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“cause”, pl. ʿilal . i.—Grammar The idea of the ʿilla is important, and appears in the earliest treatises. In fact, Ibn Sallām al-Ḏj̲umāḥī. who sees ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Isḥāḳ (d. 117/735) as the founder of naḥw , says of him: “he enlarged the scope of ḳiyās and explained the ʿilal” (al-Ḳifṭī, ¶ Inbāʾ , ii, 105). Few grammarians, however, have dealt with the question of ʿilal for its own sake: al-Zad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ī, in ch. 5 (64-6) of the Kitāb al-Īāḍāḥ fī ʿilal al-naḥw (Cairo 1378/1959); Ibn Ḏj̲innī. in several chapters of the K̲h̲aṣāʾiṣ . i (Cairo 1371/1952), 48-95, 1…

, 8th letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed d; numerical value 4, in accordance with the order of the letters in the Syriac (and Canaanite) alphabet, where d is the fourth letter [see abd̲j̲ad ]. It continues a d of common Semitic. Definition: voiced dental occlusive; according to the Arab grammatical tradition: s̲h̲adīda , mad̲j̲hūra . For the mak̲h̲rad̲j̲ : niṭʿiyya according to al-K̲h̲alīl (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Mufaṣṣal , 2nd ed. J. P. Broch, 191, line 1), who places the point of articulation at the niṭʿ (or niṭaʿ ), the anterior part of the hard pala…

, 9th letter of the Arabic alphabet, here transcribed d̲h̲ ; numerical value 700, in the Eastern system [see abd̲j̲ad ]. Definition: voiced interdental fricative; according to the Arabic grammatical tradition: rik̲h̲wa mad̲j̲hūra . For the mak̲h̲rad̲j̲ : lit̲h̲awiyya in al-K̲h̲alīl (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲ari, Muf ., 191, line 2, 2nd ed. J. P. Broch) indicates a position of the tongue on the lit̲h̲a “gum”, therefore gingival . Ibn Yaʿīs̲h̲ (1460, line 21, ed. G. Jahn) records a position quite close to this, “the base of the central incisors”, and therefore alveolar . S…

5th letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed d̲j̲ ; numerical value 3, so agreeing, like dāl , with the order of the letters of the Syriac (and Canaanite) alphabet [see abd̲j̲ad ]. It represents a g (occlusive, postpalatal1, voiced) in the ancient Semitic (and in common Semitic). In Arabic, This articulation has evolved: the point of articulation has been carried forward, in an unconditioned way 2, to the middle and prepalatal region, as a consequence of which it readily developed elements of palatalization ( g y and d y) and affrication ( d̲j̲). A simplification of the articulation …

(a., pl. aḥkām ), verbal noun of ḥakama , which originally means “to withhold, restrain, prevent”, is used in a number of technical meanings in the field of religious law [see aḥkām ], philosophy (see below, I), and grammar (see below, II). On the different meanings of the term ḥukm , see Dict , of technical terms, i, 372 ff.; L. Gauthier, La racine arabe et ses dérivés , in Homenaje a Don Fr. Codera , Saragossa 1904, 435-54. I. Ḥukm means in philosophy, the judgement or act by which the mind affirms or denies one thing with regard to another, and thus…

, 26th letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed h; numerical value: 5, as in the Syriac (and Canaanite) alphabet [see abd̲j̲ad ]. It continues h from common Semitic. Definition: unvoiced glottal spirant; according to the Arab grammatical tradition: rik̲h̲wa mahmūsa ; as regards the mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: aḳṣā ’l-ḥalḳ “the farthest part of the throat” (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Mufaṣṣal2 , § 732). A voiced h can be found after a voiced phoneme but it is not a distinctive characteristic (see J. Cantineau, Cours , 75). Pause can develop a h to support the short final vowel of a word when it is …

, infinitive of the verb aḍāfa ( ilā ) “to unite (with)”, has became a term in Arabic grammar. In the Kitāb of Sībawayhi it has at first a very wide meaning: it is inserted into the theory of the d̲j̲arr (genitive) [the Kūfans say k̲h̲afḍ ] set out in Chapter 100. There we find: “al-D̲j̲arr is found only in nouns that are muḍāf ilayhi” , that is: “that have received an adjunction”, the muḍāf being that which is “added”. It is the iḍāfa , the fact of having united one term with another, that requires the d̲j̲arr ( Mufaṣṣal , § 110), but the “operator” of this putting into the d̲j̲arr, the ʿāmil , is the ḥarf al…