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( Celal Sahir Erozan ), Ottoman and early Republican Turkish poet and author, born in 1299/1883, died in 1935. He was the son of Ismāʿīl Ḥaḳḳi̊ Pas̲h̲a of Yemen and Fehime Nüzhet of the Tatar Ḥād̲j̲ī Dāwūd K̲h̲ān family, herself an author and poet. Sāhir grew up with his mother in Istanbul, attended the Dāwūd Pas̲h̲a Rūs̲h̲diyye and the Wefā Iʿdādī schools and took private French lessons. He began writing poetry at the age of 14, and his poems were first published in T̲h̲erwet-i fünān [ q.v.], the journal of the literary group Edebiyyāt-i̊ d̲j̲edīde . When the group renewed itself under the name F…

(Nahit Sirri Örik), Turkish author, journalist and literary researcher, born on 22 May 1894 in Istanbul, died in 1960. He was the grandson of Aḥmed Nāfid̲h̲ Pas̲h̲a of Olti, who was also a poet and the son of Örik Ag̲h̲asi̊-zāde Ḥasan Ṣi̊rrī, who was a government official and translator. Nahit Sirri attended Galatasaray lycée, graduating in 1913. He lived in Europe until 1928, and after his return to Turkey, worked as a correspondent for the newspaper Cumhuriyet and as a translator for the Ministry of Education. He travelled in Anatolia and wrote a…

(originally named Meḥmed Tewfīḳ, Fikret being the pen-name which he assumed), late Ottoman Turkish poet, b. 1867, d. 1915 in Istanbul. He was the son and the second child of Ḥüseyin Efendi, from a Čerkes family of notables of Çankırı, and the governor of ʿAkkā, and of K̲h̲adīd̲j̲e Refīʿa, from the island of Chios. He started his elementary education in the Aksaray Maḥmūdiyye Wālide Rüs̲h̲diyyesi, and moved to Galatasaray Lycée at nine. His mother died in 1879, after which he and his sister were …

( Nâzim Hi̇kmet ( Ran ), Nazim Hikmet Borzecki), Turkish poet, born at Salonica on 15 January 1902, died in Moscow on 3 June 1963. He was the grandson of Meḥmed Nāẓi̊m Pas̲h̲a, the last Turkish Mayor of Salonica on one side and of Muṣṭafā D̲j̲elāl el-Dīn Pas̲h̲a (Polish in origin, formerly Constantin Borzecki) on the other, and the son of Ḥikmet Nāẓi̊m and D̲j̲elīle. He started his secondary education at G̲h̲alaṭasarāy Lycée, moved to Nis̲h̲āntas̲h̲i̊ Lycée (1917) and then to the Naval Academy (Heybeli Ada Baḥriyye Mektebi). His first poems were published in Yeñi Med̲j̲mūʿa …

, Meḥmed Rās̲h̲id (Orhan Kemâl Öğütçü), Turkish short story writer and novelist, born in Adana, Ceyhan, on 15 September 1914, died in 1970. His father ʿAbd ül-Ḳādir Kemālī was a lawyer who became a first-term MP (1920-3) and Minister of Justice for a while and founded the Ehālī D̲j̲ümhūriyyet party in Adana but was forced to flee to Syria upon the closure of his party. Orhan Kemâl left secondary school and went with his father, and for a year they lived in Syria and Lebanon, where he worked at a printing house (reflected in his later novel Baba evi ). In 1932 his father …

( Reşad nuri̇ Günteki̇n ), late Ottoman and modern Turkish author, born in 1889 in Istanbul, died in 1956 in London. He was the son of a military doctor, Nūrī, and Luṭfiyye, the daughter of Yawer Pas̲h̲a, governor of Erzurum. He attended Galatasaray Lycée in Istanbul and, later, the Frères High School in Izmir. After graduating from the Faculty of Letters of Istanbul University in 1912, he worked as a teacher and schoolmaster in Bursa and in several lycées in Istanbul (Vefa, Ça…

(Ottoman orthography, Ṣabāḥ ul-Dīn ʿAlī), Turkish novelist and short story writer, born in Komotini [see gümüld̲j̲ine, in Suppl.], eastern Thrace (now in Greece), on 12 February 1906 or 25 February 1907, died on 2 April 1948. His father was the army Captain Ali Salahaddin and he had his elementary education in Istanbul, Çanakkale, and Edremit. His childhood in Çanakkale during World War I was to leave deep emotional traces on him; later, when the family came to Edremit, the area was under invasion and they fou…

(t., literally “Hearth of the Turks”), a cultural and social organisation in late Ottoman and early Republican Turkey, formally instituted in 1912 and enduring until 1931. It aimed to spread Turkish nationalist ideology through its cultural and social activities in the Ottoman Empire. Its journal Türk Yurdu (“Homeland of the Turks”) was widely read, and at the time it was closed down by the Kemalist state, it had over 30,000 members and 267 branches in Anatolia. In 1932 it was replaced by the Halk Evleri [see k̲h̲alḳevi ] in towns and Halk Odaları in large village…

(Cecilia Baffo), Ottoman queen mother, born in Venice in 1550, died in 1014/1605. ¶ The daughter of the Italian Baffo, governor of Corfu, when she was fourteen years old, while travelling between Venice and Corfu on the Adriatic Sea, she was captured by Ottoman pirates. On account of her beauty, she was taken to the palace of prince Murād, grandson of Süleymān and governor of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Manisa. In the Manisa palace, she became a Muslim, learned Turkish and was trained in palace manners. In 972/1565, she was presented to Murād, She g…

, ʿOt̲h̲mān , Ottoman poet, born at an unknown date, d. in 1824. As his name implies, he was educated in the Enderūn or Palace School, his mother being a niece of the commander of the Bostānd̲j̲i̊s [ q.v.], K̲h̲alīl Pas̲h̲a, who became Grand Vizier to Aḥmed III. His life was spent filling various court offices, including for Selīm III, to whom various of his poems are dedicated. At the accession of Muṣṭafā IV in 1807, he was promoted to the service of the Royal Chamber. In 1818 he retired from palace service and became administrator of the waḳf of Süleymān Pas̲h̲a at Bo…

(Tahir Olgun, Tâhir-ül Mevlevî), Turkish writer and literary critic, born in Istanbul on 13 September 1877, died in 1951. He graduated from the Gülk̲h̲āne Rüshdiyye-i ʿAskeriyyesi (military high school) and Mens̲h̲eʾ-i küttāb-i ʿaskeriyye. While working as a secretary at the War Ministry, he attended the Fātiḥ Mosque medrese and received his id̲j̲āzet-nāme from Met̲h̲newīk̲h̲wān Selānikli Meḥmed Esʿad Dede Efendi, whence his name Tâhir-ül Mevlevî. After 1903 he taught Persian, the history of Islam, history and literature in many schools, including…

, S̲h̲ems ül-Dīn Frās̲h̲erī (Mod. Tkish. Şemseddi̇n Sami̇ Fraşeri̇ ), Ottoman Turkish author and lexicographer. He was born at Frās̲h̲er in Albania on 1 June 1850, of an old Muslim family whose ancestors had been granted this place as a fief by Sultan Meḥemmed II, and was educated in the Greek lycée at Yanina, at the same time receiving private instruction in Turkish, Persian and Arabic. He came to Istanbul in 1871 in order to take up journalism, and in 1874 was sent to Tripoli (North Africa) as the editor of Wilāyet newspaper. He returned to Istanbul 9 months la…

, literally, “Riches of the arts”, a late Ottoman Turkish literary movement named after the journal with the same tide which ran from 1896 until its closure in 1901. (The movement has also been referred to as Edebiyyāt-i̊ d̲j̲edīde ). When Tewfīḳ Fikret [ q.v.] became the editor of T̲h̲erwet-i Fünūn in 1896, the journal was transformed from a scientific journal into an artistic and literary one, publishing the works of a group of authors who reflected the belief in “art for art’s sake”. After the journal was closed, the me…

(Orhan Seyfi Orhon), Turkish poet and journalist, born in 1890 in Istanbul, died in 1972. He was the son of Colonel Emīn and Niʿmet. After finishing Mekteb-i Ḥuḳūḳ (Istanbul Darülfünūn Ḥuḳūk Fakültesi, i.e. Faculty of Law) in 1914, the same year he became a secretary at the Ot̲h̲mānli̊ Med̲j̲lis-i Mebʿūt̲h̲āni̊ until its suspension. In 1913 he published a small book of poems Fi̊rṭi̊na ve ḳār in ʿarūḍ metre. His second book, Peri ḳi̊zi̊ ile čoban ḥikāyesi , a poetic tale with a Turkic theme written in syllabic metre, was published in 1919. He taught…

( horozcu ), Turkish author and poet, born in Trabzon in 1914. He was the son of Samih Rifat, author and poet and Governor of Trabzon. He finished at the Faculty of Law in 1936 and was sent to Paris on a government grant to further his studies. After three years he had to come back to Turkey without completing his doctorate because of the start of World War II (1940). He worked at the Directorate of Press and Information and later practiced law. He died in Istanbul on 18 April 1988. His friendship with Orhan Veli, whom he met at secondary school, continued until his death. He wrote onl…

(Nahit Sırrı Örik), écrivain turc, journaliste et chercheur littéraire, né à Istanbul le 22 mai 1894, mort le 18 janvier 1960. C’était le petit-fils d’Aḥmed Nāfid̲h̲ Pas̲h̲a d’Olti, qui était aussi poète et lui-même fils d’Örik Ag̲h̲asi̊-zāde Ḥasan Ṣi̊rrī, fonctionnaire et traducteur du gouvernement. Nahit Sirn fréquenta le Lycée de Galatasaray, d’où il sortit en 1913. Il vécut en Europe jusqu’en 1928, et après son retour en Turquie, il fut le correspondant du journal Cumhuriyet, et traducteur au ministère de l’Éducation. Il voyagea en Anatolie et écrivit des articles…

(préalablement nommé Meḥmed Tewfīḳ, Fikret étant le nom de plume qu’il adopta), poète turc de la fin de l’ère ottomane, né en 1867, mort en 1915 à Istanbul. Il était le fils et second enfant de Ḥüseyin Efendi, issu d’une famille de notables Čerkes originaires de Çankiri, et gouverneur de ʿAkkā et de Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲e Refīʿa sur l’île de Chios. Son éducation élémentaire débuta dans le Rüs̲h̲diyyesi Wālide Maḥmūdiyye d’Aksaray puis il alla au Lycée de Galatasaray à l’âge de neuf ans. Sa mère mourut en 1…

(Tahir Olgun, Tâhir-ül Mevlevî), écrivain et critique littéraire turc, né ā Istanbul le 13 septembre 1877, mort en 1951. Il était diplÖmé de la Gülk̲h̲āne Rüs̲h̲diyye-i ʿAskeriyyesi (école supérieure militaire) et du Mens̲h̲eʾ küttāb-i ʿaskeriyye. Secrétaire au ministère de la Guerre, il fréquenta la medrese de la mosquée Fātiḥ et reçut l’ id̲j̲āzat-nāme de Met̲h̲newik̲h̲wān Selānikli Meḥmed Esʿad Dede Efendi, ce qui lui valut son nom de Tâhir-ûl Mevlevî. Après 1903, il enseigna le ¶ persan, l’histoire de l’Islam, l’histoire et la littérature dans beaucoup d’écoles, p…

, S̲h̲ems ül-dīn Frās̲h̲erī (turc. mod. Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri), écrivain et lexicographe turc ottoman. Il naquit à Frās̲h̲er, en Albanie, ie 1er juin 1850, d’une vieille famille musulmane dont ¶ les ancêtres avaient reçu ce lieu en fief du sultan Meḥemmed IL II fut éduqué au lycée grec de Yanina, recevant en même temps une instruction privée en turc, persan et arabe. Il vint à Istanbul en 1871 pour y faire du journalisme, et en 1874 fut envoyé à Tripoli d’Afrique du Nord comme éditeur du journal Wilāyet. Il revint à Istanbul neuf mois plus tard et fonda le quotidien Ṣabāḥ en 1876. C’est au co…

(Orhan Seyfi Orhon), poète et journaliste turc, né en 1890 à Istanbul, mort en 1972. Il était le fils du colonel Emīn et de Niʿmet. Après avoir achevé ses études au Mekteb-i̊ Ḥuḳūḳ (Istanbul Darülfünūn Ḥuḳūḳ Fakültesi = Faculté de Droit) en 1914, il devint la même année secrétaire au ʿOthmānli̊ Med̲j̲lis-i Mebʿūt̲h̲ani̊, jusqu’à la fermeture de cette institution. En 1913, il publia un petit recueil de poèmes Fi̊rṭi̊na ve kār dans la métrique ʿarūḍ. Son deuxième livre, Peri̊ ḳi̊zi̊ ile čoban ḥikāyesi, conte ¶ poétique d’inspiration turque dans la métrique syllabique, a été publi…