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(1071-1109/1662-97), Ottoman Grand Vizier. He was born in Hoşalay (formerly Mesed, to the east of Kerempe Burnu) (Kastamonu), the son of a shipmaster. As a young man (reputedly beautiful, hence his surname Elmas “Diamond”), he was taken ¶ into the service of the state by a chief inspector of the Sultan’s treasury ( Bas̲h̲ Bāḳī Ḳulu ), Divrigili Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a, who was appointed governor of Tripoli in Syria in 1089/1677-8. From the service of the treasury, Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a Elmās was soon promoted to the palace service, to the Ḵh̲āṣṣ Oda [ q.v.] from where he made quick career as Riḳābdār , Si̊lāḥdā…

, Ḳod̲j̲a , ( ca. 928-1020/ ca. 1520-1611), Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Aḥmed I. A dews̲h̲irme [ q.v.] boy of Croat origin, he received his education in the imperial palace. His career began under patronage of Maḥmūd Pas̲h̲a, the beglerbegi of Yemen and Egypt. Between 1560 and 1565 he was the latter’s ketk̲h̲udā . In Egypt, Murād also held the office of amīr al-ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ . which opened the way to public high office. In 983/1576 Murād (Pasha) became beglerbegi of Yemen himself for about four years. Dismissed in 988/1580 because of corruption, he was summoned to the c…

(1116?-1188/1704?-74), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Son of the Grand Vizier Muḥsin-zāde ʿAbd Allāh Pas̲h̲a (held office in 1150/1737) and born in Istanbul, he entered the Palace service as a Ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊ Bas̲h̲i̊ . In 1150/1737 he became Ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊lar Ketk̲h̲udāsi̊ and in 1151/1738 vizier and Beglerbegi of Marʿas̲h̲. After 10 years of provincial governmental posts he was in 1160/1747 appointed to the reorganised province of Adana with special orders to hunt down the rebellious elements in Anatolia. From 1162/1749 onwards …

, Ottoman rebel (d. 14 D̲j̲umādā I 1143/25 November 1730). Of Albanian origin, he belonged to the protégés of the Ḳapudān-Pas̲h̲a Muṣṭafā and ʿAbdī Pas̲h̲a ( ca. 1680-5 and later). He was born at K̲h̲urpis̲h̲te (Khroupista, now Argos Orestikon, to the south of Kastoria, Greece). He served as a Lewend [ q.v.] on board the flagship of the Ottoman vice-admiral, the Patrona (for this term, see riyala) whence probably his name. Transferred from naval service, he was able to join the Seventeenth Orta of the Janissary Corps in which he served till the peace set…

, a name of several towns and villages in Asia Minor, derived from Ḳod̲j̲a-Ḥiṣar; compare such names as Ḳoč Ḥiṣāri̊, Ḳoyun Ḥiṣāri̊, Ḳoyul Ḥiṣāri̊, Keči Ḥiṣārī and Ṭoḳlu Ḥiṣāri̊ Confusion is often prevented by the addition of the name of the nearby provincial capital or of another word, e.g. Čanki̊ri̊ Ḳoč-Ḥiṣāri̊, S̲h̲erefli Koč Ḥiṣār. For the same reason, the toponyms of places with this name have been changed in recent times. I. S̲h̲erefli Ḳoč Ḥiṣāri̊ (in modern usage Şerefli Koçhisarı , centre of an ilçe (previously ḳaḍāʾ ) formerly called Esb-kes̲h̲ān, in …

, Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ī ( el-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ ) (1085 or 1086-1156/1675-1743), Ottoman Grand Vizier. He was the son of a descendant of the Ewlād-i Fātiḥān , one Naṣr Allāh, a tīmār holder at Jagodina. Educated for state service (hence ʿiwaḍ ), he served with high-placed officials at Belgrade (1100/1689) and at Ḏj̲udda (1107-8/1696), during which period he made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Having returned to Istanbul just before the Patrona Ḵh̲alīl rebellion of 1730, he acted as Gümrük Emīni , Commissioner of the Istanbul customs house, on behalf of Yegen Meḥmed Efendi…

(Turkish form of the Greek Λῆμνος, in older Ottoman historical works Limoz and Ilimli, in older Greek sources also Λῆμος, Stalimene in mediaeval western sources, Lemnos in modern usage) an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea, 80 km. west of the entrance of the Dardanelles ( Čanaḳḳalʿe Bog̲h̲azi̊ [ q.v.]) halfway between Mount Athos and Tenedos [ Bozd̲j̲a-Ada [ q.v.]). The island, of ca. 470 km2, has been virtually treeless since long before Ottoman times. Agriculture is of local importance only. Its famous export product since antiquity is a sort of vo…

, Gümrükčü (d. 1158/1745), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Son of a sister of the then influential statesman Defterdār Kel Yūsuf Efendi (hence the surname “Nephew”), he was born in Antalya and began public life as a Mültezim in the region of his origin. He went to Istanbul to take up a career in the secretarial service, becoming a k̲h̲ad̲j̲egān . From 1140/1728 to 1141/1729 he was Commissioner of the Customs of Istanbul ( Gümrük Emīni ). Around 1144/1732 he became Ḳapu-Ketk̲h̲udāsi̊ of the Beglerbegi of Erzurum, Topal ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a, as well. In 1145/1733 he acquired the post of Mewḳūfātči̊ …

(transliterated also sālyāne ), a technical term in Ottoman administrative usage derived from the Persian sāl (year) meaning "yearly", "yearly allowance" or "stipend". The term is applied especially to the yearly income allotted to some categories of provincial rulers and governors (16th-19th centuries). These were the members of the Girāy [ q.v.] dynasty, some governors of maritime districts and other sand̲j̲aḳ-beg̲i s and beglerbegi s whose income did not derive from k̲h̲āṣṣ [ q.v.] domains ¶ but consisted of a yearly allowance fixed at the time of their appointment.…

, Ḏj̲iwān Ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ , Semīn (1010-56/1602-46), Ottoman Grand Vizier. He was born in Istanbul as the son of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Bey (himself a son of Semīz Aḥmed Pas̲h̲a, Grand Vizier 887-8/1579-80, by origin an Albanian dews̲h̲irme boy) and of Hümās̲h̲āh ʿĀʾis̲h̲e Ḵh̲ani̊m Sulṭān, a daughter of Čig̲h̲ala-zāde Sinān Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], thus being a grandson of Princess Mihr-i Māh ¶ Sulṭān [ q.v.], hence his surname Sulṭān-zāde (cf. A.D. Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman dynasty, Oxford 1956, Table XXX, no. 2128). Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a was educated in the imperial harem and the Khāṣṣ Od…

Liwāʾ-i Sherīf or ʿAlem-i Nebewī , in Ottoman Turkish usage the sacred standard of the Prophet Muḥammad which is ¶ kept in the palace of Ṭopḳapi̊ at Istanbul (see ṭopḳapi̊ sarayi̊ ) together with the other holy relics of Islam ( Emānāt-i Mübāreke or Muḳaddese ) such as the Holy Mantle (the Burda” ) [see k̲h̲irḳa-yi s̲h̲erīf ], Holy Footstep and Beard of the Prophet (see ḳadam s̲h̲arīf and liḥya-yi s̲h̲arīf ]. According to a tradition recorded by Mouradgea D’Ohsson ( Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman , Paris 1788-1824, ii, 378) and the Ottoman historian Fi̊ndi̊ḳli̊li̊ Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a ( Silāḥda…

, S̲h̲āhīnog̲h̲lu , Bosnali̊ (d. 1015/1606, Ottoman Grand Vizier. Born in Jajce as a descendant of the Bosnian S̲h̲āhinog̲h̲ullari̊ family, he was related to Ṣoḳollu Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. Taken into Ottoman service as a dews̲h̲irme [ q.v.] boy, he was educated in the so-called Palace School [see enderūn ]. During those years he was probably engaged in giving lessons in fighting to one or more Ottoman princes, hence his surname of Lālā “tutor”. Lālā Meḥmed successively held the court functions of Pes̲h̲kīr ag̲h̲asi̊ , Küčük Mīr Āk̲h̲ūr and Büyük Mīr Āk̲h̲ūr and …

, Dāmād (1131-1216/1719-1802), Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Selīm III [ q.v.]. He was the son of Bosnali̊ Ḵh̲od̲j̲a Süleymān Pas̲h̲a, Vizier and Ḳapudān-i̊ dervā in 1126/1714 and 1130/1718 till his death in 1133/1721. Born in Istanbul, he followed his father’s footsteps in a naval career, becoming commander ( Deryā begi) in 1736, Tersāne ketk̲h̲üdāsi̊ and Ḳapudān-i̊ deryā himself (1165-8/1752-5). Sultan Muṣṭafā III (1171-87/1757-74) appointed him Nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊ , and married him to the Princess Zeyneb ʿĀṣi̊ma Sulṭān, a daughter of Aḥmed III (1757) (cf. A.D. Alderson, The str…

, Dāmād , Silāḥdār , Ḳod̲j̲a , ( ca. 1016-98/1607-87), Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Meḥemmed IV [ q.v.]. Born in Malaṭya [ q.v.] of non-Muslim parents, possibly Armenians, he was educated in the dews̲h̲irme [ q.v.] establishment of the Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a palace at Istanbul upon the instigation of his relative, the Ḳapu Ag̲h̲asi̊ [ q.v.] Ismāʿīl Ag̲h̲a, and made his career in the palace service (see enderūn ). From being Dülbend ag̲h̲a , he became Miftāḥ s̲h̲āgirdi in the Seferli odasi̊ and the K̲h̲āṣṣ oda [ q.v.], and in 1050/1640 became Silāḥdār [ q.v.] to the sultan. Six months later…

, modern Turkish Kıbrıs, Greek Kúpros (etymologically derived probably from the word for “copper”), in western languages Cyprus, is the largest island in the Eastern Mediterranean, with a surface area of 9,251 km2. The nearest distance to the mainland is from Cape Kormakiti in the north to Anamur on the southern coast of Turkey, 71 km. The distance to the Syrian coast between Cape Andreas and Raʾs ibn K̲h̲ān north of al-Lād̲h̲ikiyya [ q.v.] is 98 km. The distance to Crete (Arabic Iḳrīṭis̲h̲ [ q.v.] is about 553 km. The island consists of two mountain ranges, Kyrenia-Karpass ris…

, Ḵh̲ādi̊m (I) (d. 1035/1626), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Of Georgian origin, he served among the white eunuchs of the imperial harem under Sultan Meḥemmed III [ q.v.] (1003-12/1595-1603). He was appointed Ḵh̲āṣṣ-Oda Bas̲h̲i̊ by Sultan Aḥmed I shortly after his accession (2 S̲h̲aʿbān 1012/4 January 1604). Around Rabīʿ II 1013/September 1604, Ḵh̲ādi̊m Meḥmed Ag̲h̲a was given the rank of Third Vizier in the Dīwān , but already on the 27 Rabīʿ II/22 September was appointed beglerbegi of Egypt. He was able to restore order in that province and punished the rebels among the Ottoman regular troops ( ḳ…

(Ḳoyunlu Ḥiṣār), more properly Ḳoyun Ḥiṣār , the name for two Byzantine fortresses: 1. identical with Baphaeon, to the north-east of Izmīd, the site of the first battle won by ʿOt̲h̲mān I against the Byzantines in 1301; 2. a fortress on the Saḳārya river [ q.v.] to the north-east of Bursa near Dinboz, taken by Ork̲h̲ān during a campaign in 1324-5. (A.H. de Groot) Bibliography ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲azāde, Taʾrīk̲h̲, tr. R. F. Kreutel, Graz, etc. 1959, 43, 63, map I H. İnalcik, The Ottoman empire— the classical age 1300-1600, London 1973, 6, 55 D. E. Pitcher, An historical geography of the Ottoma…

(d. 1034/1625), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Educated in the palace school or Enderūn [ q.v.], he reached the rank of silāḥdār and left the palace with the appointment of Beglerbegi of Damascus. In 1621 he is mentioned as the fifth Ḳubbe Wezīri̊ (Nāʿīmā, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , Istanbul 1280, ii, 208). Upon the execution of the Grand Vizier Kemānkes̲h̲ ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.] (14 Ḏj̲umādā II 1033/3 April 1624), Murād IV [ q.v.] forced him to accept the appointment of himself as successor. Čerkes Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a thus became commander-in-chief of the army sent to suppress the revolt of Abāzā Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [see abāzā…

, twelfth Ottoman Sultan (ruled 982-1003/1574-95). He was born on 5 D̲j̲umāda I 953/4 July 1546 in the princely summer camp at Bozdaǧ Yayla near Manisa [ q.v.] where his father, the later Sultan Selīm II [ q.v.], resided as sand̲j̲aḳ-begi . His mother was the Venetian-born k̲h̲āṣṣekī Nūr Bānū [ q.v.]. His ceremonial circumcision took place at Manisa in April 1557. At the time, prince Selīm was appointed sand̲j̲aḳ-begi of Ḳaramān [ q.v.] in 1558 and Sultan Süleymān I [ q.v.] made his grandson sand̲j̲aḳ-begi of Aḳs̲h̲ehir. In 1561 Murād stayed with his grandfather in Istanbul, and…

or Rūmī (d. 883/1478), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Being of ḳul status, his origins, whether Greek or Albanian, are obscure. Sultan Meḥemmed II [ q.v.] admitted him into his intimate circle after the unsuccessful Albanian campaign of 870/1466 during which Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a became Second Vizier. In 1468/872 he joined the campaign against Ḳaramān [see ḳaramān-og̲h̲ullari̊ ], during which he manifested his rivalry with the Grand Vizier Maḥmūd Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. Instead of him, Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a was charged with the deportation of selected members of the populations of the cities of Ḳaramān, Ḳonya [ q.v…