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Us̲h̲nū

(766 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
(Us̲h̲nuh, Us̲h̲nūya), un district et un bourg en Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. La ville actuelle, nommée Us̲h̲nuwiyya (Oshnoviyeh), située en 37° 03′ N. et 45° 05′ E., est à 56 km au Sud d’Urmiya [ q.v.] dont elle a généralement dépendu administrativement. Us̲h̲nuwiyya est actuellement le chef-lieu d’un bak̲h̲s̲h̲ dans le s̲h̲ahrastān d’Urmiya. En 1991, le recensement dénombrait 23 875 habitants. Us̲h̲nū est placée sur la rive gauche de la rivière Gādir (Gader) dont le cours supérieur arrose le district de cette cité, puis qui, après avoir traversé le district de Sulduz [ q.v.], se jette dans l…

Nasā

(582 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Bosworth, C.E.
, Nisā, nom de plusieurs localités de Perse que Yāḳūt situe au Ḵh̲urāsān, au Fārs, au Kirmān et dans le district de Hamad̲h̲ān au Ḏj̲ibāl, mais W. Eilers a rassemblé un plus grand nombre de toponymes contenant l’élément nasā(r) ou des éléments linguistiques apparemment en relation avec lui. Des érudits tels que Bartholomae et Marquart ont recherché une étymologie dans l’iranien ancien śai «se trouver» (grec κεῑσθαι) comportant les idées de «localité» ou de «lieu encaissé»; Eilers l’explique cependant, en partant du néo-persan nasā, nasa(r), nisā comme signifiant «lieu situé à l’…

Suldūz

(701 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, petit district d’Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān occidental, en Perse. Au Sud-ouest du lac d’Urmiya ¶ sur le cours inférieur du Gādir-čay qui reçoit, du côté droit les affluents Bāyzāwa et Mamad-s̲h̲āh et se jette dans le lac. A l’Ouest, il voisine avec Us̲h̲nū situé sur le cours supérieur du Gādir et dont il est séparé par la gorge de Darband à travers laquelle passe la rivière; au Nord il est limitrophe du petit canton de Dōl (cf. Dōl-i Bārīk dans le S̲h̲araf-nāma de Bidlīsī, I, 288) appartenant à Urmiya; au Sud et à l’Est des cantons de Paswa et de S̲h̲āri-wērān relevant de Sāwd̲j̲-Bulāḳ [ q.v.]. Suldūz est…

Mayyāfāriḳīn

(4,894 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Hillenbrand, Carole
, ville située au Nord-est du Diyār Bakr [ q.v.]. Les autres formes islamiques de ce nom sont Māfārḳīn, Mafārḳīn, Fārḳīn (d’où l’ethnique al-Fāriḳī), etc. La ville s’appelle en grec Martyropolis, en syriaque Mīpherḳēṭ, en arménien Npherkert (plus tard, Muharkin, Muphargin). Selon Yāḳūt (IV, 702), l’ancien nom de la localité était Madūr-ṣālā (lire ḳāla < *matur-khalakh en arménien = «ville des martyrs»). Sur l’identification Tigranocerte = Mayyāfariḳīn, voir plus bas. 1. — Topographie et histoire ancienne. La ville est située au Sud de la petite chaîne du Ḥazrō qui const…

Rūyān

(1,115 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, distric côtier persan de la Caspienne comprenant la partie occidentale du Māzandarān [ q.v.]. Tradition iranienne. D’après Darmesteter, Avesta, II, 416, Rūyān correspond à la montagne appelée Raodita («rougeâtre» (dans Yas̲h̲t, 19, 2, et Rōyis̲h̲n-ōmand dans Bundahis̲h̲n, XII, 2, 27 (trad. West, 34). Al-Bīrūnī, Chronologie, éd.Sachau, p. 220, place à Rūyān l’exploit de l’archer Āris̲h̲, (cf. Ẓahīr al-dīn Marʿas̲h̲ī. Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Ṭabaristān u Rūyān u Mazandarān, éd. Dorn, 18 [ Yas̲h̲t 8, 6, à ce propos mentionne le mont Aryō-xs̲h̲uθa]). Dans la lettre adressée au mōbad Tansar pa…

Lak

(945 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
— I. — Nom du groupe le plus méridional des tribus kurdes en Perse. D’après Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, cette appellation (Läk, souvent Läkk) s’explique par le mot persan läk «100 000», car tel aurait été à l’origine le nombre des familles ¶ de Lak. Ce groupe est important parce que la dynastie des Zand [ q.v.] en est issue. Les Lak habitant actuellement au Luristān [ q.v.] septentrional sont parfois confondus avec les Lur (Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, de Morgan) auxquels ils ressemblent du point de vue somatique et ethnique. Toutefois, les données historiques montrent que les Lak,…

al-Rayy

(3,143 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Bosworth, C.E.
, l’antique Ragha, ville de l’ancienne région perse de Médie, aux époques islamiques dans la province du Ḏj̲ibāl [ q.v.]. On voit ses ruines à environ 8 km au S.S.E. de Téhéran [ q.v.] et au Sud d’un éperon que l’Elborz projette ici dans la plaine. Le sanctuaire et la bourgade de S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-Aẓīm s’élèvent immédiatement au Sud des ruines. L’importance géographique de la ville découlait du fait qu’elle était située dans la zone fertile qui s’étend entre la montagne et le désert et par laquelle depuis des temps immémoriaux dev…

Lur-i Buzurg

(1,791 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, dynastie d’ atābaks [ q.v.] qui fleurit au Luristān oriental et méridional entre 550/1155 et 827/1423 et dont la capitale fut Īd̲h̲ad̲j̲ [ q.v.] ou Mālamīr. La dynastie, connue aussi sous le nom de Faḍlawiyya, a pour éponyme un chef kurde de Syrie nommé Faḍlūya. Ses descendants (le Ḏj̲ihān-ārā énumère 9 prédécesseurs d’Abū Ṭāhir) s’expatrièrent de Syrie et, par Mayyāfārikīn et l’Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān (où ils s’allièrent à Amīra Dībād̲j̲ du Gīlān), arrivèrent, vers 500/1006, à la plaine située au Nord de l’Us̲h̲turān-Kūh (Luristān). Leur chef — I. Abū Ṭāhir (Ibn ʿAlī) b. Muḥammad …

Anapa

(195 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, ancienne forteresse sur la mer Noire, située sur la rivière Bugur à 40 km. au Sud-ouest de l’estuaire du Kuban. Construite par des ingénieurs français pour le sultan ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Ier en 1781, elle fut attaquée sans succès par les Russes en 1787 et 1790, mais fut prise d’assaut par le général Gudovitch en 1791. Rendue à la Turquie par le traité de Yassy (1791), elle fut reprise par les Russes en 1808, mais restituée à la Turquie en 1812. En 1828, elle fut soumise à un blocus par l’amiral Greig et le prince Menshikov, et céd…

Ṭārum

(1,566 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Bosworth, C.E.
, Ṭārom , the name of two places in Persia. 1. The best-known is the mediaeval Islamic district of that name lying along the middle course of the Ḳi̊zi̊l Üzen or Safīd Rūd river [ q.vv.] in the ancient region of Daylam [ q.v.] in northwestern Persia. Adjoining it on the east was the district of K̲h̲alk̲h̲āl [ q.v.]. There are, at the present time, two small towns or villages bearing the name Ṭārum, one of them on the right bank of the Ḳi̊zi̊l Üzen between Wanisarā and Kallad̲j̲. According to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī ( Nizhat al-ḳulūb , 65, 217-18, tr. 69-70, 209-10), the district of “the two Ṭārums” ( Ṭāruma…

Abū Dulaf

(576 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, Misʿar b. Muhalhil al-Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ī al-Yanbuʿī , an Arab poet, traveller and mineralogist. The earliest date in his biography is his appearance in Buk̲h̲ārā towards the end of the reign of. Naṣr b. Aḥmad (d. in 331/943). His travels in Persia hint at the years 331-341/943-952. Abū Ḏj̲aʿfar Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, whom Abū Dulaf mentions as his patron in Sīstān (read: *Aḥmad b. Muḥammad), ruled 331-52/942-63. The author of the Fihrist (completed in 377/987) refers to him as d̲j̲awwāla “globe-trotter” and as his personal acquaintance. Al-T̲h̲aʿālibī in his Yatīmat al-Dahr

Ānī

(1,773 words)

Author(s): Barthold, W. | Minorsky, V.
, ancient Armenian capital, whose ruins lie on the right bank of the Arpa-Čay (called by the Armenians Ak̲h̲uryan) at about 20 miles from the point where that river joins the Araxes. A suggestion has been made that the town may owe its name to a temple of the Iranian goddess Anāhita (the Greek Anaďtis). The site was inhabited in the pre-Christian period, for pagan tombs have been found in the immediate vicinity of the town. As a fortress Ānī is mentioned as early as the 5th century A.D. Its foun…

Ḳubba

(1,025 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
(now Ḳuba), a district in the eastern Caucasus between Bākū and Derbend [ q.vv.]. The district of Ḳubba, with an area of 2,800 sq. miles, is bounded on the north by a large river, the Samūr, which flows into the Caspian, on the west by the “district” of Samūr which belongs to Dāg̲h̲istān [ q.v.], on the south by the southern slopes of the Caucasian range (peaks: S̲h̲āh-Dag̲h̲, 13,951 feet high, Bābā Dag̲h̲, 11,900) which separate Ḳubba from S̲h̲amāk̲h̲a (cf. the article s̲h̲īrwān ), on the southeast by the district of Bākū and on the east by the Caspian. …

Maṣmug̲h̲an

(1,910 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, (“great one of the Magians”) a Zoroastrian dynasty which the Arabs found in the region of Dunbāwand (Damāwand [ q.v.]) to the north of Ray. The origins of the Maṣmug̲h̲āns. The dynasty seems to have been an old, though not particularly celebrated, one, as is shown by the legends recorded by Ibn al-Faḳīh, 275-7, and in al-Bīrūnī, Āt̲h̲ār , 227. The title of maṣmug̲h̲ān is said to have been conferred by Farīdūn upon Armāʾīl, Bēwarāsp’s former cook (Zohāk), who had been able to save half the young men destined to perish as food for the t…

Ṣaḥna

(299 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, a small town in the Zagros Mountains of western Persia on the highroad between Kangāwar and Bīsutūn at 61 km/38 miles from Kirmāns̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. The district of Ṣaḥna contains about 28 villages inhabited by settled Turks belonging to the tribe of K̲h̲odābandalū (of Hamadān). At Ṣaḥna there are a few Ahl-i-Ḥaḳḳ [ q.v.], who are in touch with their spiritual superiors in Dīnawar [ q.v.], a frontier district in the north. Ṣaḥna must not be confused with Sinna [ q.v.] or Sanandad̲j̲ [ q.v.], the capital of the Persian province of Kurdistān, the former residence of the Wālīs of Ardalān [ q.v.]. Quit…

Nirīz

(357 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, a place in Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān on the road from Marāg̲h̲a [ q.v.] to Urmiya [ q.v.] south of the Lake of Urmiya. The stages on this route are still obscure. At about 15 farsak̲h̲ s south of Marāg̲h̲a was the station of Barza where the road bifurcated; the main road continued southward to Dīnawar, while the northwestern one went from Barza to Tiflīs (2 farsak̲h̲s), thence to D̲j̲ābarwān (6 farsak̲h̲s), thence to Nirīz (4 farsak̲h̲s), thence to Urmiya (14 farsak̲h̲s); cf. Ibn K̲h̲urradād̲h̲bih. 121 (repeated by Ḳudāma with some variations); al-Muḳaddasī, 383. The distance from Urmiya indi…

Mūḳān

(2,961 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, Mūg̲h̲ān . a steppe lying to the south of the lower course of the Araxes, the northern part of which (about 5,000 square km.) belongs to the Azerbaijan SSR and the other part (50-70 × ca. 50 km.) to Persia. The steppe which covers what was once the bottom of the sea has been formed by the alluvial deposits from the Kur (in Russian, Koura) and its tributary the Araxes. (The latter has several times changed its course and one of its arms flows directly into the gulf of Ki̊zi̊l-Aghač.) In the interior, the only water in Mūg̲h̲ān is…

Mag̲h̲nisa

(1,477 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V. | Faroqhi, Suraiya
, modern Turkish form Manisa, classical Magnesia, a town of western Anatolia, in the ancient province of Lydia, lying to the south of the Gediz river on the northeastern slopes of the Manisa Daği, which separates it from Izmir or Smyrna (lat. 38° 36′ N., long 27° 27′ E.). In Greek and then Roman times, Magnesia ad Sipylum was a flourishing town, noted amongst other things for the victory won in its vicinity by the two Scipios over Antiochus the Great of Syria in 190 B.C., and continued to flourish under the Byzantines (see Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie , xxvii, 472-…

Nihāwand

(803 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
, a town in the Zagros Mountains of western Persia, in the mediaeval Islamic province of D̲j̲ibāl [ q.v.], situated in lat. 34° 13’ N. and long. 48° 21’ E. and lying at an altitude of 1,786 m/5,860 feet. It is on the branch of the Gāmāsāb which comes from the south-east from the vicinity of Burūd̲j̲ird; the Gāmāsāb then runs westwards to Bisūtūn. Nihāwand lies on the southern road which, coming from Kirmāns̲h̲āh (Ibn K̲h̲urradād̲h̲bih, 198), leads into central Persia (Iṣfahān) avoiding the massif of Alwand (’Οροω…

Sarpul-i D̲h̲uhāb

(575 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
(“bridgehead of Zohāb”), a place on the way to the Zagros Mountains on the great Bag̲h̲dād-Kirmāns̲h̲āh road, taking its name from the stone bridge of two arches over the river Alwand, a tributary on the left bank of the Diyāla. Sarpul in the early 20th century consisted simply of a little fort ( ḳūr-k̲h̲āna = “arsenal”) in which the governor of Zohāb lived (the post was regularly filled by the chief of the tribe of Gūrān), a caravanserai, a garden of cypress and about 40 houses. The old town of Zohāb, about 4 hours to the no…
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