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, 21st letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed Ḳ , numerical value 100, according to the eastern order [see abd̲j̲ad ]. Definition: occlusive , uvulovelar , surd . According to the Arab grammatical tradition: s̲h̲adīda , mad̲j̲hūra , in mak̲h̲rad̲j̲ : the rear-most part of the tongue and the highest part of the upper palate (Sībawayhi, ii, 453, 1. 5-6, ed. Paris; al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Mufaṣṣal , 188, 1. 16-7, 2nd ed. Broch), that is to say: the root of the tongue is in contact with the very lowest part of the soft palate and the uvula …

(a.), inf. of the verb istafhama “to interrogate”, a technical term in Arabic grammar signifying interrogation. Interrogation can be indicated simply by the intonation of the sentence, particularly in prose that is close to the spoken language. Arabic generally uses two interrogative particles: a- (negative a-lā , a-mā , a-lam), hal . The second ( hal) is more energetic than the first ( a-), but is of more restricted use (Reckendorf, Arabische Syntax , 19, 10). Sībawayhi (i, 434, line 19-435, lines 1-2) represents the difference between a- and hal thus: “if you say: hal taḍribu Zaydan …

, 19th letter of the Arabic alphabet, here transcribed g̲h̲ ; numerical value: 1000. Definition: a voiced postvelar fricative; according to the Arab grammatical tradition: rik̲h̲wa mad̲j̲hūra mustaʿliya . As regards the mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: min adnā ’l-ḥalḳ (from the part of the throat nearest to the mouth). The Arabs thus made g̲h̲ayn (and k̲h̲āʾ ) guttural. They contrasted them with ʿayn and ḥāʾ , min awsaṭ al-ḥalḳ ; and with hāʾ and hamza , min aḳṣā ’l-ḥalḳ (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Muf. 2 § 732). The velaric articulation of g̲h̲ayn is well described by ¶ R. Růžička as “b…

a technical term in Arabic grammar, translated approximately as “etymology”; s̲h̲aḳḳa ’l-s̲h̲ayʾ “he split the thing”, is̲h̲taḳḳa ’l-s̲h̲ayʾ”he took the s̲h̲iḳḳ , half of the [split] thing” (Lane, Lex ., 1577a): is̲h̲tiḳāḳ , inf. of is̲h̲taḳḳa , in the technical sense of etymology, derives from the first sense, a word being thought of, so to speak, as split open so that the mus̲h̲taḳḳ , the derivative that it contains, may be extracted. Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ in its general sense, in fact, signifies: nazʿ lafẓ min āk̲h̲ar , “taking one word from another”, under certai…

, Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Muḥammad b. YaʿḲūb b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Mad̲j̲d al-Di̊n al-S̲h̲āfiʿī al-S̲h̲īrāzī , from his father’s town Fīrūzābād, was born at Kāzarūn, a town near S̲h̲īrāz (Īrān) in Rabīʿ II or D̲j̲umādā II 729/February or April 1329. From the age of eight he was educated in S̲h̲īrāz. then in Wāsiṭ and, in 745/1344, in Bag̲h̲dād. In 750/1349 he was attending the classes of Taḳī al-Dīn al-Subkī in Damascus (Brockelmann, II, 106). His long life can be divided into three main periods, spent in Jerusalem, Mecca and in the Yemen. In the same year 750 he accompanied al-Subkī to Jerusal…

, Abū Ibrāhīm Isḥāḳ b. Ibrāhīm , lexicographer. The early sources are sparse in regard to him. Only Yāḳūt gives him a whole notice ( Udabāʾ , vi, 61-5 = Irs̲h̲ād , ii, 226-9); al-Suyūṭī reproduces a few extracts from this adding nothing ( Bug̲h̲ya , i, 437-8); and al-Ḳifṭī speaks of him only incidentally in his Inbāʾ (i, 52-3), in his notice on Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī. His date of birth is unknown, but he probably died in 350/961 (the date given by Brockelmann, 12, 133, and Kraemer, 212). He was the maternal uncle of al-Ḏj̲awharī, author of the Ṣiḥāḥ (d. ca. 400/1009 [ q.v.]), which keeps al-Fārāb…

in its original usage indicates a separative: “a pearl ( k̲h̲araza ) which effects a separation between two other pearls in the stringing of the latter” when a necklace or piece of jewellery is being made (see Lane s.v.); fāṣila , with this sense of separative, has received two technical usages, one in Arabic prosody, the other in Ḳurʾānic terminology. In Arabic prosody ( ʿarūḍ [ q.v.]), fāṣila denotes a division in the primitive feet, meaning three ḥurūf mutaḥarrika followed by one ḥarf sākin , e.g.: ḳatalat ( al-fāsila al-ṣug̲h̲rā ), or else four ḥurūf mutaḥarrika followed by one ḥarf sākin,…

, the 23rd letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed as l; numerical value 30 [see abd̲j̲ad ]. Definition: fricative , lateral , voiced . It is called a liquid (H. Fleisch, Traité , i, § 3 b) because of the fluidity of its emission. This act of emission comes ¶ normally from the two corners of the mouth, l bilateral; it can be made from one side only, with unchanged acoustic results, l unilateral (M. Grammont, 71 penult. This last was probably the case with the ḍād (a lateralised consonant [see Ḍād ]), called al-ḍaʾīfa , which was made from the right or left side of…

, by-name usually given (al-Suyūṭī, Bug̲h̲ya , 208) to Abū ʿAmr Bundār b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Kark̲h̲ī al-Iṣbahānī , Arabic philologist. There is much uncertainty over this name: according to the Fihrist (83) it is Abū ʿUmar Mindād b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Kark̲h̲ī Ibn Lazza (a laḳab ) ; it is read as Ibn Lazza by Flügel, who reproduced the name in Die Gr . Schulen der Araber , Leipzig 1862, 223. A manuscript of the Fihrist, Codex P, has r instead of z in this laḳab. This r is found also in the Inbāh al-ruwāt , i, 257, of al-Ḳifṭī (Cairo 1369/1950); in the Talk̲h̲īṣ of Ibn Maktūm (according to the editor of Inbāh…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. Aḥmad al-K̲h̲as̲h̲s̲h̲āb (afterwards called Ibn al-K̲h̲as̲h̲s̲h̲āb ) al-Naḥwī (this form for his name is given by his contemporary Ibn al-Ḏj̲awzī, al-Muntaẓam , x, Ḥaydarābād 1358, 238); his place of birth is unknown, while the date given for his birth, 492/1099, is not certain (see the criticism of Ibn K̲h̲allikān. ii, 289). He lived in Bag̲h̲dād and died there on 3 Ramaḍān 567/30 April 1172, a date generally accepted. Ibn al-K̲h̲as̲h̲s̲h̲āb is a complex character. There was in him an insatiable intellectual curiosity. Among…

(adj, can be taken as a subst.), pl. afrād , used of the individual, and so with the meanings of only , solitary , unique , incomparable; the half , that is to say one of a pair or couple (pl. firād , Ḳāmūs root f.r.d); and other derivative meanings. The word has been used to denote Allāh, as the single Being who has no parallel: al-fard fī ṣifāt Allāh (al-Layt̲h̲, Lisān , iv, 327/iii, 331a), but it does not occur in the Ḳurʾān or in ḥadīt̲h̲ s as an epithet of Allāh. It is for that reason that al-Azharī ( ibid.) found fault with this usage. There is every reason for believing’ that al-fard was at that time…

, the Arabic grammatical term denoting the vowel i: kasra designates the ¶ written sign itself, kasr the sound in question (Wright, Ar. Gr.3 , İ, 8A). This distinction corresponds, for example, with the text of al-Dānī, al-Muḥkam fī naḳṭ al-masāḥif , Damascus 1379/1960, 42, ll. 4-7, and Ḳitāb al-Naḳṭ (Bibl. Isl., 3, 1932), 137, ll. 8-11, but kasr can also have another interpretation: the verb kasara ( i) “to break”, can be used to mean: “to provide [a ḥarf ] with a kasra” , the mouth being considered “broken” at the time of the pronunciation of the kasra (according to Abu ’l-Aswad al-Duʾalī,…

(A.), inf. of the verb istat̲h̲nā “to except”, a technical term in Arabic grammar signifying “exception”. This assumes, first of all, a complete sentence; then (when the proposition has been stated) one or more beings are excepted from the functions exercised in the sentence. In English, except is used, e.g.: Everyone came except Zayd , Arabic uses means of expression of various origins (Sībawayhi, i, ch. 185): g̲h̲ayra (a noun signifying “difference”); siwā , suwā (more rarely sawāʾa , siwāʾa ) (also a noun); illā ( = * in-lā “if not”) “except”; the verbs k̲h̲alā , ʿadā …

—The aim of the present article is to clarify general ideas, and to show what system underlies the expression of grammatical number, as regards the Arabic plural and collective. The Arabic language distinguishes. between: 1) the singular, 2) dual, 3) plural, 4) collective. Arab grammarians have paid close attention to the first three: 1) the singular: al-wāḥid ; mufrad is applied to the “simple” noun (as opposed to murakkab , applied to the “compound” noun) by the Muf . § 4; but it has also been used for “singular”, likewise fard [ q.v.].—2) the dual: al-mut̲h̲annā , …

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Barrī b. ʿAbd al-D̲j̲abbār al-Maḳdisī (so called after his family’s place of origin) al-Miṣrī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī Arab grammarian born at Cairo on 5 Rad̲j̲ab 499/13 March 1106 and died there 27 S̲h̲awwāl 582/11 January 1187. He studied under the masters of that period (see Ibn K̲h̲allikān. ii, 293); when he himself was a master, among his disciples was Abū Mūsā al-Ḏj̲azūlī al-Naḥwī [ q.v.]. During the whole of Ibn Barrī’s life the Crusades were in progress (capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 1099; disastrous defeat of the Crusaders at Ḥa…

, 20th letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed f; numerical value 80, as in the Syriac (and Canaanite) alphabet [see abd̲j̲ad ]. Definition: fricative, labio-dental, unvoiced; according to the Arabic grammatical tradition: rik̲h̲wa , s̲h̲afawiyya (or s̲h̲afahiyya ), mahmūsa ; f is a continuation of a p in ancient Semitic and common Semitic. For the phonological oppositions of the phoneme f, see J. Cantineau, Esquisse , in BSL (no. 126), 94, 1°; for the incompatibilities, ibid., 134. Modifications: some examples exist of the passage of f to t̲h̲ , as in the doublet: nukāf and nukāt̲h̲ …

, letter of the alphabet, word; Ibn Ḏj̲innī ( Sirr al-ṣināʿa , i, 15-19), examining the etymology of the word, finds an original meaning of ḥadd , “limit”: innamā ḥarf al-s̲h̲ayʾ ḥadduh wa-nāḥiyatuh ; and, in speaking of the ḥurūf al-hid̲j̲āʾ : ḥadd munḳaṭaʿ al-ṣawt wa-g̲h̲āyatuh wa-ṭarafuh (16, lines 6-7), “The limit where the cutting of the ṣawt occurs, its end, its extremity.” This explanation introduces an element from a system which was elaborated much later: the maḳṭaʿ , but it is important because of the use of the word ḥadd, “limit.” The LA contains a long article on ḥarf …

is the infinitive of the verb aḍmara/ yuḍmiru , “to conceal”. The Arab grammarians use it when speaking about an unexpressed grammatical element, supposedly existent and active; it can thus be translated as “imply”. The opposite is iẓhār , from the verb aẓhara “to reveal”. A good example of the two is supplied by Ch. 50 of Sībawayhi. One can say (i, 107): al-ṣabiyya al-ṣabiyya , “the small boy, the small boy!” with iḍmār of a verb in the d̲j̲azm requiring the naṣb of the substantive, or, with iẓhār of This verb: lā tuwaṭṭiʾ al-ṣabiyya , “do not tread on the small boy”. This verb aḍmara is used thus…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Mālik al-Ṭāʾī al-D̲j̲ayyānī (the name given by al-Maḳḳarī, ii, 421; for his reasons see 427, lines 13-6), Arab grammarian. He was born in Jaen in 600 or 601/1203-4 or 1204-5, according to the most generally accepted date, and was at first a Mālikī. Al-Maḳḳarī (ii, 421) gives the names of four of his teachers in his native town; to them may be added that of Abū ʿAlī ʿUmar al-S̲h̲alawbīnī, in Seville. Very soon he left for the Near…

(a.), “name”, is the technical term used in Arabic grammar to signify the noun. Ism is a biliteral and, as such, belongs to a very ancient linguistic stock (see H. Fleisch, Traité de la philologie arabe , i, § 52 b) it has been given a w as a third radical consonant so that it may be included in the scheme of morphological formations: broken pl. asmāʾ , denominative verb: samā , yasmū , more frequently sammā , yusammī , “to call, name”. Of the Arab grammarians, the Kūfans derive ism from wasm “sign” . The Baṣrans from sumuww “elevation” (see their discussions, Ibn al-Anbārī, K. al-Inṣāf …