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[English Version] 1.  Johann Georg , (17.6.1693 Meiningen – 13.1.1775 Jena). Nach Studium der alten Sprachen und Gesch. in Leipzig ab 1710 und dortigen ersten Vorlesungen als Magister der klassischen Philol. wurde W. 1718 Prof. für Philos. und Altertümer in Jena, 1719 für Beredsamkeit, 1722 zugleich für Poesie. Noch vor seiner theol. Promotion 1726 erhielt er 1724 eine a.o. Professur für Theol. 1728 wurde er Ordinarius. Vorlesungen seines Schwiegervaters J.F. Buddeus zur polemischen Theol. baute er z…

[English Version] Til, Salomo(n) van (26.12.1643 Wees – 31.10.1713 Leiden). Nach Studium in Utrecht und Leiden (J. Coccejus) wurde der reformierte T. 1666 Prediger in Huisduinen. Nach Zwischenstationen kam er 1683 nach Dordrecht, wo er ab 1684 neben dem Pfarramt auch eine Professur an der Schola Illustris versah. 1702 wechselte er nach Leiden. Im Mittelpunkt seiner Tätigkeit stand die philol. gelehrte…

[English Version] Staël, Anne Louise Germaine, Baronin de S.-Holstein (22.4.1766 Paris – 14.7.1817 ebd.). S. war als Exulantin während der Franz. Revolution Zentralgestalt eines eur. kommunikativen Netzwerkes. Lit. kritisierte sie, in Brechung Rousseauscher Ideen (J.-J. Rousseau) durch den Einfluß der dt. Frühromantik, die Frauen beschränkende Wirkung gesellschaftlicher Konventionalität und propagierte eine Vervollkommnung der Humanität in der Gesch. Volker Leppin Bibliography Ch.Blennerhassett, Madame de S., 1889.

[German Version] (c.1300, Strasbourg – Jun 16, 1361, Strasbourg). Along with Meister Eckhart and H. Suso, Tauler was the most important representative of German Dominican mysticism (III, 3.b) on the Upper Rhine. Trained at the Dominican convent in Strasbourg, which he had joined around the age of 14, he did not hold a degree in theology but had received a good education; philosophically active, he participated in the neoplatonic revival in the Dominican order (Berthold of Moosburg). In terms…

[German Version] (died Mar 30, 1530, Stuttgart). The Augsburg weaver Bader, who was released from a brief imprisonment in 1527 following his tactical revocation of his anabaptist beliefs and who fled from Augsburg in 1528, prolonged the unfulfilled eschatological predictions of H. Hut from 1528 onward by means of his own isionary conception. With only a few followers, he expected the rul…

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[German Version] (d. Jun 29, 1293, Tournai) supported the Beguines as archdeacon in Brügge (from 1276/1277) and Tournai (from 1279) and had decisive influence as magister regens of theology in Paris from 1275 to 1292. Although he was involved in the condemnation of rigorous Aristotelianism (his role was never completely clarified), during the various stages of …

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[German Version] The university founded in 1386 by Rupert I, Elector Palatine, was initially staffed by scholars forced out of Paris and Prague because of ecclesial and national opposition. The founding rector Marsilius of Inghen guided Heidelberg on the path of a moderate via moderna; from 1452, the via antiqua shared equal rights. The scholastic manner of instruction (Scholasticism) was supplem…

[German Version] (1550, Liège – after 1630, Straßburg [Strasbourg]). Though born into a Catholic family, Sudermann came into contact with Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Anabaptism early on. Having worked as a private tutor, after 1585 he served as an educator of the nobility at the Bruderhof in Straßburg. He had already come in contact with the ideas of K. v. Schwenckfeld, some of whose wri…

[German Version] (Georgsohn; 1501, Flanders – Aug 25, 1556, Basel). The glass painter Joris's public criticism of a Host procession in Delft in 1528 led to his mutilation and banishment. After receiving adult baptism in 1534/1535, Joris promoted his claims to leadership when he mediated between the Melchiorite Anabaptists (who …

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[German Version] I. Course – II. French Revolution and Religion – III. Effects on Germany In the French Revolution, discontent exploded over the inability of French absolutism under Louis XVI to achieve reform. It signaled the dissolution of the old European estates (Estate-based society) and absolutism, to be replaced by bourgeois society (Bourgeoisie) and the constitutional state based on the rule of law.…

[German Version] (died Nov 29, 1342, Munich). After receiving his doctorate in theology in Paris in 1316 and being elected minister general of the Franciscans, Michael became the key figure in the transition from the practical to the theoretical poverty (IV) debate. In agreement with John XXII, he opposed the Spiritual Franciscans, whom he had been unable to reintegrate into the order; after the chapter in Perugi…

[German Version] (Dec 11, 1694, Frankfurt am Main – Jul 24, 1776, Lingen). After studying jurisprudence in Marburg and Halle (C. Thomasius) and undertaking educational journeys, especially to the courts of European rulers, Loën lived in Frankfurt am Main from an inherited fortune from 1724. Drawing on the form of the courtly Baroque novel, he developed an ¶ enlightened conception of s…

[German Version] (Jan 9/10, 1502, Münster? – after 1570). Gifted as a visionary from his youth, Niclaes moved from Amsterdam to Emden after his calling as a prophet in 1540. He expanded late medieval mystical concepts into a prophetic-chiliastic spiritualism. Against a background of pantheistic ontology, he saw himself as the reincarnation of Christ. Through his missionary journeys, the “Fami…

[German Version] (Dec 26, 1643, Wees – Oct 31, 1713, Leiden). After studying in Utrecht and Leiden ( J. Cocceius), in 1666 Til became pastor of the Reformed church in Huisduinen.…

[German Version] (c. 1495, Rattenberg, Tyrol – 1556, Augsburg). In his home town Marbeck was given in 1525 the office of Bergrichter (mountain magistrate). He resisted the unreasonable request to use this function to put an end to Anabaptist activity. He gave up his office after the execution of the Anabaptist preacher Leonhard Schiemer in 1528, and was probably baptized himself in Krumau (Bohemia). In 1528 he was granted citizenship of Strasbourg. With his mystical theology of suffering discipleship leading through penitence to the freedom of Christ, he here became one of the spokesmen of the Anabaptists, distancing himself from spiritualism (esp. at this time C. Entfelder). His incarnational theology required that spiritual reality be attained not only in the sanctification of Christian living, but also in baptism and the Lord's Supper. Having already been imprisoned from 1528 to1530, he was increasingly in conflict with M. Bucer, which led to his expulsion in 1532. In the following years he lived in Switzerland and undertook several journeys in an attempt to unite the various Anabaptist groups. In this, his distancing from spiritualism remained constitutive (cf. his controversy with K. v Schwenckfeld). From 1544 to 1556 he served the city of Augsburg as an e…

[German Version] (c. 1490, Haina – Dec 6, 1527, Augsburg). From 1524 and under the influence of A. Bodenstein von Karlstadt and T. Müntzer (Anabaptists), Hut, a bookkeeper, rejected infant baptism and was baptized in 1526 by H.Denck. After participating in the Peasants' War in the hope that it might bring about the eschatological cleansing, he reacted to its failure by prolonging Müntzer's millenarianism (III, 3), now expecting the judgment of the wicked and the thousand-year kingdom to commence i…

[German Version] (c. 1500, Großbockenheim – after 1532, probably in Moravia). On Jun 9, 1527, Jakob Kautz, then preacher (from 1524) in Worms, publicly posted “Seven Articles” that stressed the importance of the “inner word” under the influence of H. Denck and rejected infant baptism as well as the notion of the Real Presence; the intended disputation was probably meant to initiate a reformation in line with spiritualistic Anabaptism (Anabaptists). Expelled from Worms on July 1, Kautz took part in…