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Acts of the Apostles

(235 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] The title (πράξεις [τῶν] ἀποστόλων; práxeis [tôn] apostólōn or acta/actus apostolorum), which was first documented in the late 2nd cent., is almost certainly not its original. Paul is not really considered an apostle by the author. Acts is part of the Lukan historical corpus together with the Gospel designated as πρῶτος λόγος ( prôtos lógos) in 1.1. Repetitions and contradictions (e.g. Lk 24,50-53 and Acts 1,9-11) are explained as a variatio. The structure of Acts is presented in 1,8: spread of the gospel by ‘witnesses’ and the ‘power of the Holy Gh…

Katepanate

(59 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] Since Southern Italy was governed by a katepano (Byzantine, usually a military title, derived from κατ' ἐπάνω, attested from the 9th cent. AD onward) prior to the Norman conquest, the Normans referred to the previously Byzantine regions as K. ( capitanata). This term thus corresponds in part to Magna Graecia. Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) Bibliography ODB, s.v. Katepano.

Serbs

(615 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] (Σέρβοι; Sérboi). The early history of the S. and the Croatians is known in outline only due to the condition of the sources: Aside from a brief mention in the Carolingian Imperial Annals (Annales regni Francorum, MGH SS 1,209: ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur) from the 9th cent. AD, we only have the report by Constantinus [1] Porphyrogennetus (de administrando imperio 32 Moravcsik/Jenkins) following the two - contradictory - chapters on Croatia (ch. 30 and 31). The report claims that the S. had…

Melchites

(443 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] I. Term Arabic al-malakiyyūn from Aramaic malkā, ‘king’, used in the sense of the Greek βασιλεύς/ basileús. Syrians and Arabs used this (pejorative) term for the followers of the Council of Calchedon (AD 451), which is even today not recognized by the Monophysites ( Monophysitism) of the Middle East (Syrians, Copts, Armenians). The modern term they use to describe themselves is Rūm (Arabic for ‘Byzantium’, ‘Byzantines’). By contrast, the use of Melchites in the sense of a ‘United Church of the Syrian region’ is comparatively recent (not before the schism of 1724). Niehof…

Vlachs

(539 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] (Βλάχοι/ Bláchoi). Byzantine ethnographic term of unclear (ethnic or social) definition. Etymologically, it is the Slavic designation of all Romance peoples in south-east Europe. During the migration period, the ancient Celtic tribe-name of the Volcae was transferred by the Germanic peoples to their Romance neighbours ('Walch', 'Welschen'). The South-Slavs are responsible for its phonologic form (Βλάχ/ Vlach), which can be found in the Byzantine chronicles (Iohannes Skylitzes p. 329,80 Thurn, interpolated) or in the work of Kekaumenos …

Mauropous, Iohannes

(87 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] Byzantine scholar and bishop, born around 990 in Paphlagonia, died around 1092 (?). M. composed epigrams, letters and speeches, and as the founder of a school of law and editor of Konstantinos IX's novellae he had great influence at the court of Constantinople until the middle of the 11th century. His promotion to metropolitan of Euchaïta was however an exile in disguise. He is important as the teacher and predecessor of Psellos. Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) Bibliography A. Karpozilos, s.v. M., LMA 4, 414f.

Ragusa

(458 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] (Lat. Ragusium, Greek Ῥαούσιον/ Rhaoúsion, Slavic Dubrovnik; regarding the name cf. [1]), city on the Dalmatian coast. The beginnings of the trading city that was to become so famous a rival of Venice on the Adriatic Sea were hazy already for the historians of R. at the time of Humanism so that they arrived at different legends of its origin reminiscent of the type of ancient aetiology (cf. the depictions in [2; 3; 4]). The report by Constantinus [1] Porphyrogennetus (Const. de administ…

Menologion

(151 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] (Μηνολόγιον; Mēnológion). A collection of the lives of Saints of the Orthodox Church, arranged according to the feast-day of the corresponding saint, in accordance with the ecclesiastical year ( calendar). In contrast to the Synaxarion, which provides only brief notices for each saint, and to the Menaion, which usually contains liturgical songs and prayers for the saint's festival, the βίοι/ bíoi (‘lives’) of the Menologion are normally longer. It may have been mentioned first in Theodoros Studites [1. vol. 1, 21], yet the first preserved …

Slavs, Slavonization

(1,120 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] The S. (Σκλαβηνοί/ Sklabēnoí since the 6th cent. AD; Lat. Sclaveni in Iordanes [1], from the early Slavic slověne; Σκλάβος/ Sklábos first in the High Middle Ages, from which 'slave', Arabic ṣaqāliba) are the youngest of the major linguistic groups of Europe; they first appear on the horizon of the Graeco-Roman culture in Late Antiquity. To date, the study of this process and the multifaceted acculturation processes between the S. and the ancient Mediterranean cultures, which occurred after c. AD 500, has been determined by the initial conditions of Slavic…

Venetia

(217 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[German version] The mediaeval and modern city of Venice (Venezia) does share its name with the Regio X ( Veneta Carni et Histria) of the organisation of Italia (cf. Regio, with map) under Augustus, but its centre, the Rialto (< Rivus Altus), was founded only in the Carolingian period. A legend, appearing already in Venetian historiography (cf. also Constantinus Porphyrogennetus, De administrando imperio 28), of the founding of the city on 25 March 421 and of the flight of the population as a result of the destruction of Aquileia [1] by Attila in 452 is de…

Melkiten

(366 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[English version] I. Begriff Arab. al-malakiyyūn von aram. malkā, “König”, was im Sinne von griech. βασιλεύς/ basileús gebraucht wurde. Syrer und Araber bezeichnen damit (pejorativ) die Anhänger des Konzils von Kalchedon (451 n.Chr.), das die Monophysiten (Monophysitismus) des Nahen Ostens (Syrer, Kopten, Armenier) bis h. nicht anerkennen. Eigenbezeichnung ist h. Rūm (arab. für “Byzanz”, “Byzantiner”). Die Verwendung von M. im Sinne von “Unierte des Syr. Raumes” ist hingegen jung (nicht vor dem Schisma von 1724). Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) [English version] II. Geschichte V…

Menologion

(123 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[English version] (Μηνολόγιον). Sammlung von Hl.-Viten der orthodoxen Kirche, die nach dem Fest des jeweiligen Hl., dem Kirchenjahr entsprechend (Kalender) angeordnet sind. Im Gegensatz zum Synaxarion, das zu jedem Hl. nur kurze Notizen bietet, und zum Menaion, das in der Regel liturgische Gesänge und Gebete zum Fest des Hl. enthält, sind die βίοι (“Lebensbeschreibungen”) des M. normalerweise länger. Erste Erwähnung vielleicht bei Theodoros Studites [1. Bd. 1, 21], sind die ersten Exemplare aus de…

Apostelgeschichte

(224 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[English version] Der seit Ende des 2. Jhs. bezeugte Titel (πράξεις [τῶν] ἀποστόλων bzw. acta/actus apostolorum) ist kaum urspr. Paulus gilt dem Autor gerade nicht als Apostel. Die A. gehört zusammen mit dem in 1,1 als πρῶτος λόγος bezeichneten Evangelium zum lukanischen Geschichtswerk. Die Doppelungen und Widersprüche (so Lk 24,50-53 bzw. Apg 1,9-11) erklären sich als variatio. Die Gliederung der A. wird durch 1,8 vorgegeben: Ausbreitung des Evangeliums durch ›Zeugen‹ und die ›Kraft des Heiligen Geistes in Jerusalem‹ (1,4- 8,3) ›und in ganz Iudäa un…

Mauropus, Iohannes

(75 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[English version] Byz. Gelehrter und Bischof, geb. um 990 in Paphlagonia, gest. um 1092 (?). M. verfaßte Epigramme, Briefe und Reden und hatte als Gründer einer Rechtsschule und Redaktor der Novellen Konstantinos' IX. bis Mitte des 11. Jh. großen Einfluß am Hof von Konstantinopel. Seine Beförderung zum Metropoliten von Euchaïta war hingegen eine versteckte Verbannung. Wichtig ist er als Lehrer und Vorgänger des Psellos. Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) Bibliography A. Karpozilos, s.v. M., LMA 4, 414f.

Katepanat

(54 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[English version] Da Süditalien vor der normannischen Eroberung von einem Katepano (byz., meist mil. Titel, von κατ' ἐπάνω, belegt seit dem 9. Jh.n.Chr.) verwaltet wurde, bezeichneten die Normannen nach der Eroberung die ehemals byz. Gebiete als K. ( capitanata). Dieser Begriff deckt sich daher z.T. mit Magna Graecia. Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) Bibliography ODB, s.v. Katepano.

Ragusa

(406 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
[English version] (lat. Ragusium, griech. Ῥαούσιον, slav. Dubrovnik; zum Namen vgl. [1]), Stadt an der dalmatischen Küste. Die Anfänge der später so berühmten Handelsstadt und Rivalin Venedigs an der Adria lagen schon z.Z. des Humanismus für die Historiker von R. im dunkeln, so daß sie zu verschiedenen Ursprungslegenden nach Art der ant. Aitiologie griffen (vgl. die Darstellungen bei [2; 3; 4]). Legendenhaft ausgeschmückt ist bereits der Bericht des Konstantinos [1] Porphyrogennetos (Konst. de administ…

Epirus

(1,836 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
(Ἤπειρος; Ḗpeiros, Epirus) [German version] I. Region E. is located at the north-western fringe of the Greek cultural sphere, nowadays comprising northern Greece and southern Albania. From Homer (8th cent. BC) to the late 5th cent., the geographical term ἤπειρος ( ḗpeiros) referred to the mainland north of the Gulf of Ambracia. There is a wide variation in the attribution of individual tribes to E. both in ancient and modern literature, making it impossible clearly to define E.'s geographic expansion [1]. E. was bordered in the west by…

Greek

(7,729 words)

Author(s): Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) | Berschin, Walter (Heidelberg)
Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) I. Byzantine Middle Ages and Modern Period (CT) [German version] A. Prefatory Remarks on Method (CT) The terms 'Middle Greek' and 'Modern Greek' are adopted only as conventions. Their use in the literature is based upon an unreliable application of Western European categories to entirely different practices in the Byzantine East [1]. Fundamental for the following outline is the dichotomy 'written' vs. 'oral' as well as that of 'external' vs. 'internal' linguistic history. While the for…

Rhodos

(1,647 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Byzantium | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Colonization | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Ῥόδος; Rhódos). [German version] I. Geography Island in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, now part of the Dodecanese archipelago, with an area of 1400 km2. A good part of the ancient history of the island was shaped by its geographical situ…

Patrae

(956 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Coloniae | Dark Ages | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Oracles | Peloponnesian War | Pilgrimage (Πάτραι/ Pátrai, ethnicon usually Πατρεύς/ Patreús, Latin Patrae, ethnicon Patrensis). [German version] I. Topography Town in western Achaea, with an important harbour, still known as P. today (on the name see [1]), created by synoikismós from seven villages (δῆμοι/ dḗmoi) (Str. 8,3,2; [2. 89-95, 120f.; 3; 4]). Unlike the modern town, P. was not on the coastal plain, but on the first, low rise above it…
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