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, according to Radloff ( Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte, St. Petersburg 1899, vol. ii., p. 924) “a Turkish tribe in Turkistan”; the same authority gives the Kirgiz (i. e. Kazak) word ḳurama (from ḳura, “to sew together pieces of cloth”) with the meaning “a blanket made of pieces of cloth sewn together”. In another passage ( Aus Sibirien 2, Leipzig 1893, i. 225) Radloff himself says that the Kurama are “a mixed people of Özbegs and Kirgiz” and their name comes from the fact, asserted by the Kirgiz, that “they are made up of patches from many tribes” ( kura to “patch together”). Ac…

, the name of two Sāmānid rulers: 1. Manṣūr b. Nūḥ I (Abu Ṣāliḥ), ruler of Ḵh̲orāsān and Transoxania (350—365 = 961—976), succeeded his brother ʿAbd al-Malik b. Nūḥ I [q.v.]. Ibn Ḥawḳal is able to describe the internal conditions of the Sāmānid kingdom under Manṣūr as an eye-witness; cf. especially B. G. A., ii. 341: fī waḳtinā hād̲h̲ā; p. 344 sq.: on the character of Manṣūr “the justest king among our contemporaries, in spite of his physical weakness and the slightness of his frame”. On the vizier Balʿamī, see balʿamī where also information is given about the Persian version of Ṭaba…

, Eastern Turkī word for agriculturists; as the name of a people, applied to the colonists transported by the Chinese government in the middle of the xviiith century from Kās̲h̲g̲h̲aria to the Ili valley; cf. Radloff, Wörterbuch, iv. 841. The Taranči are said however, even in the Ili valley, to have described themselves as the native population ( Yärlik, cf. Radloff, it. 343). They numbered 6,000 families of whom 4,100 were settled on the right and 1,900 on the left bank of the Ili; for further particulars see Radloff, Aus Sibirien, ii. 331 sq. According to a census of the year 1834 the…

, Arabic Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ānīya, a town in the northern part of Ḵh̲wārizm; on the situation of the town and the arm of the Oxus which flows past it, cf. the article āmū-daryā, i. 341a. Although the town is first mentioned by the Arabs, it was undoubtedly founded in the pre-Muhammadan period; the oldest Chinese name for Ḵh̲wārizm (Yüekien) is apparently to be traced to the name Gurgānd̲j̲. In what condition the Arabs found the northern part of the country is not narrated in the sources dealing with the Arab conquest (93 = 712). In the ivth = xth century Ḵh̲wārizm broke up into two independent kingdom…

, a word (probably from the Sanskrit, bhiks̲h̲u) which appears in East Turkī and Persian during the Mongol period; it denotes in the first place the Buddhist priesthood and in this meaning is equated to the Chinese Hos̲h̲ang, Tibetan Lama and the Uig̲h̲ur Toin. Writers of Turkish origin also, who had to write documents destined for the Mongol and Turkish population, in Uig̲h̲ur script, were called Bak̲h̲shi; according to Bābar (ed. Beveridge, p. 108b) it was also the name of the surgeon ( d̲j̲arrāḥ) among the Mongols. In the Empire of the Indian Moghuls, the Bak̲h̲shī was an o…

, the title of the ruler of Ḵh̲wārizm [q. v.] found already in existence at the Arab conquest (cf. e. g. al-Ṭabarī, ii. 1237 sq.). The same title was borne in the Muslim period by the majority of the kings and governors of this country, although the founder of the last dynasty, Iltüzar Ḵh̲ān (1804—1806), was content to describe himself on his coins (which were never issued) as “heir of the Ḵh̲wārizm-s̲h̲āhs” ( wārit̲h̲-i Ḵh̲wārizm-s̲h̲āhān (ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Buk̲h̲ārī, ed. Schefer, p. 80). This is probably the only case in Central Asia of a title retaining its signific…

, properly Faiḍābād, the name of two modern towns in Central Asia; on Faizabad in Buk̲h̲ārā cf. the article āmū-daryā, i. 340a and on Faizabad in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān see this article i. 552b et seq. (where it is erroneously called Faid̲h̲ābād). Faizabad in Buk̲h̲ārā, lying in a fertile valley with green pastures throughout the year, is now a town with about 3000 inhabitants, the residence of the tax-collector ( amlākdār) of the Beg of Ḥiṣār; the citadel is in ruins. Faizabad in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān lies on the right bank of the Kokča, which is here crossed by a wooden brid…

, a mountain range on the Caspian Sea, where the dry riverbed of the Uzboi (supposed to be the ancient bed of the Oxus) flows into the Sea. The mountains to the north of the riverbed, rising to a height of 5500 feet, are at the present day called “the Great Balk̲h̲ān” range; quite separate from them are the “Little Balk̲h̲ans” (to the south of the Uzboi) which are quite close to the Küren-Dag̲h̲. The Balk̲h̲ān Bay on the Caspian Sea has taken its name from the “Great Balk̲h̲āns”; in it is the best harbour on the eastern shores of the Sea north of the Russo-Persian frontier. On the story of an “ancient Ḵh̲w…

Maḥmūd, a Mongol ruler ( Ilk̲h̲ān) of Persia (694—703 = 1295—1304) born in the year 670 = 1271. On the accession of his father Arg̲h̲ūn (q. v., i. 430) he was appointed governor of Ḵh̲orāsān, Māzandarān arid Ray; he administered these provinces in the reign of Gaik̲h̲ātū also (cf. above p. 128). G̲h̲āzān had been brought up as a Buddhist and, while governor, ordered a Buddhist temple to be built in the town of Ḳūčān; shortly before his accession, during the war with Bāidū (q. v., i. 591), his general…

, capital of the Golden Horde; cf. the articles Ḳipčāḳ and mongols. The name is in Persian sarāi = palace; nevertheless it is frequently written ṣarāi in Arabic works. On its foundation by Bātū and the name Sarāi Berke see above, i. 683a and 709a. The geographers and historians speak only of o n e town of this name but on the coins we find a New-Sarāi ( Sarāi al-Ḏj̲adīd) mentioned: the earliest coin struck in New-Sarāi is dated 710 a. h. The only historical reference to New-Sarāi so far known is the mention of the death of the Ḵh̲ān Özbeg (the date given is 742 a. h.) in New-Sarāi in S̲h̲ams al-Dīn a…

, a Turkī saint of Ḵh̲warizm, a pupil of Aḥmad Yasawī (cf. i. 204b et seq.) who died in 562 = 1166-1167. His proper name was Sulaimān Bāḳirg̲h̲ānī and he is also called Sulaimān Atā or Ḥākim Ḵh̲od̲j̲a; this Bāḳirg̲h̲ān is not identical with the Bag̲h̲irḳān mentioned by Muḳaddasī (ed. de Goeje, p. 343, 10) but lay considerably farther north, a little below the modern town of Kungrad; the tomb of Ḥakīm Atā there is still visited by pilgrims; according to’ a biography of the saint, the name is said to be a corrup…

(t.), robber, disturber of the peace, adventurer; on these and other meanings see W. Radloff, Versuch eines Wörterbuches der türk. Dialecte, ii. 364. The existence of the word in Turkish can be first shown in the ninth (xvth) century. During the civil turmoils under the Tīmūrids the pretenders, in contrast to the actual rulers, were called ḳazaḳ: those who would not accept the verdict of fortune but led the life of an adventurer at the head of their men; cf., for example, the mention of the ḳazaḳ years ( ḳazaḳli̊ḳ) of Sulṭān Ḥusain, afterwards ruler of Ḵh̲urāsān, in the Bābar-Nāma, ed. Beveri…

, a Turkish people who call themselves Tipter or Bas̲h̲ḳurt. According to Vambéry, the name is derived from a verb tepte “to roam” and means “rovers”; in Radloff’s Wörterbuch (iii. 1114) no such verb is mentioned and the word tepter only quoted as the “name of a tribe in the gouvernement of Orenburg”. In Russian documents of the xviiith century the word tepter is frequently associated with the word babi̊l’ which is of course not a tribal name but means “peasant without land and family” According to Karamzin (vol. i., note 73), the Tepter were a mixed people compo…

, in Russian originally gorodez or gorodok mes̲h̲čerskiy, in Tatar k̲h̲ān karmān, formerly the capital of the Tatar princes subordinate to the Czar of Moscow and now a district capital in the gouvernement of Ryazan. It took its name from Ḳāsim, son of the founder of the kingdom of Ḳazān, Ūlū Muḥammad. In the war between the brothers that followed the assassination of Ūlū Muḥammad (1446), Ḳāsim was induced to enter the service of the Russian Grand Duke. The town, which bears his name, was granted him about …

, a mountainous peninsula on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, first mentioned under the Persian name Siyāh-Kōh (“Black Mountain”; cf. B. G.A., i. 218); the same name was given to the hills west of the Sea of Aral ( op. cit., vii. 92; see āmū-daryā). According to Iṣṭak̲h̲rī ( op. cit., i. 219), the peninsula used to be uninhabited; it was only shortly before his time (or that of his predecessor al-Balk̲h̲ī) that Turks, who had quarrelled with the G̲h̲uzz [q. v.], i. e. with their own kin, had come there and found springs and pastures for the…

(ḳarlug̲h̲), in early Arabic sources Ḵh̲arluk̲h̲, in Persian Ḵh̲alluk̲h̲, in Chinese Ko-lo-lu, name of a Turkish people, who are mentioned in the Turkish Ork̲h̲on inscriptions and in the Chinese T’ang S̲h̲u; cf. E. Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue ( Turcs) occidentaux, St. Petersburg 1903, Index. The Ḳarluḳ attained some political importance after 766, when, after the decline of the empire of the Western Turkish Ḵh̲āḳāns, they occupied the valley of the Ču [q.v.]. Their princes did not assume the title of Ḵh̲āḳān (Ḳag̲h̲an) but o…

, was also the name of a prince of the Aḳ-Ḳuyūnlī in Persia, son and successor of Sulṭān Yaʿḳūb; he only reigned for a short period from 896-897 (= 1490—1492) and was overthrown by his cousin Rustam. (W. Barthold)

, Turkish Gökče-tengiz (“blue sea”), Armenian Sewanga (Sew-Wank = : “Black cloister”), a freshwater lake in Russian Armenia (gouvernement of Eriwan), 7000 feet above sealevel, covering an area of 62 square miles and drained by one stream, the Zanga, which flows into the Araxes. As Le Strange ( The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 183) points out, the name first appears in Ḥamd Allāh Ḳazwīnī; in the Muhammadan sources of the pre-Mongol period the lake is not mentioned at all. The monastery from which the lake has received its Armenian name lies o…

(usually written: Kīmāk and wrongly vocalised: Kaimāk), name of a Turkish people on the lower course of the Irtis̲h̲. Ibn Ḵh̲urdād̲h̲bih (text in B.G.A., vi. 28 and 31) mentions a road thither (80 or 81 days) from Ṭarāz (now Awliyā Atā) or Kuwīkat, seven farsak̲h̲ distant, and Gardīzī (in Barthold, Otčet o poiezdkie v Srednjuju Aziju, p. 82 sq.) fully describes another route from Fārāb (Otrār) (via Jenikend, the modern ruins called Ḏj̲ānkent south of the mouth of the Si̊r-Daryā). According to Muḳaddasī or Maḳdisī ( B. G. A., iii. 274) a portion of the Kimäk at the end of ¶ the ivth (xth) century …

, a frontier province in the northwest of China proper; it is bounded on the south and east by the provinces of Sze-čuan, S̲h̲ensi and S̲h̲ansi, in the west and north by the territory of Kukunor, Chinese Turkestan (formerly included in Kansu, but since 1884 the separate province of Sin-Kiang) and Mongolia. With its present area of 5910 geogr. sq. m.= 125,483 sq. miles, Kansu is the third largest province of China but as regards density of population it is lower than all the other provinces of China with the exception of Kuangsi. The province first formed under the Emperor Kūbīlāi in 1282 a. d. is …