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Religiöser Menschheitsbund

(145 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] The Religiöser Menschheitsbund (Religious Humanity Alliance) was founded in 1921 by R. Otto in analogy to the League of Nations. As an inter-religious group it aimed to bring the ideals of social justice and peace to bear at an international level. Through the gathering of representatives of various religions, attention was to be drawn to the ethical implications of political action, and a contribution made to the “actualization of common moral goals” (Otto). In its orientation to…

Nagel, Julius

(206 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias

Rauschenbusch, August Christian Ernst

(137 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (May 27, 1777, Bünde, Westphalia – Apr 19, 1840, Altena), 1801 pastor in Lüdenscheid, 1802 in Kronenberg, 1808 head of the Bürgerschule in Schwelm, between 1815 and 1840 pastor in Altena on the Lenne, from 1824 to 1827 superintendent in Iserlohn (1808 Dr.phil., Heidelberg). Rauschenbusch published numerous theological and historical works, including the Leben Jesu im Zusammenhange dargestellt (1837 [The life of Jesus presented in context]). He was joint editor of the hymnal, Bergisches Gesangbuch (1808), and author of a small reform education manual ( Erziehungsbü…

Piechowski, Paul Felix

(182 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Jun 30, 1892, Turoschein, East Prussia – Jun 9, 1966, Bonn-Bad Godesberg), studied theology and philosophy from 1911 to 1914 (Lic.theol., Dr.phil.); this was followed by military service until 1919. In 1919 he became pastor in Berlin-Neukölln, in 1928 in Berlin-Britz; he was removed from office in 1934 following disciplinary proceedings. After medi-…

Fuchs, Emil

(192 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (May 13, 1874, Beerfelden – Feb 13, 1971, Berlin) became pastor in Rüsselsheim in 1905, in Eisenach in 1918, and was professor of religion at the Pädagogische Akademie (teacher training college) in Kiel from 1931. Fuchs was dism…

Krause, Heinrich

(163 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Jun 2, 1816, Weißensee near Berlin – Jun 8, 1868, Weißensee), studied theology in Berlin from 1834 onward and received his Lic.theol. in 1845. After having been refused a Habilitation, Krause was active as a liberal Protestant journalist: he became editor of the Zeitschrift für die unirte evangelische Kirche in 1848 and of the popular journal Der Protestant in 1851. From 1854 until his death, he was editor of the Protestantische Kirchenzeitung für das evangelische Deutschland. In 1848, Krause was one of the founders of the Berliner Unionsverein (Berlin …

Stephan, Horst Emil

(193 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Sep 27, 1873, Sayda, Saxony – Jan 9, 1954, Leipzig). While studying theology in Leipzig, he began teaching in Zittau and Leipzig in 1899. In 1906 he earned his habilitation in Leipzig and in 1907 in Marburg, where he was appointed associate professor in 1911 and full professor of systematic theology in 1919. In 1922 he moved to Halle and in 1926 to …

Foerster, Erich

(143 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias

Kögel, Johannes Theodor Rudolf

(302 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Feb 18, 1829, Birnbaum, Posen – Jul 2, 1896, Berlin). Following his studies of theology in Halle (with F. Tholuck and Julius Müller) and Berlin, Kögel taught at a Gymnasium in Dresden from 1852 to 1854. From 1857, he was pastor of the German Protestant congregation in …

Undogmatic Christianity

(346 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] Precursors of an explicit Protestant theological antidogmatism go back to the Reformation period. It played a central role in the theology of the Enlightenment. Numerous theologians and philosophers of religion in the late 18th century presented the beliefs of the Christian faith with a massive criticism of dogma (e.g. J.G. Herder, Von Religion, Lehrmeinungen und Gebräuchen, 1798). The phrase became a shibboleth in theological politics in the last third of the 19th century. It was mostly theologians holding ecclesiastical positions that…

Mulert, Christian Hermann

(229 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Jan 11, 1879, Niederbobritzsch, Saxony – Jul 22, 1950, Mügeln near Leipzig). From 1897 to 1903, Mulert studied theology and philosophy in Leipzig, Marburg, Berlin, and Kiel. After some years as a pastor and teacher of religion, he was from 1907 a university lecturer in Kiel. In 1917 he became assistant professor, and in 1920 full professor of systematic theology at the University of Kiel. In 1935 he resigned his chair in protest against National Socialist higher education policy. Mulert was one of the protagonists of liberal Protestantism in the first half of the 20th century. As a theologian he stood for a modern, culturally open understanding of Christian faith. His book Religion, Kirche, Theologie (1931) is a programmatic work for contemporary liberal theology. He also focused on Schleiermacher research ( Schleiermacher, 1918) and the history of the confessions ( Konfessionskunde, 1927, 21937). From 1932 to 1940 he edited the journal Die Christliche Welt; he was a member of the Evangelisch-Sozialer Kongreß, the Union against Anti-Semitism, and the German Democratic Party. After 1918, as a regio…

Wehrung, Gottfried Georg

(189 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Oct 6, 1880, Dorlisheim, Elsaß [Alsace] – Jan 20, …

Knolle, Theodor

(108 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Jun 18, 1885, Hildesheim – Dec 1, 1955, Hamburg). Knolle, a cofounder of the Luther Society in 1918, became chief pastor of St. Petri in Hamburg in 1924. In 1929 he received his D.theol. from Halle. In 1933 he was appointed general superintendent in Hamburg, but conflicts with the Deutsche Christen (German Christians) forced him to resign his office the next year. In 1950 he was appointed professor of practical theology at the Kirchliche Hochschule in Hamburg; in 1954 he became regional bishop of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hamburg. Matthias Wolfes Bibliography W…

Jatho, Karl Wilhelm

(258 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] (Sep 25, 1851, Kassel – Mar 11, 1913, Cologne). After attending school and military service, Jatho studied theology in Marburg and Leipzig. In 1876, he entered the service of the church (pastor in…

Panentheism

(977 words)

Author(s): Clayton, Philip | Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] I. Terminology; Natural Science – II. Philosophy of Religion – III. Dogmatics I. Terminology; Natural Science The term panentheism originated as a theological concept, but it is also used in the natural sciences. It expresses the view that the world exists in God, even though God is more than the world (Transcendence and immanence: I; see also II and III below). The major arguments for panentheism from the perspective of the natural sciences include the standard arguments for classical philosophical theism (Natural theology). Panentheists a…

Pantheism

(2,444 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias | Dinkel, Christoph
[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion – II. Dogmatics – III. Practical Theology I. Philosophy of Religion The term pantheism (from Gk πᾶν/ pán, “all,” and ϑεός/ theós, “God”) is a product of the 18th-century critical debates about religion. Coined in discussions about B. de Spinoza, it refers to religio-philosophical conceptions that undertake to relate God and the world through the idea of an all-embracing unity. Its central concept is the immanence of God (Transcendence and immanence) in the totality of all that exists. The core of pantheistic theorizing is discussion of the relationship between substance a…

Neo-Protestantism

(1,043 words)

Author(s): Wilhelm Graf, Friedrich | Wolfes, Matthias
[German Version] I. Church History Talk of a “new” or “modern” Protestantism surfaced sporadically c. 1800, but did not…

Liberal Theology

(2,253 words)

Author(s): Wolfes, Matthias | Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm | Schelander, Robert | Blaser, Klauspeter
[German Version] I. General – II. Church History – III. Systematics – IV. Practical Theology – V. Missiology I. General The expression liberal theology became prevalent in the “Saddle Period” (Reinhart Koselleck) of Neo-Protestantism between 1780 and 1820; it denotes a type of “modern theology” that combines strong demands for individual freedom through criticism of religious tradition, differentiation of subjective faith from ecclesiastically defined confessions of faith, an individualistic understanding of reli…