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[English version] Nach Gai. inst. 4,42 ist a. derjenige Teil der Prozeßformel, der dem Richter rechtsgestaltende Befugnisse einräumt. Diese waren bei den 3 Teilungsklagen ( familiae erciscundae, communi dividundo, finium regundorum) erforderlich, weil bei ihnen die vorhandenen Vermögensgegenstände, bzw. bei der letztgenannten Klage die Grenzlinie, unter den Parteien verteilt bzw. geklärt werden mußte. Zu diesem Zweck konnte der Richter sowohl sachenrechtliche Rechtspositionen (Eigentum, Hypothek, Nießbrauch, etc.) zuweisen a…

[English version] Im allgemeinen Zivilrecht die spezifizierende Kennzeichnung einer Sache oder Person (Dig. 6,1,6). Dieser Begriff liegt dem noch heute geltenden, von den Römern vornehmlich bei der Testamentsauslegung verwendeten Auslegungstopos falsa d. non nocet (‘ein falscher Ausdruck schadet der Wirksamkeit des Geschäftes nicht’) zugrunde (Inst. Iust. 2,20,30). Im zivilprozessualen Kontext bedeutet d. die bei einer Vielzahl von Prozeßformeln an den Anfang gestellte knappe Präzisierung des streitgegenständlichen Sachverhalts (Gai. inst. 4,39;…

[English version] Der von dem Verb edere (“vorlegen, vorzeigen, bekanntmachen”) abgeleitete Begriff e. hat im juristischen Sprachgebrauch mehrere Bedeutungen: (1) Die e. actionis (Dig. 2,13) bezeichnet die für die Rechtshängigkeit eines Prozesses im Formularverfahren erforderliche Bekanntmachung des Klägers gegenüber dem Beklagten, welche Klage(-formel) er gegen ihn anzustrengen gedenkt; sofern der Beklagte diese Formel annimmt ( accipere iudicium), ist damit zugleich die litis contestatio (Streitbezeugung) zustandegekommen. Lange Zeit h…

[English version] Wörtlich “Rechtsprechung”. Solange die i. in verschiedene Verfahrensabschnitte (insbes. in iure, apud iudicem) aufgeteilt war, bezeichnet sie die hoheitlichen Machtbefugnisse, die dem röm. Gerichtsmagistrat zur Wahrnehmung der Rechtspflege übertragen sind. Während dieser Terminus urspr. für die Privatrechtspflege gebraucht wurde, wird er im 2. Jh.n.Chr. auch auf die Strafrechtspflege ausgedehnt sowie auf das Kognitionsverfahren ( cognitio ), in dessen Kontext i. die richterlichen Amtsbefugnisse insgesamt umschreibt - also auch die Befug…

[English version] Die schriftlich abgefaßte f. ist das Wesenselement desjenigen Prozeßtyps, der das Legisaktionenverfahren ( legis actio ) abgelöst hat (mittels der lex Aebutia, 2. Jh. v.Chr., sowie zweier leges Iuliae, 17 v.Chr.) und der demzufolge allg. als Formularprozeß bezeichnet wird. Unbeschadet einer wohl nur allmählichen Fortentwicklung zeichnet sich dieser klass. Verfahrenstyp in der späten Republik und der Prinzipatszeit gegenüber seinem Vorgänger durch seine weitaus größere Flexibilität und Anpassungsfähigkeit a…

[English version] ist im Legisaktionenverfahren der Schuldner, der nach seiner Verurteilung die Schuldsumme binnen 30 Tagen nicht zahlte und infolgedessen vom Gläubiger mittels manus iniectio dem Magistrat vorgeführt und von diesem dem Gläubiger durch addicere zur Vollstreckung überantwortet wurde. Sofern der Schuldner nicht spätestens vor dem Magistrat zahlte oder einen vindex stellte, konnte der Gläubiger den a. mit in sein Haus führen und ihn nach detaillierter Maßgabe der Zwölftafeln (3,3-5; Gell. 20,1,45) als einen nach wie vor Freien gefangen halten. Konnte der a. binne…

[German version] In criminal proceedings the sentencing of the accused (Cic. Verr. 2,75). In civil proceedings the condemnatio is according to Gai. Inst. 4,43 that part of the proceeding formula that grants a private judge in the context of the suit brought forward (  intentio ) and the statement of facts (  demonstratio ) the power to sentence or acquit ( qua iudici condemnandi absolvendive potestas permittitur). It is only required in payment suits. Gai. Inst. 4,48ff. further states that condemnatio relates to a sum of money ( condemnatio pecuniaria). This restriction (which was o…

[German version] (lit. 'prior legal proceedings'). Already under Roman law, the fact that different law-courts had different jurisdictions could in certain circumstances prevent the final resolution of a case until the legal question at issue had been clarified by the competent court. Examples of such questions might include the allocation of inheritances, the ownership of a piece of land or the existence of a capital offence. There was, however, no general precedence of the iudicia publica ( iudicium ) over actiones privatae. To resolve the tensions between the as yet unres…

[German version] In most of the lawsuit formulae reported by Gaius (but also by others, e.g. Dig. 46,4,18,1) the blanket name Aulus Agerius (= is qui agit), stands for the plaintiff, where the actual name is to be inserted in the specific case (expressly the l. Rubria: CIL I 205), while the defendant is called Numerius Negidius (= is a quo numeratio postulatur et qui negat). However, all four names can be applicable in individual cases.  Formula Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) Bibliography W. Kunkel, Röm. Rechtsgesch., 91980, 84.

[German version] Literally, ‘one who dispenses justice’, i.e. ‘judge’. Usually, this means the individual judge in Roman law ( iudex privatus; iudex unus) who in a separate stage of the proceeding that usually ended a legal dispute ( apud iudicem) conducts the deliberation of the evidence and passes a judgement roughly suggested by the  praetor in the first proceeding stage ( in iure,   ius ). While the term iudex was already exchangeable with that of   arbiter at the time of the Law of the Twelve Tables (5th cent. BC), the   recuperatores and   centumviri constitute sep…

[German version] From re-capere, literally 'to obtain back', for which purpose the recuperatores were originally appointed in support of Roman citizens within the framework of international legal relationships (Fest. 342 L.: reciperatio): they were meant to help the citizens get back what they had lost (probably above all in war) or had had illegally taken away from them. They then also came to a decision in the repetundae process ( repetundarum crimen ), in which it was a matter of the return of goods which the Roman magistrates had extorted in o…

[German version] The term editio is derived from the verb edere (‘to present, to show, to announce’) and has several meanings within the legal realm: (1) The editio actionis (Dig. 2,13) refers to the announcement required, in order for a trial to be sub judice in the formulary procedure, from the plaintiff towards the defendant, stating the type of charge(-formula) the plaintiff intends to initiate against the defendant. As long as the defendant accepts the formula ( accipere iudicium), the   litis contestatio (attestation of conflict) is established. For a…

[German version] [1] Aphorism, v. Gnome [1] II A; Proverbs Aphorism, v. Gnome [1] II A; Proverbs Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) [German version] [2] Legal verdict Literally etymologically derived from the root sin, the sense of something uttered; in Roman legal terminology, e.g. the sense of a private legal action (cf. e.g. Dig. 28,1,1 on a testament) or a law (cf. Dig. 23,2,44,5). Sententia in particular meant the verdict, in civil or criminal law, delivered by a judge ( iudex , arbiter ). In this sense, sententia was already used for the process of the legis actio …

[German version] is the formalised notice of a witness, associated with a tweak of the ear (Plin. HN 11,103), before the permitted use of force by the plaintiff against a defendant who does not comply with the in ius vocatio and does not offer any vindex. Antestatio is attested for the Twelve Tables (1. 1); it became superfluous, and yet was apparently retained, on introduction of the standard procedural   litis denuntiatio . -- Antestatus is a mancipatio witness, CIL 6.10239.  Vocatio in ius;  Denuntiatio Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) Bibliography Wieacker, RRG, 448.

[German version] describes according to Gai. Inst. 4,15 an agreement of the parties to appear on the day after next before a iudex (Fest. 355,1; Prob. 4,9: in diem tertium sive perendinum; for Roman calculations of court dates cf. Gell. NA 10,24,9), as had already been provided for in the Twelve Tables. It did not require the form of a stipulation because the consequences of missing it were considered sufficient as a sanction. How the transition from the procedure in iure to apud iudicem specifically came about in the formular procedure is unclear, because the comperendinatio is no longer…

[German version] The principle of sentencing to a fine associated with formulary procedure (Gai. Inst. 4,48) made it necessary in civil procedure for all actions not aimed at a fixed sum to be expressed in money value. Both process and result of the estimate required for this are called aestimatio litis.; it was carried out by the judge, or sometimes by the plaintiff ( iusiurandum in litem, estimate under oath of the amount involved). If the defendant refused to meet his duty of payment in kind, but instead paid the sum of the fine, the plaintiff finally lost …

[German version] (literally: ‘death of a lawsuit’). According to Gai. Inst. 4,104 a means introduced by the l. Iulia iudiciorum privatorum specially for the iudicium legitimum ( iudicium ), to limit the duration of lawsuits. Whereas all other lawsuits were limited by the period in office of the magistrates who appointed judges, ML was what happened when after 18 months there had been no judgment. From the lex Irnitana (ch. 91, l.2) it followed that this regulation was transferred - evidently by pretending that the municipal process was identical to the iudicium legitimum - also to this…

[German version] A court orator who appears in court as a champion of a party. Whilst Cic. De or. 1,202 uses the term in an obviously derogatory sense as being distinct from a true orator, and whilst a similar evaluation is evident in Gai. Dig. 1,2,1 ( causas dicentibus), causidicus is later applied in inscriptions (CIL 5,5894) and constitutions as a neutral vocational title alongside (Cod. Iust. 2,6,6) or identical (Cod. Theod. 2,10,5) to   advocatus . As such, a causidicus belonged to the state controlled professional association (Cod. Iust. 2,7,11, 1) of orators appearin…

[German version] In contrast to the right to have recourse to a court that is guaranteed by modern constitutional law, the judge in (Classical) Roman antiquity was allowed to declare that he considered himself unable to come to a decision: rem sibi non liquere (Gell. NA 14,2,25) when he could not condemn or acquit according to procedural formula ( formula ). If he swore an oath to this effect, the parties could have the same legal dispute heard by another judge. The same applied to an arbiter (Dig. 4,8,13,3) appointed by a private arbitration agreement and to c…

[German version] Literally ‘speaking law’. Where iurisdictio was split into various stages of procedure (in particular in iure, apud iudicem), it means the sovereign powers conferred on a Roman court magistrate for observing judicial practice. This term was originally used for private judicial practice, but in the 2nd cent. AD it was also extended to criminal judicial practice and to the procedure of cognition (  cognitio ), in the context of which iurisdictio describes the official judicial competences as a whole - in other words also the authority to pass judgemen…