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, 7e lettre de de l’alphabet arabe, transcrit ici k̲h̲; sa valeur numérique est 600, selon l’ordre oriental [voir Abd̲j̲ad]. Définition: fricative postvilaire, sourde. Selon la tradition grammaticale arabe: rīk̲h̲wa, mahmūsa, mustaʿliya; pour le mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: min adnā l-ḥalḳ (de la partie de la gorge la plus proche de la bouche; al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī. Mufaṣṣal 2, éd. Broch, § 732); Ibn Yaʿīs̲h̲ ( S̲h̲arḥ, éd. G. Jann, 1460, l. 6) précise: «le k̲h̲āʾ est plus proche de la bouche que le g̲h̲ayn». Les Arabes ont mis ainsi le k̲h̲āʾ dans la gorge et en ont fait une laryngale (selon la terminolo…

, Abū Ibrāhīm Isḥāḳ b. Ibrāhīm, lexicographe. Les sources anciennes sont pauvres à son sujet: seul Yāḳūt lui a consacré une notice dans le Muʿd̲j̲am al-udabāʾ, VI, 61-5 (= Irs̲h̲ād, II, 226-9); al-Suyūṭī en reproduit quelques extraits et n’ajoute rien ( Bug̲h̲ya, I, 437-8); al-Ḳifṭī parle incidemment ¶ de lui dans l’ Inbāʾ (I, 52-3), dans la notice d’Abū l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī. La date de sa naissance est inconnue: la plus probable pour son décès est 350/961 (date donnée par Brockelmann, I2, 133 et Kraemer, 212). Il était l’oncle maternel d’al-Ḏj̲awharī, l’auteur du Ṣiḥāḥ (m. vers 400/1009 [ q.…

, 9e lettre de l’alphabet arabe, transcrite ici: d̲h̲; valeur numérique: 700, selon l’ordre oriental [voir Abd̲j̲ad]. Définition: fricative interdentale sonore; selon la tradition grammaticale arabe: rik̲h̲wa mad̲j̲hūra. Pour le mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: lit̲h̲awiyya d’al-Ḵh̲alīl (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Muf., 191, ligne 2, 2e éd. J. P. Broch) indique une position de la langue au lit̲h̲a «gencive», donc: gingivale. Ibn Yaʿīs̲h̲ (1460, ligne 21, éd. G. Jahn) rapporte une position toute proche: «les bases des incisives centrales», donc: alvéolaire. Sībawayh (II, 453, ligne 14, éd. Par…

, Ḏj̲amāl al-dīn Abū ʿAmr ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿUmar b. Abī Bakr al-Mālikī, faḳīh mālikite et grammairien, qui doit son appellatif au fait que son père, un Kurde, fut chambellan ( ḥād̲j̲ib) de l’ amīr ʿIzz al-dīn Mūsak al-Ṣalāḥī. Il naquit à Asnā, village de la Haute-Égypte, après 570/ 1174-5. Il étudia au Caire les sciences islamiques avec grand succès, notamment auprès d’al-S̲h̲āṭibī et de Muḥammad al-G̲h̲aznawī. Il dut ensuite, du moins un certain temps, séjourner et enseigner au Caire, comme l’indiquent des Amālī datés de cette ville, au plus tôt en 609/1212-3, au plus tard en 61…

, en grammaire, se rapporte aux constituants de la phrase nominale, par ex.: zaydun karīm un «Zayd est généreux»; Zayd, le premier terme, est le mubtadāʾkarīm, le second terme, est le k̲h̲abar. Pour le phrase verbale, les deux termes sont: fāʿil, agent, fiʿl, verbe. Les grammairiens arabes, comme on le voit, ont bien reconnu dans leur langue les deux types de phrase: nominale, verbale. Ils ont bien reconnu aussi la nécessité du ʿaḳd, du nexus entre les deux termes de ces phrases; ils l’ont appelé isnād «appuiement», lien entre al- musnad ilayh, le premier terme, et al-musnad, le second ter…

est l’infinitif du verbe aḍmara/yuḍmiru «cacher». Les grammairiens arabes l’emploient au sujet d’un élément grammatical non exprimé, supposé existant et agissant; il se traduit bien alors par: «sous-entendre». Le contraire est iẓhār, du verbe aẓhara «manifester». Un bon exemple des deux est fourni par le ch. 50 de Sibawayhi. On peut dire (I, 107): al-ṣabiyya l-ṣabiyya, «le petit garçon, le petit garçon!», avec iḍmār d’un verbe au d̲j̲azm demandant le naṣb du substantif, ou bien avec iẓhār de ce verbe: lā tuwaṭṭiʾ al-ṣabiyya, «ne marche pas sur le petit garçon». On emploie ainsi ce verbe a…

, infinitif du verbe aḍāfa (ilā) «adjoindre (à) » est devenu un terme de la grammaire arabe. Dans le Kitāb de Sībawayhi, il a d’abord un sens très large: il s’insère dans la théorie du d̲j̲arr (génitif) [ k̲h̲afḍ disaient les Kūfiens] exposée au chapitre 100. Il y est dit: « al-Ḏj̲arr ne se rencontre que dans tout nom qui est muḍāf ilayhi», c’est-à-dire: «qui a reçu une adjonction», le muḍāf étant 1’ «ajouté». C’est l’ iḍāfa, le fait d’avoir adjoint un terme à l’autre, qui pose l’exigence du d̲j̲arr (Mufaṣṣal, § 110), mais ¶ l’opérateur de cette mise au d̲j̲arr, le ʿāmil, est le ḥarf al-d̲j̲arr (pré…

, Abū l-Ḥusayn Aḥmad b. Fāris b. Zakariyyāʾ b. Muḥ. b. Ḥabīb, al-S̲h̲āfiʿī puis (à Rayy) al-Mālikī. al-Lug̲h̲awī, philologue arabe. Sa date de naissance est inconnue, son lieu de naissance ¶ est incertain: d’une part, selon un de ses vers (Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ, IV, 93), ce lieu aurait été un village, Kursuf, du district d’al-Zahrāʾ, d’où une première nisba, al-Zahrāwī; en tout cas, il serait certainement d’origine paysanne (selon Yāḳūt, op. cit., 92, 1. 12-3). D’autre part, Ibn Fāris lui-même, dans ses sources pour les Maḳāyīs (sa Muḳaddima, I, 5) indique Fāris b. Zakariyyāʾ [son père] …

, 26th letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed h; numerical value: 5, as in the Syriac (and Canaanite) alphabet [see abd̲j̲ad ]. It continues h from common Semitic. Definition: unvoiced glottal spirant; according to the Arab grammatical tradition: rik̲h̲wa mahmūsa ; as regards the mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: aḳṣā ’l-ḥalḳ “the farthest part of the throat” (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Mufaṣṣal2 , § 732). A voiced h can be found after a voiced phoneme but it is not a distinctive characteristic (see J. Cantineau, Cours , 75). Pause can develop a h to support the short final vowel of a word when it is …

, 21st letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed Ḳ , numerical value 100, according to the eastern order [see abd̲j̲ad ]. Definition: occlusive , uvulovelar , surd . According to the Arab grammatical tradition: s̲h̲adīda , mad̲j̲hūra , in mak̲h̲rad̲j̲ : the rear-most part of the tongue and the highest part of the upper palate (Sībawayhi, ii, 453, 1. 5-6, ed. Paris; al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Mufaṣṣal , 188, 1. 16-7, 2nd ed. Broch), that is to say: the root of the tongue is in contact with the very lowest part of the soft palate and the uvula …

(a.), inf. of the verb istafhama “to interrogate”, a technical term in Arabic grammar signifying interrogation. Interrogation can be indicated simply by the intonation of the sentence, particularly in prose that is close to the spoken language. Arabic generally uses two interrogative particles: a- (negative a-lā , a-mā , a-lam), hal . The second ( hal) is more energetic than the first ( a-), but is of more restricted use (Reckendorf, Arabische Syntax , 19, 10). Sībawayhi (i, 434, line 19-435, lines 1-2) represents the difference between a- and hal thus: “if you say: hal taḍribu Zaydan …

, 19th letter of the Arabic alphabet, here transcribed g̲h̲ ; numerical value: 1000. Definition: a voiced postvelar fricative; according to the Arab grammatical tradition: rik̲h̲wa mad̲j̲hūra mustaʿliya . As regards the mak̲h̲rad̲j̲: min adnā ’l-ḥalḳ (from the part of the throat nearest to the mouth). The Arabs thus made g̲h̲ayn (and k̲h̲āʾ ) guttural. They contrasted them with ʿayn and ḥāʾ , min awsaṭ al-ḥalḳ ; and with hāʾ and hamza , min aḳṣā ’l-ḥalḳ (al-Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī, Muf. 2 § 732). The velaric articulation of g̲h̲ayn is well described by ¶ R. Růžička as “b…

a technical term in Arabic grammar, translated approximately as “etymology”; s̲h̲aḳḳa ’l-s̲h̲ayʾ “he split the thing”, is̲h̲taḳḳa ’l-s̲h̲ayʾ”he took the s̲h̲iḳḳ , half of the [split] thing” (Lane, Lex ., 1577a): is̲h̲tiḳāḳ , inf. of is̲h̲taḳḳa , in the technical sense of etymology, derives from the first sense, a word being thought of, so to speak, as split open so that the mus̲h̲taḳḳ , the derivative that it contains, may be extracted. Is̲h̲tiḳāḳ in its general sense, in fact, signifies: nazʿ lafẓ min āk̲h̲ar , “taking one word from another”, under certai…

, Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Muḥammad b. YaʿḲūb b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Mad̲j̲d al-Di̊n al-S̲h̲āfiʿī al-S̲h̲īrāzī , from his father’s town Fīrūzābād, was born at Kāzarūn, a town near S̲h̲īrāz (Īrān) in Rabīʿ II or D̲j̲umādā II 729/February or April 1329. From the age of eight he was educated in S̲h̲īrāz. then in Wāsiṭ and, in 745/1344, in Bag̲h̲dād. In 750/1349 he was attending the classes of Taḳī al-Dīn al-Subkī in Damascus (Brockelmann, II, 106). His long life can be divided into three main periods, spent in Jerusalem, Mecca and in the Yemen. In the same year 750 he accompanied al-Subkī to Jerusal…

, Abū Ibrāhīm Isḥāḳ b. Ibrāhīm , lexicographer. The early sources are sparse in regard to him. Only Yāḳūt gives him a whole notice ( Udabāʾ , vi, 61-5 = Irs̲h̲ād , ii, 226-9); al-Suyūṭī reproduces a few extracts from this adding nothing ( Bug̲h̲ya , i, 437-8); and al-Ḳifṭī speaks of him only incidentally in his Inbāʾ (i, 52-3), in his notice on Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī. His date of birth is unknown, but he probably died in 350/961 (the date given by Brockelmann, 12, 133, and Kraemer, 212). He was the maternal uncle of al-Ḏj̲awharī, author of the Ṣiḥāḥ (d. ca. 400/1009 [ q.v.]), which keeps al-Fārāb…

in its original usage indicates a separative: “a pearl ( k̲h̲araza ) which effects a separation between two other pearls in the stringing of the latter” when a necklace or piece of jewellery is being made (see Lane s.v.); fāṣila , with this sense of separative, has received two technical usages, one in Arabic prosody, the other in Ḳurʾānic terminology. In Arabic prosody ( ʿarūḍ [ q.v.]), fāṣila denotes a division in the primitive feet, meaning three ḥurūf mutaḥarrika followed by one ḥarf sākin , e.g.: ḳatalat ( al-fāsila al-ṣug̲h̲rā ), or else four ḥurūf mutaḥarrika followed by one ḥarf sākin,…

, the 23rd letter of the Arabic alphabet, transcribed as l; numerical value 30 [see abd̲j̲ad ]. Definition: fricative , lateral , voiced . It is called a liquid (H. Fleisch, Traité , i, § 3 b) because of the fluidity of its emission. This act of emission comes ¶ normally from the two corners of the mouth, l bilateral; it can be made from one side only, with unchanged acoustic results, l unilateral (M. Grammont, 71 penult. This last was probably the case with the ḍād (a lateralised consonant [see Ḍād ]), called al-ḍaʾīfa , which was made from the right or left side of…

, by-name usually given (al-Suyūṭī, Bug̲h̲ya , 208) to Abū ʿAmr Bundār b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Kark̲h̲ī al-Iṣbahānī , Arabic philologist. There is much uncertainty over this name: according to the Fihrist (83) it is Abū ʿUmar Mindād b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Kark̲h̲ī Ibn Lazza (a laḳab ) ; it is read as Ibn Lazza by Flügel, who reproduced the name in Die Gr . Schulen der Araber , Leipzig 1862, 223. A manuscript of the Fihrist, Codex P, has r instead of z in this laḳab. This r is found also in the Inbāh al-ruwāt , i, 257, of al-Ḳifṭī (Cairo 1369/1950); in the Talk̲h̲īṣ of Ibn Maktūm (according to the editor of Inbāh…

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. Aḥmad al-K̲h̲as̲h̲s̲h̲āb (afterwards called Ibn al-K̲h̲as̲h̲s̲h̲āb ) al-Naḥwī (this form for his name is given by his contemporary Ibn al-Ḏj̲awzī, al-Muntaẓam , x, Ḥaydarābād 1358, 238); his place of birth is unknown, while the date given for his birth, 492/1099, is not certain (see the criticism of Ibn K̲h̲allikān. ii, 289). He lived in Bag̲h̲dād and died there on 3 Ramaḍān 567/30 April 1172, a date generally accepted. Ibn al-K̲h̲as̲h̲s̲h̲āb is a complex character. There was in him an insatiable intellectual curiosity. Among…

(adj, can be taken as a subst.), pl. afrād , used of the individual, and so with the meanings of only , solitary , unique , incomparable; the half , that is to say one of a pair or couple (pl. firād , Ḳāmūs root f.r.d); and other derivative meanings. The word has been used to denote Allāh, as the single Being who has no parallel: al-fard fī ṣifāt Allāh (al-Layt̲h̲, Lisān , iv, 327/iii, 331a), but it does not occur in the Ḳurʾān or in ḥadīt̲h̲ s as an epithet of Allāh. It is for that reason that al-Azharī ( ibid.) found fault with this usage. There is every reason for believing’ that al-fard was at that time…