches, entsprechend dem früheren comes sacrarum largitionum ( comes ); 2) l. idikú, Nachfolger des comes rerum privatarum, Verwalter der privaten Finanzen und Güter des Kaisers; 3) l. tu drómu, statt des curiosus c…

[English version] Byz. Herrscherhaus 867-1056 n.Chr., begründet von dem aus der Provinz ( théma) Makedonien stammenden Basileios [5] I. durch Ermordung Michaels III. (Amorische Dynastie). Auf Basileios folgten 886 dessen zweiter Sohn Leo [9] VI. (bis 912) sowie dessen Bruder Alexandros [20] (bis 913), dann Leos Sohn Constantinus [9] VII. (913-959; geb. 905), an dessen Stelle zunächst wechselnde Regenten und ab 920 sein Schwiegervater Romanos I. herrschten; erst ab Januar 945 regierte Constantinus selbständig…

[English version] [1] Flavius Eutolmius T. Praefectus praetorio Orientis 388-392 n. Chr. T. entstammte einer nicht-senatorischen Familie wohl in Sidyma (Lykien). Nach einer Rechtsausbildung absolvierte er zw. 358 und 380 eine lange Laufbahn in der östlichen Reichsverwaltung (ILS 8844), mit u. a. vier Statthalterschaften und zuletzt einem Hofamt in der kaiserlichen Finanzverwaltung ( comitiva sacrarum largitionum). Theodosius [2] I. holte ihn im Frühjahr 388 aus dem Ruhestand zurück und berief ihn trotz seines fortgeschrittenen Alters zum Praetoria…

[English version] (so genannt bei Marcellinus Comes) bzw. Μοῦνδος (griech. Quellen). Oström. General, als Sohn eines Gepidenkönigs (Giesmus?) geb. vor 488 n.Chr., gest. 536, wohl nicht identisch mit dem Hunnen M. (PLRE 2, 767f.). Er diente zunächst dem Ostgotenkönig Theoderich d.Gr. bis zu dessen Tod (526). 529 wurde er von Kaiser Iustinianus [1] I. zum magister militum per Illyricum ernannt. 531 magister militum per Orientem, kehrte er 532 in seine frühere Stellung zurück. Im Nika-Aufstand (Januar 532) verteidigte er zusammen mit Belisarios erfolgreich die …

[English version] (πρωτοστράτωρ). Byz. Amtsbezeichnung, 8.-15. Jh. n. Chr., für den Vorsteher der kaiserlichen Stallknechte (“Marschall”), der den Kaiser beim Ausritt begleitete. Die einflußreiche Position in der Nähe des Kaisers galt als günstig für weiteren Aufstieg. Tinnefeld, Franz (München) Bibliography R. Guilland, Recherches sur les institutions byzantines, Bd. 1, 1967, 478-497  ODB 3, 1748 f.

[English version] Byz. Dynastie von 717 bis 802 n.Chr. (Leon III., Constantinus [7] V., Leon IV., Irene und Constantinus [8] VI.). Ihr Begründer Leon III. stammte gemäß einer unzuverlässigen Quellennotiz aus Isaurien, in Wirklichkeit aber, wie seit langem bekannt, aus dem syrischen Germanikeia. Dennoch ist der Dynastie bedauerlicherweise - denn es gab ja in der Person von Kaiser Zenon (474-91) einen wirklichen Isaurier auf dem Kaiserthron - ihr traditioneller Name verblieben. Die beiden ersten Ver…

[English version] (Ἴλλος oder Ἰλλοῦς). Isaurier, hoher Beamter und General im oström. Reich. Er unterstützte im Februar 474 n.Chr. zusammen mit Verina, der Witwe Leons I., die Erhebung seines Landsmannes Zenon zum Kaiser, schloß sich aber bereits 475 zusammen mit ihr dem Usurpator Basiliskos an. Nach dessen Scheitern 476 alsbald wieder auf seiten Zenons, wurde I. 477 magister officiorum und patricius. Auf seine Veranlassung wurde Verina, die 478 zusammen mit Epinikos [2] versucht hatte, ihn zu beseitigen, nach Isaurien verbannt. Als er 480/81 einem weit…

[English version] (πρωτονοτάριος, lat. protonotarius). Vorsteher der notarii (griech. notárioi) in byz. Behörden, v. a. als “Staatssekretär” des logothétēs tu drómu ( logothétēs ), 9.-12. Jh. Tinnefeld, Franz (München) Bibliography R. Guilland, Les logothètes, in: REByz 29, 1971, 5-115, hier 38-40  ODB 3, 1746.

[English version] (σακελλάριος). Seit dem 5. Jh. n. Chr. ein Kämmerer am röm.-byz. Kaiserhof (Hof D.), im 8.-12. Jh. der oberste Aufseher über die staatl. Finanzen (letzte Erwähnung 1196), der ab 1094 zeitweilig mégas logariastḗs genannt wurde. Tinnefeld, Franz (München) Bibliography P. Schreiner, s. v. Finanzwesen, -verwaltung (A. I.f.), LMA 4, 456  P. Magdalino, s. v. S., ODB 3, 1828 f.

[English version] (Εἰρήνη). Byz. Kaiserin (797-802 n.Chr.; geb. in Athen ca. 752, gest. auf Lesbos 803), seit 768 Gattin Leons IV.; nach dessen Tod 780 Regentin für ihren minderjährigen Sohn Constantinus [8] VI. Das auf ihr Betreiben einberufene und von Tarasios, dem Patriarchen ihrer Wahl, geleitete Konzil von Nicaea 787 gelangte zu einer gemäßigten Beilegung des byz. Bilderstreites (Syrische Dynastie) zugunsten des Bilderkultes. 790 erzwang ihr Sohn die Übergabe der Macht, wurde aber von ihr 797…

[English version] Herrscherfamilie, regierte in drei Generationen (820-867 n. Chr.) das Byz. Reich. Ihr Begründer Michael II. (820-829) aus Amorion in Phrygien behauptete sich 823 gegen den Usurpator Thomas den Slaven. Sein Sohn Theophilos (829-842) war der letzte der Ikonoklastenkaiser (Gegner des rel. Kultbildes). Während seiner Herrschaft errangen die Araber 838 durch Einnahme der Festung Amorion einen bedeutenden Erfolg. Unter seiner Witwe Theodora, die zunächst für den Sohn Michael III. (842-…

[English version] (Ἡρακλωνᾶς). Sohn des Kaisers Herakleios [7] und seiner zweiten Gattin Martina, * ca. 626 n.Chr., sollte nach dessen Tod 641 als Minderjähriger, vertreten von seiner Mutter, zusammen mit Herakleios' ältestem Sohn Constantinus III. die Nachfolge übernehmen, wurde aber bereits Sept. 641 auf Betreiben des Senates zusammen mit seiner Mutter abgesetzt und verbannt. Tinnefeld, Franz (München) Bibliography PLRE 3, 587f.  ODB 2, 918.

[English version] (λογαριαστής, λογαριαστεύων, λογιστής). Seit dem 11. Jh.n.Chr. für die Kontrolle der öffentl. Ausgaben zuständiger Finanzbeamter in mehreren Ressorts der Zentral- und Provinzverwaltung des byz. Reiches. Alexios I. (1081-1118) führte einen mégas l. als obersten Aufseher über die staatl. Ausgaben ein, der zunächst neben dem sakellarios , später an dessen Stelle fungierte. Tinnefeld, Franz (München) Bibliography ODB 2, 1244f.  R. Guilland, Titres et fonctions de l'Empire byzantin, 1976, XXI (1969).