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Song
(4,449 words)
1. TerminologyThe word “song” – denoting (a) the act of sustaining a melody with the voice, and (b) a composition for singing – dates back to Old English and has virtually identical cognates in all the Germanic languages (e.g. ON
söngr, Dutch
zang, OHG
sang). NHG
Gesang, however, was superseded in the sense of “composition for voice” by
Lied in the 15th century. According to Grimm’s
Deutsches Wörterbuch,
Lied (compare ON
ljóð, OE
leóð, ME
leth, “lay”) originally denoted making music by plucking strings; OHG glosses render the Latin
bardus (bard) as
liudari, and the explanatory
carminu…
Date:
2022-08-17
Sack
(750 words)
[English Version]
1.
August Friedrich Wilhelm , (4.2.1703 Harzgerode – 23.4.1786 Berlin), ref. Theologe. 1722 Studium der Theol. in Frankfurt/O., 1724 Hofmeister in Stettin und Holland (Einfluß des Symbolzwang-Kritikers Jean Barbeyrac [1674–1744] und des Arminianismus [Arminianer: I.]), 1728 Erzieher des Erbprinzen von Hessen-Homburg. 1731 dritter, 1737 erster Prediger der dt.-ref. Gemeinde in Magdeburg, 1738 KonsR und Inspektor der ref. Kirchen im Herzogtum Magdeburg mit ausgeprägtem sozialen Engage…
Sack
(1,064 words)
[German Version]
1. August Friedrich Wilhelm (Feb 4, 1703, Harzgerode – Apr 23, 1786, Berlin), Reformed theologian. In 1722 he began to study theology in Frankfurt an der Oder; in 1724 he served as a domestic tutor in Stettin (Szczecin) and Holland, where he was influenced by Jean Barbeyrac (1674–1744), a critic of confessional tests, and Arminianism (Arminians: I). In 1728 he was appointed tutor to the heir to the throne of Hesse-Homburg. In 1731 he was appointed third preacher of German Reformed chu…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Enlightenment, The
(11,495 words)
[German Version] I. Intellectual History – II. Theology and Church History – III. Latin America, Asia, Africa – IV. Missiology
I. Intellectual History
1. The Term Equivalents to the term “Enlightenment” are found in all European languages (Dutch
verlichting, Fr.
les lumières, Germ.
Aufklärung, Ital.
illuminismo, Span.
ilustración). The term is ambiguous almost to the point of equivocation. The history of the German word is especially illuminating. The verb
aufklären appears for the first time in Kaspar Stieler's
Teutscher Sprachschatz (1691), where it is used in the se…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Edifying Literature
(3,117 words)
[German Version] I. To the Reformation – II. Modern Era – III. Present
I. To the Reformation The term “edifying literature” (or “devotional literature”) embraces all Christian literature that is not liturgical, juristic, merely informative, or scholarly (history, theology) but is meant to edify and encourage piety and Christian conduct. But the boundaries distinguishing e…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Theologie
(11,949 words)
1. EinleitungDas griech. Wort
theología (Rede bzw. Lehre von Gott und den göttlichen Dingen), mit dem Aristoteles die höchste Stufe der Philosophie, die sog. Metaphysik, bezeichnete (
Metaphysik 11, 7, 1064 b 1–3), wurde in der christl. Spätantike zunächst für Aussagen über das Wesen Gottes gebraucht, während sein Wirken in der Welt als Schöpfer und Erlöser unter den griech. Begriff
oikonomía (»Hausverwaltung«) im Sinne von Heilsordnung gefasst wurde [2. 1081 f.]. Im 12. Jh. nahm Th., wenn nicht rein philosophisch als Synonym von Metaphysik, sondern für die chr…
Source:
Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit Online
Date:
2020-11-18
Theology
(12,506 words)
1. IntroductionThe Greek word
theología (discourse/teaching concerning God and divinity) was used by Aristotle for the highest level of philosophy, so-called metaphysics (
Metaphysics 11. 7, 1064 b 1–3). In late antiquity, Christians used it initially for statements about the nature of God, while using the Greek word
oikonomía (household management) in the sense of “order of salvation” for God’s action in the world as Creator and Redeemer [2. 1081 f.]. In the 12th century, when
theology was used for Christian theology rather than purely philosophically as…
Date:
2022-11-07
Aufklärung
(13,283 words)
1. Begriff und DefinitionA. (im Deutschen 1691 erstmals belegt) und ihre europ. Parallelbegriffe
enlightenment,
lumières,
illuminismo,
ilustración bezeichnen die wirkungsmächtigste europ. Bildungsbewegung des 18. Jh.s und zugleich deren spezifisches Ziel: alle Autoritäten, Traditionen und Hierarchien am Maß einer neu definierten Vernunft kritisch zu prüfen und abzuschaffen, falls sie deren Gesetzen widersprechen sollten, die gesamte Lebenswelt nach diesen Gesetzen neu zu ordnen und möglichst viele Menschen fähig zu machen, kraft dieser Vernunft ein besseres, glüc…
Source:
Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit Online
Date:
2021-06-18
Enlightenment
(14,627 words)
1. Concept and definition Enlightenment in English is first attested from 1865 as a translation of the German
Aufklärung, which was first recorded in 1691. With their European cognates
lumières (French),
illuminismo (Italian), and
ilustración (Spanish), they denote the most influential European educational and cultural movement of the 18th century, as well as its overriding goals: to subject all authorities, traditions, and hierarchies to the critical measure of a newly defined reason, and to abolish them if they ran counter…
Date:
2019-10-14
Church History/Church Historiography
(14,105 words)
[German Version] I. Concept, Presuppositions – II. Development – III. Middle Eastern Church History and Historiography – IV. Religious Education
I. Concept, Presuppositions
1. Concept The concept of church history has not yet been studied sufficiently, but it is already clear that since antiquity extraordinarily different conceptions of Christian historiography have been in simultaneous competition over the interpretation of past, present, and future. Often the different methodological option…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Predigt
(10,773 words)
[English Version]
I. Allgemein P. (von lat. praedicare, »öfftl. bekannt machen«) ist geistl. bzw. rel. Rede im Unterschied etwa zur Gerichtsrede, der polit. Rede oder der Festrede. Sie hat ihren Ort im Gottesdienst der Gemeinde (Kasualien), bei verschiedenen kirchl. Anlässen (Evangelisation, Andacht, Weihe/Weihehandlungen etc.) und vielgestaltig in den Medien (s.u. VI.). Die Kommunikation in der P. läßt sich elementarisiert darstellen als Geschehen im Dreieck von Prediger, Text und Hörer (s.u. IV. …
Preaching
(12,278 words)
[German Version]
I. General Preaching (from Lat.
praedicare, “proclaim publicly”) is spiritual or religious speech, in contrast, for example, to forensic speech, political speech, or celebratory speech. Its setting is the worship of the community (Ministerial offices), church activities such as evangelism, devotions (Devotion [Attitude]), and ordinations (Consecration/Ordination/Dedication), and – in various forms – the media (see IV below). ¶ Communication in preaching, reduced to its basic elements, can be represented as a triangle of the preacher, th…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Bible Translations
(16,696 words)
[German Version] I. Translations into Ancient Languages – II. Christian Translations into European Languages since the Middle Ages– III. Translations into Non-European Languages in Modern Times
I. Translations into Ancient Languages
1. Translations of the Old Testament into Greek
a. The first written translation of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint (LXX), owes its name to the circumstance that the
Letter of Aristeas refers to 72 elders who had come to Alexandria from Jerusalem in order to translate the Torah of the Jews into…
Source:
Religion Past and Present