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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: (Delminenses, Delminum). Main town of the Dalmatae: Ptol. 2,16,11; App. Ill. 11; Florus 2,25; CIL III 3202; the name D. is possibly derived from the Albanian word delme, ‘sheep’. Strabo ( Délmion, 7,5,5) describes D. as a large city from which the people derived its name. In 156 BC, D. was besieged by C. Marcius Figulus. In 155 BC it was defeated and destroyed by P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica (cf. Strabo's pedíon mēlóboton; triumph over the Delmatae; ancient sources in [1. 448]). Up to now the ruins of D. were located…

[German version] One of the most important peoples in the interior of the prov. Dalmatia ( Dalmatae, Dalmatia), originally possibly in the loose confederation of the  Autariatae. They inhabited the valley of the upper Bathinus (Bosna) of the valley from the upper Urbanus (Vrbas) in the west to Rogatica in the east; their position has been confirmed through the discovery of an inscription (ILJug 1582 [1]) of a Valens Varron(is) f(ilius), princeps Desitiati(um) in Breza (22 km north-west of Sarajevo). The D. were perhaps attacked by the future Augustus in 35 BC (see …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia (Plin. HN 3,143f. Epidaurum; Ptol. 2,16,5 Epidaurus). Important urban settlement with two harbours on a peninsula in the province of Dalmatia, today Cavtat in Croatia (< civitas; Italian Ragusa vecchia). Originally probably a Hellenistic settlement (there is no clear archaeological evidence), it was romanized in the course of the 1st cent. BC, served as praesidium in the conflict with Pompey Caesar, and was unsuccessfully besieged by Pompey (Bell. Alex. 44,5). Roman colonia (probably…

A. Military camp [German version] [I 1] General The Roman soldiers always made sure that they were protected by fortifications. This also applied when they only stopped for a night on campaigns. In the evening of their arrival the field camp had to be set up and destroyed again on the morning of departure. The plural castra was the name given to any kind of military camp, the singular castrum certainly existed but was not used in mil. vocabulary. Castellum is the diminutive form of castra (Veg. Mil. 3,8) and also had a civilian meaning. The origin of the Roman camps is uncertain; because …

[German version] Fortress in the province of  Dalmatia, in the hinterland of   Salona, modern Brečeva near Gornji Muć.  Bato, chief of the  Daesitiates, withdrew to A. with parts of his army during the Pannonian uprising of AD 6-9 (Cass. Dio 56,12-14). It was a   mansio on the road from Salona to Servitium, also, because of its strategically advantageous location between Burnum and Tilurium, a garrison for auxiliary troops:   Cohors VIII voluntariorum (1st cent. AD), III Alpinorum (2nd cent. AD), I Belgarum (3rd cent. AD; cf. Plin. HN 3,142; Str. 7,5,5; Ptol. 2,16,11; Tab. Peu…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones (Λυχνιδός, Λυχνίς; Lychnidós, Lychnís). Capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretae ( Dassaretia) on the via Egnatia (Str. 7,7,4; It. Ant. 318), modern Ohrid in Macedonia on Lake Ohrid. Subjugated by Philip II (Diod. Sic. 16,8,1). It minted its own bronze coins under Philip V (obverse: Macedonian shield; reverse: bow of a ship and ΛΥΧΝΙΔ(Ι)ΩΝ). In 197 BC, L. with its territory fell to the Illyrian king Pleuratus (Pol. 5,108; 18,47,12; Liv. 27,32,9; 33,34,11). From 146 BC, L. belonged to the Roman province of Ma…

[German version] [1] City in Pannonia superior This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Pannonia City in Pannonia superior (It. Ant. 262,10), 18 miles from Savaria on the road to Arrabona and  Brigetio, near Sárvár on the middle section of the river Raab.   Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) [German version] [2] Roman city of  Pannonia inferior Roman city of  Pannonia inferior, near today's Petrovci and Putinci in eastern Srem on the road from Sirmium to Taurunum, in the region of the Scordisci and the pre-Celtic Amantini (CIL III 3224; Ptol.…

[German version] Town (Tab. Peut. 5,2; Geogr. Rav. 4,16; CIL XIII 6538) that developed partly from a Dalmatian settlement near Balina Glavica (near Drnis̆, Bosnia-Herzegovina, probably identical with Sinotium/Synodium: Str. 7,5,5; App. Ill. 78) and partly from a vicus close to the auxiliary camp near Umljanivići. Beneficiarii succeeded the auxiliary unit (cf. CIL III 9790; 14957ff.). Probably, MM was already a municipium under emperor M. Aurelius (cf. CIL III 9798). Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljubljana) Bibliography M. Zaninović, Ilirsko pleme Delmati II [The Illyrian Tribe of…

[German version] People in northern Dalmatia between the Istrian Arsia (modern Raša) and the Titius (modern Krka; Plin HN 3,139) including the islands off the coast and the town of Promona claimed by the Dalmatae on the other bank of the Titius (App Ill. 34; cf. Ps.-Scymn. 21). The mountain ranges of Učka, Gorski Kotar and Velebit in the eastern hinterland separate L. from the Iapodes. In the 3rd cent. BC, the latter gained access to the Adriatic at the Bay of Kvran at the expense of the L. The …

[German version] Road or postal and toll station, important pass (563 m, today Trojane/Slovenia) through the hills which separate  Emona from  Celeia, on the border between Italy and Noricum (It. Ant. 129,3; It. Hierosolymitanum 560,9; Tab. Peut. 4,2). Name of a pre-Celtic position of beneficiarii consulares. Findings from the Roman era: fragments of two gilt statues of horses, inscriptions, small findings, imperial era buildings (restored mansio, sanctuary?); documented in an inscription dating from the reign of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Šašel Kos, Marjeta (Ljublja…

[German version] Celtic tribe (cf. triumph of M. Aemilius Scaurus de Galleis Karneis: CIL I 12,49), who may have arrived at the Adriatic coast towards the end of the 3rd cent. BC. C. are first mentioned in 181 BC as inhabiting the region later known as  Aquileia: Liv. 39,22,6f.; 40,34,2; 45,6; 54,2ff. According to Str. 4,6,9, they occupied the hinterland of Aquileia, together with some Norici ( Noricum) and the  Veneti (5,1,9); their relationship with these is not quite clear as, according to Str. 7,5,3, th…

[German version] Probably Thracian city (cf. the name), today Dolus Kozjak (Štip region, Macedonia), on the road Oescus - Serdica - Stobi. Peak in late Roman times; probably assumed the status of the old Paeonian centre Astibus. Bargalaenses are mentioned in a Lat. inscription from AD 371/2 (construction of the city gate by order of Antonius Alypius, governor of Dacia Mediterranea). At the end of the 4th cent., the inhabitants moved to the safer area of Goren Kozjak, which was 2 km away and situat…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Moesi, Moesia Municipium in the late 2nd cent. AD, possibly under Septimius Severus (CIL III 12732); after AD 230 colonia m( etalli?) D( omaviani) (CIL III 12728f.) in the prov. Dalmatia, now Gradina close to Sas (near Srebrenica, Bosnia-Herzegovina); from no later than Marcus Aurelius a centre of administration of both the Pannonian and the Dalmatian mines ( procurator metallorum Pannon[ icorum] et Delmat[ icorum], CIL III 12721), that were developed in the area around Srebrenica; the mining district was called Argentaria …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia (h. Plomin/Kroatien); Ort an der östl. Küste der Halbinsel Histria in Liburnia, Prov. Dalmatia. Eine frühere liburnische Festung über der Bucht von F. gab der gesamten Bucht von Kvarner den Namen: sinus Flanaticus (Plin. nat. 3,139; Artemidoros bei Steph. Byz. s.v. Φλάνων). F. wurde wohl unter Augustus (eher als unter Tiberius) municipium, bezeugt sind tribus Claudia und Sergia (AE 1973, 477); eine der führenden Familien waren die Aquilii. Die Einwohner heißen bei Plinius Flanonienses Vani…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia Ancient settlement (no prehistoric finds, the name is possibly pre-Celtic or Venetian) in the territory of the  Varciani, modern Ščitarjevo near Velika Gorica, 12 km south-east of Zagreb. River port, loading and rafting station on the  Savus (on an ancient trade route, cf. the myth of the  Argonauts), on the road from Siscia to Poetovio, later a   municipium Flavium in the province of  Pannonia. A.'s   patronus was the governor L.  Funisulanus Vettonianus (ILS 1005). Remains of the l…

[German version] Important statio between Fluvio Frigido and Longaticum (It. Burd. 560,3 f.), on the Augustan military route (cf. Fest. p. 7) which was built across the karst mountains (867 m) in order to shorten travel time from  Aquileia and  Tergeste to  Emona by two days. The native name (disputed) was understood to be ‘under the pear tree’, therefore the modern names of Hrušica, Birnbaumer Wald, Selva del Pero. A. was a posting station (Tab. Peut. 4,5), a statio of   beneficiarii consulares (Inscr. Ital. 10,4,348), and one of the fortifications within the praetentura Italiae et Al…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Legio | Moesi, Moesia Roman legion camp and municipium (now Šupljaja/Šuplja crkva -- camp, and Ivoševci near Kistanje -- municipium in the wider area of Knin, Croatia) on the Titius (Krka), centre of the local Liburnian Burnistae, one of the 14 Liburnian civitates that were administered by the conventus in  Scardona (Plin. HN 3,139; 3,142; Ptol. 2,16,10; Tab. Peut. 5,1), important Roman base during the occupation of  Illyricum, certainly during the wars of the future Augustus in 35-33 BC when the building of a Dalmatian limes …

(Delmatae, Delmatia). [German version] I. General Important people of later Illyricum (degree of Celtization uncertain) in the hinterland of Salona between Tit(i)us (Krka) and Nestus/Hippius (Cetina) on the Glamočko, Livanjsko, Duvanjsko and Imotsko polje. Gave its name to the Roman prov. Dalmatia. Administratively separated from Illyricum at the beginning of the Flavian period. These areas were under the control of the Illyrian kingdom, notorious for its piracy (under the dynasty of the Ardiaeans, Agron and Teuta), which was fought by…

[German version] Right-hand tributary of the Savus (Sava), modern Drina (length: 346 km); Ptol. 2,16,7 records that the D. flows west of Taurunum (Zemun) into the Savus. The D. is formed from the union of the Tara and Piva in the border region of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro; it forms the border between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. In some sources the name D. was erroneously applied to the river  Drilon, no doubt because both rivers flow close to each other in the extreme north of Albania. A road station ad Drinum (modern Brodac, north of Bijeljina) is mentioned in Tab. Peu…

[German version] Town at the foot of the Alpes Delmaticae (modern Velebit) on the northern Dalmatian coast (modern Starigrad Paklenica, Croatia), in the 3rd cent. BC at times occupied by the  Iapodes, but from the 4th cent. BC attributed to the  Liburni (Ps.-Scyl. 21). As a Liburnian   oppidum (Plin. HN 3,140), A.'s population was made up of both immigrants and natives; probably under  Augustus, it became a   municipium of the   tribus Claudia (hardly under Tiberius, even though the town was fortified with walls and towers during his reign [1. 2894]…