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[German version] Term referring to the nine extant sarcophagus inscriptions of the so-called 'Tomb of the Scipios', the burial place of the Cornelii Scipiones from c. the mid 3rd cent. to the end of the 2nd cent. BC (CIL I2 6-16, ILLRP 309-317). The earliest texts are the eulogies for L. Cornelius [I 76] Scipio Barbatus ( cos. 298) and his son L. Cornelius [I 65] Scipio ( cos. 259), each consisting of a painted name followed by a chiseled poem in saturnian metre (most scholars date the eulogy to the father later than the one to the son; for a contemporaneous creation [7]). Other than…

[German version] Roman cognomen, probably originally an indication of the bearer's or his family's place of residence. For the early Republican Age, it is transmitted for the families of the Maelii, Quinctii, and Tarpei, and prominent with the Manlii; in the Imperial Age, it was widespread. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography ThlL, Onom. 166f. Kajanto, Cognomina, 183 H. Gundel, s.v. Quinctii Capitolini, RE 24, 1010.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the Getan’), in the Republican period of C. Licinius G. ( cos. in 116 BC) and C. Hosidius G., in the Imperial period ─ in the form Geta ─ also among the Hosidii and Septimii. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR 253 Kajanto, Cognomina 204.

[German version] Roman cognomen ('with prominent ankles'), in the Republican period in the Aemilii (Aemilius [I 37-38]) and Aurelii (Aurelius [17-18]) families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 242.

[German version] Roman cognomen, in the Republican period in the families of the Iulii, Livii, Poetelii and Scribonii, in the Imperial period in the Anni, Flavii, Livii, Scribonii. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen, designating excessive personal harshness, in the Republican period in the Manlii family ( Manlius) in the 4th cent. BC. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 266.

[German version] Oppianicus, Statius. Roman knight from Larinum. He tried to have his stepson A.  Cluentius Habitus poisoned and was therefore accused by him of murder in 74 BC, convicted, and died in exile in 72.  Cicero defended Cluentius against the counterclaim of the stepmother in 66 that Cluentius had tried to poison A. and accused the latter of the murder of other family members, falsification of the will, bribing of judges, and other crimes (Cic. Clu. passim). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography C.J. Classen, Recht, Rhet., Politik, 1985, 15-119 Nicolet 2, 755-756.

[German version] Roman cognomen (from Greek Γνίφων; Gníphōn, ‘miser’), epithet of Mark Antony [I 12] G., the teacher of Caesar and Cicero. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Latin form of the common Etruscan praenomen lar and its variants (references: [4. 205-208]; the Latin form Lar is only uncertainly documented, Liber de praenominibus 4; [2]). Known bearers: L. Porsenna, king of Clusium 508 BC; L. Herminius Coritinesanus (?), cos. 448 BC, and L. Tolumnius, king of Veii (2nd half 5th cent. BC). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 H. Rix, Das etr. Cognomen, 1963, 273, 348 2 O. Salomies, Die röm. Vornamen, 1986, 31f. 3 Schulze, 84 4 Thesaurus linguae Etruscae 1, 1978.

[German version] Roman cognomen (connected with tuber, 'swelling'), Postumius [I 17]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 246.

[German version] Roman cognomen (decorated with a Torque (I.)), prominent in the Manlii family (cf. Manlius [I 12; 14-21]). Legend on its origin in Liv. 7,10,11. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 346.

[German version] [1] Sister of M. Gratidius [2] The sister of M. Gratidius [2], married to M. Tullius Cicero, the grandfather of the orator (Cic. Leg. 3,36). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] True name of the in Horace repeatedly named sorceress Canidia The true name of the sorceress  Canidia, who is repeatedly named in Horace. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Common Roman cognomen, derivative (diminutive) of Tertius . Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR, 270  Kajanto, Cognomina, 128; 292.

[German version] B. 123 BC at Nursia (Samnium), of an equestrian family. He gained military experience in 105/4 under Q. Servilius [I 12] Caepio and C. Marius [I 1] in the wars against the Cimbri and Teutoni, and in 98-93 under T. Didius [I 4] in Spain, where he particularly distinguished himself and acquired intimate knowledge of the country. In 91, S. was quaestor in Gallia Cisalpina, after which he fought in the Social War [3]. In 89 or 88, his candidature for the people's tribunate was thwarte…

[German version] Roman cognomen, recorded in the Republican period for the Aemilii [I 7-17; II 7-9] and other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FC, 256.

Family name, also Galonius, Calonius (Schulze 171); bearers of this name are attested several times but are of little historical significance. [German version] [1] G., C. City leader of Gades 49 BC Roman eques, was sent by L. Domitius [I 8] Ahenobarbus to Gades to administer an inheritance in 49 BC, became city leader in the Civil War there, but withdrew in favour of Caesar (Caes. B Civ. 2,18,2; 20,2f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] G., P. Gourmet by Lucilius 1238 M. Made proverbial by Lucilius (1238 M.) as a gourmet and glutton. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Uncommon Roman family name. Its best-known representative, Q.P., and L. Cornificius brought a successful action against T. Annius [I 14] Milo in 52 BC for 'use of force' ( de vi) (Ascon. 54 C.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Schulze, 142.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘bald-head’) of the Caecilii Metelli, Cornelii Scipiones, Licinii et al. (ThlL, Onom. 111f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 235.

[German version] [1] see Top See Top Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Roman cognomen Roman cognomen ('whirlwind'), perhaps originally a one-off description, recorded only in the Imperial period: Marcius [II 14]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 339  Degrassi, FCIR, 271.

[German version] [1] Wife of C. Iulius Caesar and mother of the dictator Caesar Probably the daughter of C.  Aurelius [I 5] Cotta and the sister of L. Aurelius Cotta (Münzer, 327), wife of C.  Iulius Caesar and mother of the dictator Caesar. She discovered P. Clodius at the  Bona Dea festival at the end of 62 BC in Caesar's house (Plut. Caes. 10.2; Suet. Iul. 74,2, among others). Died before September 54. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] A. Orestilla Second wife of Catilina Widow, then lover and since the middle of the 60s BC the second wife, of Catilina (Sall.…

[German version] [1] C., Roman knight (1st cent. BC) A., C., Roman knight, friend of Varro, introduced in the first book of Rust. probably because of his evocative name. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Publeianus, L., Roman knight (1st cent. BC) A. Publeianus, L., Roman knight, witness in the trial of Flaccus (Cic. Flac. 31), probably negotiator in Asia. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Nicolet 2, 768-769.

[German version] Cognomen in the Republican period in the families of the Aemilii ( Aemilius [I 18-26]) and Pinarii. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 176.

[German version] [1] see Arrow see Arrow Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Roman cognomen Cognomen (from malleus, hammer) in the family of the Publicii in the Republican period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Kajanto, Cognomina, 342.

[German version] Nickname (‘the donkey drover’) in the family of the Sempronians. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 323.

[German version] Originally a rare praenomen, either of Etruscan origin or derived from the Latin adjective licinus (‘curved backwards’, Serv. Georg. 3,55); hence the gentile name Licinius. Later, it occurs as a cognomen, possibly with the meaning ‘hair combed backwards’ [1. 236; 2. 33], in the Republican period in the families of the Fabii and Porcii, in Imperial times with the Clodii (C. [II 6]), Larcii and Passieni. Also documented as a name for slaves, the most prominent of which is Caesar's freedman (C. Iulius) L., who in…

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the goshawk’) amongst the Fabii (ThlL 2,2259). Legend of the adoption of the name in Plin. HN 10,21. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] A Roman lady, who entered into a relationship with an ugly slave by the name of Clesippus and eventually made him her heir (probably in the 2nd half of the 1st cent. BC). After her death he called himself Clesippus Geganius and had built for himself an expensive tomb of which the inscription is still preserved (Plin. HN 34,11f.; ILLRP 696). This widespread story may underlie the character of Trimalchio in  Petronius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the oxen driver’) in the family of the Iunii (ThlL 2,2223). The first bearer of this name, according to Plin. HN. 18,10, received it because of his success in working with oxen ( bubus). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] captured by pirates when he was praetor in 68 BC (?), (Plut. Pomp. 24,9). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman gentilicium M., legate of Cicero in Cilicia 51-50 BC (Cic. Fam. 13,55 and passim; MRR 2,244). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman surname (Schulze, 161). F., private secretary ( scriba, γραμματεύς; grammateús) of Caesar; identical to the F. mentioned frequently by Cicero in spring 45 BC who had been given a loan by Cicero, the repayment of which involved irregularities that only Atticus could rectify (Cic. Att. 12-15). After the murder of Caesar, F. helped M. Antonius [I 9] to falsify the decrees of the dictator (App. B. Civ. 3,16; Cic. Att. 14,18,1). He probably died shortly afterwards. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography H. P. Benöhr, Fabianum negotium, in: ZRG 106, 1986, …

[German version] Cognomen (‘runner, courier’) in the gens Papiria. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina 361.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the ulcer’) of the most important plebeian branches of the  Papirii in the 2nd and 1st cents. BC (Cic. Fam. 9,21,3). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography ThlL, Onom. 183f. Kajanto, Cognomina, 341 Schulze, 314.

[German version] Cognomen of P. Sulpicius Q. ( cos. 12 AD). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Nickname (‘lower leg’) referring to a peculiarity of the legs; cognomen in the family of the Cornelii ( Cornelius [I 50]) Lentuli. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography A. Hug, s.v. Spitznamen, RE 3A, 1828 Kajanto, Cognomina 225.

[German version] Cognomen of Fabia [6] O. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Rare Italic nomen gentile. C. V. from Asculum was one of the rebelling Italici in the Social Wars [3] 91-89 BC (App. Civ. 1,181). He was in action initially in Picenum, then in Bruttium; in the winter of 90/89 he breached the siege of Cn. Pompeius [I 8] Strabo around Asculum, but committed suicide there because of the hopeless situation (App. Civ. 1,207-209; Oros. 5,18,21). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘Potter’), attested to in the fasti of the Republican period for the family of the Marcii and the writer P.  Nigidius Figulus. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina 322.

[German version] Roman cognomen, from residence on the Mons Quirinalis, first appeared in the Imperial era. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Degrassi, FCIR, 265 2 Kajanto, Cognomina, 184.

[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the Beard’) of the  Cassii,  Lucretii,  Sulpicii and other families (ThlL 2,1727f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Rare Latin praenomen of unknown origin (in the sources commonly confused with Hostius),  Hostilius [3] and H. Lucretius Tricipitinus (consul in 429 BC) Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Salomies, 30f.

[German version] Probably originally a Roman personal name, recorded as a cognomen ('left-handed') e.g. in the Iunii Bruti (Iunius [I 17]) family. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Kajanto, Cognomina, 17; 105; 243 2 Schulze, 419.

[German version] Cognomen (originally the epithet of a victor) in the family of the Caecilii Metelli ( Caecilius [I 23] and [II 16]) and of Mark Antony [I 8] C. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Wife in her second marriage of C. Calpurnius [I 9] Piso (consul 180 BC), condemned for allegedly poisoning her husband in office in order to help to the consulate a son of her first marriage, Q. Fulvius [I 11] Flaccus (Liv. 40,37,5-7). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] C., senator before 60 BC, father-in-law of P. Sestius (Cic. Sest. 6; MRR 2,487 [1]) Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography 1 D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Two studies in Roman nomenclature, 21991, 5.

[German version] Roman cognomen (possibly from silus, 'snub-nosed'; according to the ancient interpretation from silanus, a gargoyle in the form of a head of Silenus), in the Republican period hereditary in the family of the Iunii (Iunius [I 28-35; II 29-41]); in the Imperial period also in other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCap., 148  Kajanto, Cognomina, 237.

[German version] Syrian prophetess who came to Rome in 105 BC. Although M. had been banned from practising her art by the Senate, she gained access to members of the high nobility by correctly predicting the outcome of gladiatorial fights. In 102, Iulia [1] sent her to her husband C. Marius [I 1] in Gallia where she helped to lift the morale of the Roman troops who were fighting the Teutons (Plut. Marius 17,2-5 after Posidonius). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)

[German version] Roman cognomen (describing origin: 'from Sicily', and epithet of victors; cf. Cloelius [4-7]; Herennius [I 10]). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 52; 193.

[German version] Modern term (e.g. [1. 28]) for the Roman professional armies of the late Imperial period ( Roma I. D.), which had an especially close relationship to their commander and thus let themselves be detailed as his clientela ( cliens ) for his goals interior politics. This ‘militarization of home politics’ began with C. Marius [I 1] and L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla, who used the professional army created by Marius to further their own power claims in the civil war of 88-81 BC. They had to promise the soldiers…

[German version] Cognomen, first used as an epithet for abnormal tallness, occasionally with the implication of the figurative meanings ‘rough, uncouth, crude’, soon also used as a surname. In the republican period, the name was used by the Aquilii, Calpurnii, Canidii, Claudii, Licinii, Otacilii, Papirii, Veturii; in the imperial period by the Galerii, Iulii and Sulpicii. The most significant individuals of this name belonged to the Plebeian  Licinii Crassi (L. Licinius C., cos. 95 BC, the orator; M. Licinus C., cos. 70 and 55 BC, the triumvir). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliogra…