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[German version] A. Definition South-eastern extension of the Italian peninsula (Str. 6,3,1: its name possibly of indigenous origin; [1; 2. 32], for different view [5]), modern Salento. Καλαβρία ( Kalabría) is first attested for Rhinto (Hsch. s.v. K.), c. 300 BC; according to Str. 6,3,5, most authors used Kalabría synonymously with Ἰαπυγία ( Iapygía), Μεσσαπία ( Messapía) and Σαλεντίνη ( Salentínē) for the peninsula south of the isthmus of Tarentum -- Brundisium. The earliest mention of the tribe of that region as Καλαβροί ( Kalaboí) in Pol. 10.1; in Roman triumphs (of 280, 2…

[German version] (ἀριθμός; arithmós). A middle Byzantine military technical term for basic military units (also called vigla, tagma and bandon   bandum ). In technical fiscal terms the arithmos was the officially fixed number of   paroikoi in imperial land grants. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography T. Kolias, s. v. Heer, LMA 4, 2002-2004 G. Ostrogorsky, Quelques problèmes d'histoire de la paysannerie byzantine, 1956, 27-31.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Zenobia | | Hellenistic states | Pompeius | Patricius (Δορύλαιον , Δορύλλειον; Dorýlaion, Dorýlleion). Important city in the north of Phrygia (modern Eskişehir) between the river Tembris (Porsuk Çayı) and its tributary Bathys (called Hermus by Plin. HN 5,119; modern Sarısu). The ancient site is located on a hill (Şarhüyük, ‘Hill of the city’), that was inhabited already in the Hittite and Phrygian period (currently Turkish excavations); founded anew as a Greek city by…

[German version] (Ἐπαναγωγή; Epanagōgḗ). A law book in 40 titles promulgated under the Macedonian dynasty in the year AD 886 with the goal of invalidating the so-called  Ecloge, a codification of law enacted in the year 741 under the Isaurian emperors. In addition to civil and criminal provisions, it also contains state theoretical parts probably inspired by  Photius, which assume the patriarch to be of equal rank with the emperor. The work, whose original title is ‘Eisagōge’ (Εἰσαγωγή, ‘introduction’) [1. 12-14], instituted the Basilika, a large-scale codification based on the Corp…

[German version] [1] Deacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople Deacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, author of a speculum regum containing 72 acrostically arranged aphorisms for Justinian I (527-565). A. grants the Christian element an influential position in respect of the topic of the pagan ideology of the caesars; the ruler must above all else be a loyal servant and emulator of God. His main source was the paraenetic second speech of Isocrates to Nicocles. This short, naive text had a great influence on the speculum regum literature of the Greek Middle Ages and in the easte…

[German version] (Ἀρέθας; Aréthas). Bibliophile commentator on classical MSS, editor of theological-exegetical writings, and polemicist. A. was born shortly after 850 in Patras, became a student of  Photius and was initially active as a scholar in Constantinople. Important MSS of the works of Plato (Bodl. Clark 39, Vatic. gr. 1, Paris. gr. 1807) and Aristotle (Vatic. Urb. 35) were produced by his editorial initiatives or at least copied on his commission. Other MSS were also transliterated from maj…

[German version] (τὸ βάνδον; tò bándon). Originally the description of the colours of small military units, bandum was used for the units themselves from the 6th cent. In the 10th cent., a bandum consisted of 50-100 heavily or 200-400 lightly armed soldiers. The bandum was commanded by a   comes ; five to seven banda formed a turma. The term remained in use until the 14th cent. Makris, Georgios (Bochum) Bibliography J. Haldon, Byzantine Praetorians, 1984, 172-173, 276-277 T. Kolias, s.v. Heer, LMA 4, 1989, 2002-2004.

[German version] I. Republican Period The duty of the cura annonae (CA) lay in the organization of the food supply for the population of the city of Rome. In its fully developed form, the CA designates the collection of grain as a tax (predominantly in Egypt and Northern Africa), the transport of the grain to Rome as well as the storage and free distribution thereof to about 200,000 people in the city. Due to its strong population growth in the 2nd and 1st cents. BC, Rome became increasingly dependent upo…

(Χερσόνησος; Chersónēsos). [German version] [1] Modern Peninsula Gallipoli The peninsula nowadays called Gallipoli (more than 900 km2); traces of prehistoric settlement, a strategically favourable position, and fertile. First mentioned in Hom. Il. 2,844f., as homeland of the Thracians Acamas and Peirous. Aeolian colonization in the 7th cent. BC (Alopekonnesos, Madytus, Sestus); Ionian (Cardia, Limnae by Miletus and Clazomenae, Elaeus by Teos) somewhat later. The powerful Thracian tribes (Apsinthi, Dolonci) lon…

(Ἐκλογή; eklogḗ, ‘excerpt’, ‘selection’). [German version] Ecloga [1] Varro (in Charisius, gramm. p. 154 B.) uses the foreign term in its literal meaning (‘selection’). It is unclear how the meaning has developed into the usage we encounter from the end of the 1st cent. AD on: Ecloga may refer to individual lyrical poems (Stat. Silv. 3, pr. 23 = 3,5; 4, pr. 21 = 4,8, later in a similar way Auson. 8 Peiper) and in the plural form Eclogae to the entire collection (Plin. Ep. 4,14,9). The term is used in particular for  Horatius (Suet. Vita: Epist. 2,1; Sid. Apoll. Epist. 9,1…

( Constantinopolis). [German version] I. Site Imperial residence, founded in 324 by  Constantine [1] the Great on the site of  Byzantium. Bounded to the north by the Golden Horn, with the  Bosporus [1] to the east and the  Hellespont to the south, the city could only be attacked from one side by land. By virtue of its site it dominated trade and commerce between Europe and Asia, between the Aegean and the Black Sea ( Pontos Euxeinos; Hdn. 3,1,5; Pol. 4,38-45). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] II. Topography The city plan did not follow the customary imperial…

[German version] The late ancient Latin version of the Apollonius romance [1] was translated into Italian in the 14th cent. Based on a Tuscan prose translation a free, rhymeless Greek reworking in 857 quinzaines (Διήγησις πολυπαθοῦς ᾿Απολλωνίου τοῦ Τύρου; Diḗgēsis polypathoûs Apollōníou toû Týrou [2]) was created; it emphasizes the Christian element adding pious, late medieval viewpoints. The Cretan Gabriel Akontianos produced another Greek version (Ριμάδα τοῦ ᾿Απολλωνίου τοῦ Τύρου; Rimáda toû Apollōníou toû Týrou) in 1894 quinzaines rhyming in couplets in the very la…

This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Umbri, Umbria | | Coloniae | Commerce | Italy, languages | Regio, regiones Seaport in Picenum, named after its location in an elbow-shaped bay (Mela 2,64). Occupied from the Mycenaean period, a colony was founded there by  Syracusae in the 4th cent. BC (remains of walls and of a temple of Aphrodite on the acropolis; cf. Plin. HN 3,111). From the 2nd cent. BC, it was a Roman naval base. In 42 BC, it became a Roman colonia with   duoviri . Of the Roman town, the amphitheatre, public thermae, several   domus …

(Διόσκορος; Dióskoros). [German version] [1] Patriarch of Alexandria Patriarch of Alexandria (444-451). In terms of ecclesiastical politics, he aimed to achieve the highest standing for his patriarchy and in terms of theology he promoted the teaching of the pre-eminence of the divine nature of Christ (moderate  Monophysitism). When the radical Monophysite  Eutyches was sentenced in 448, D. took his side and, with the help of the Emperor Theodosius II, asserted his will at the ‘Robber Synod’ of Ephesus (…

[German version] (δεσπότης; despótēs, Classical: ‘lord, master’). Byzantine term initially for God, Christ, the emperor and high clerics and nobles, despotes was from the 12th cent. onwards the highest title bestowed by the emperor in the Byzantine ranking system. In the late Byzantine period despótai ─ the sons-in-law, afterwards also the brothers and younger sons of the emperors ─ who did not have a right to the imperial title. Often they administered semi-autonomous parts of the empire (e.g. the Peloponnese or Morea); their insignia, c…