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[English version] [1] Röm. Militärführer für Britannien, 193/4 n. Chr. Septimius Severus beauftragte H. 193/4 n.Chr. damit, ihm die Herrschaft über Britannien zu sichern (SHA Sept. Sev. 6,10; SHA Pescennius 5,2 wird fälschlich Bithynia genannt) und möglicherweise dem Clodius Albinus den Caesar-Titel anzubieten. (Cass. Dio 73,15,1; Herodian. 2,15,4). Vielleicht ist er identisch mit dem legatus der legio VI Ferrata H. aus dem Jahre 196 (PIR2 H 89; IGR 3,1107) bzw. mit H. [2] (PIR2 H 88). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) [English version] [2] procurator 201 n. Chr. Bekleidete 201 n.Chr. das …

[German Version] ( Herakleitos; c. 540–480 bce), an Ionian Greek from Ephesus and one of the most prominent pre-Socratics along with Pythagoras and Parmenides. In ancient times, he was already regarded as the “obscure one” who speaks in riddles and whose statements resemble those of the lord of the Delphic oracle in that they offer more suggestions than clear explanations (DK 22, B 92; 93). Rich in allegories, the paradoxical argumentation and the elaborate, aphoristic style of his prose exerted a str…

Entry Version: This is the English version of this article translated by Patrick Hogan. The original Italian version was written by Martina Savio and published on 07/11/2019. Here is the Italian version of this entry. Grammarian: Name: Heraclitus [1] | Ἡράκλειτος Identity: Perseus | Pauly-Wissowa Place of Origin: ? Date: 1st/2nd c. CE? ↓ To Source List Biography: Ἡράκλειτος is the name cited in the subscriptions of the more credible witnesses of the rhetorical-allegorical work, to which some manuscripts attribute the title Ὁμηρικὰ προβλήματα and which, starting from mid-19th C…

Versione della scheda: La versione italiana di questa scheda di Martina Savio è stata pubblicata il 07/11/2019. Qui si trova la versione inglese della scheda. Grammatico: Nome: Heraclitus [1] | Ἡράκλειτος Luogo di provenienza: ? Data: 1°/2° sec. d.C.? ↓ Elenco delle fonti Biografia: Ἡράκλειτος è il nome citato nelle sottoscrizioni dei testimoni più attendibili dello scritto di impianto retorico-allegorico, al quale alcuni mss attribuiscono il titolo Ὁμηρικὰ προβλήματα e che a partire da metà ‘800 è comunemente noto appunto con il titolo di Quaestiones Homericae nonché definitiva…

(Ἡράκλειτος; Hērákleitos). [German version] [1] H. of Ephesus Ionian philosopher, c. 500 BC Son of Bloson, outstanding personality within Ionian philosophy. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] A. The person H.'s main period of activity is estimated to have been about 503-500 BC (Diog. Laert. 9,1). He belonged to a leading family in the public life of Ephesus. The doxographic tradition records several anecdotes of H.'s arrogance and contempt for his fellow citizens and humanity in general, which are mostly based on fragments of H. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] B. La…

Abstract Allegory ( all ēgoría) in Greek is a philosophical and rhetorical method in the reading of literary, especially poetic, texts since the 6th c. BCE. This article discusses its various names, its development in relation to Greek cult, exegesis and philosophy, and its relationship to etymology and language theories. The Greek word allēgoría was thought in antiquity to come from álla agoreúein ‘to say something else’ than what one really means (Heraclitus Quaestiones Homericae 5.2), and is not attested before the 1st c. BCE (Plutarch De audiendis poetis 19e-f still presents it…

(Ἑρμόδωρος; Hermódōros). [German version] [1] Critic of his fellow citizens in a fragment of Heraclitus In a fragment of the philosopher  Heraclitus [1] of Ephesus, the latter criticizes his fellow citizens because they had banished H., the ‘most estimable man’ among them, with the justification that among them ‘no one should be the most estimable’ (Diels/Kranz 22,121 = Str. 14,1,25; Cic. Tusc. 5,105). According to later tradition, H., who went into exile in Italy, was involved in the drawing up of the Twelve …

[German version] A. Introduction Ontology is the study of Being. Although the term 'ontology' (λόγος τοῦ ὄντος/ lógos toû óntos) was coined only in the Late Scholasticism of the early 17th cent., it explicitly refers to a discipline that originated in Greek philosophy. An important part of ancient philosophy, it became later known as 'metaphysics', the fundamental discipline, and as 'first science' (Aristot. Metaph. 6,1,1026a; Ps.-Aristot. Metaph. 11,4,1061b 30). Plato and Aristotle regarded ontology as the epitome of 'wisdom' ( sophía). The term 'ontology' can refer to a br…

[German version] The Ionian philosopher  Heraclitus [1] was considered one of the ‘scattered’ (οἱ σποράδην; oi sporádēn) philosophers in antiquity, i.e. as one who had no place in the successive sequences of teachers and students. Tradition mentions no students in the strict sense but speaks of followers of Heraclitus. A Heraclitean could be anyone who was philosophically dependent on Heraclitus in some manner (cf.  Democriteans). Some of the ‘Heraclitizing’ thinkers (Ἡρακλειτίζοντες; Hērakleitízontes), of whom  Cratylus is usually the only one named, seem to have …

[German Version] Because Heraclitus of Ephesus did not found a school, anyone who was in any way dependent upon him in philosophical matters could be regarded as a Heraclitean (cf. D.L. IX 6). In particular the circle around Kratylos, to which also Plato was attracted at times after 399 bce, was actually known as such. This group surpassed Heraclitus with the theory that all things perceived are in a constant flux and unfit for cognizance. The Academy countered such skepticism with the doctrine of ideas (Arist. Metaph. 987a32–34, 1010a7ff., 1078b12–17). Aristotle ( Problemata 908a30, 9…

[German version] A corpus of nine pseudo-epigraphic letters of the 1st cent. and the 1st half of the 2nd cent. AD, of which two were attributed to the Persian King  Darius [1] and seven to the philosopher  Heraclitus. The topics are political. The first two letters are also recorded by Diog. Laert. 9,13-14. The four letters to  Hermodorus (4; 7-9) are about the addressee's exile, as is the preceding letter 3, in which Darius accuses the Ephesians of having sent the best man in all Ionia into exile…

Heraclitus of Ephesus → Presocratics Herennius, Gaius → Rhetorica ad Herennium Herennius Modestinus (Modestinus Herennius) → Corpus Iuris Civilis Hermagoras → Rhetores Graeci Hermas, Hermae Pastor → Apostolic Fathers Hermogenes of Tarsus → Rhetores Graeci Hierocles → Hippiatrica Hippias → Presocratics Hippiatrica → Pelagonius Saloninus Hippocrates → Soranus Hippocrates the Veterinarian → Hippiatrica Hipponax of Ephesus → Lyrici Graeci Holy Scripture → Bible: Novum Testamentum; → Bible: Vetus Testamenum Homeric Hymns → Homerus (Homer) Homerus (Homer) → Batrachomyomachia Ho…

[German version] (ἀντίθετον, ἀντίθεσις; antítheton, antíthesis), contrapositum, contentio, assigned to the list of conceptual and verbal figures, but also part of rhetorical argumentation as such. It is therefore relevant for the theory of expression (rhetoric) as well as for the theory of cognition and contemplation (dialectics, e.g. in Heraclitus: war and peace as opposites). Antithesis creates a semantic broadening through a critically-dividing or a mediating juxtaposition of two (or more) words, wo…

[English Version] (Herakleitos; ca.540–480 v.Chr.), ionischer Grieche aus Ephesus, gehört neben Pythagoras und Parmenides zu den bekanntesten Vertretern der Vorsokratik (Vorsokratiker). Schon in der Antike galt er als der »Dunkle«, der in Rätseln spricht und wie der Herr des delphischen Orakels mehr andeutende Sprüche verlauten läßt als verständliche Erklärungen gibt (DK 22, B 92; 93). Die gleichnisreiche, paradoxe Gedankenführung und der kunstvoll-aphoristische Stil seiner Prosa hat große Anzieh…

Cratylus (Disciple of the philosopher Heraclitus, 4th cent. BCE) In the act of creation God did not use Hebre…

[German version] (Σκυθῖνος; Skythînos). iambic poet from Teos (Steph. Byz. s. v. Τέως), perhaps 5th or 4th century B.C. S. composed a poem expounding Heraclitus' [1] philosophy (cited in Diog. Laert. 9,16 = fr. 46 Wehrli), perhaps entitled On Nature (περὶ φύσεως), as in the lemma of Stob. 1,8,43 citing fr. 2 W. on 'time', either in prose or in corrupted trochaic tetrameters [1], the metre of S.' two lines about Apollo's lyre cited Plut. de Pyth. or. 16,402a. Ath. 11,461e cites an account of Herakles' conquests from an apparently prose ‘ historía’ (FGrH 13 F 1). Iambographers  Bowie, Ewen (O…

ad 15/16. Italy. Single fragment of a Greek chronicle inscribed in two columns found near Rome: an almost annual account covering Roman and Egyptian history between 88 and 80 bc (left column) and a typically eclectic selection of highlights from Athenian, Lydian, Persian, and Roman political and literary history from the 6th to the 4th century bc: Solon, Anacharsis, Croesus, Seven Sages, Pisistratus, Aesop, Cyrus, Cambyses, Pythagoras, Harmodius, Aristogiton, Hipparchus, Darius, Xerxes, Themistocles, Socrates, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, Parmenides, Zeno, Thucydides, and the …

Entry Version: This is the English version of this article translated by Patrick Hogan. The original Italian version was written by Lara Pagani and first published on 24/06/2013. Here is the Italian version of this entry. Grammarian: Name: Dionysius [7] | Διονύσιος Place of Origin: ? Date: ? ↓ To Source List Biography: This Dionysius is known from only a single citation in Diogenes Laertius1 (9, 15), who mentions him among those who “have interpreted” the treatise of Heraclitus of Ephesus2. The other commentators on Heraclitus who are named together with this Dionysius are …

[German Version] (probably not before 510 – after 450 bce). Alongside Heraclitus, Parmenides was the most important thinker before Socrates and Plato. Nothing is known of his life apart from his birthplace, Elea in southern Italy. By contrast, his philosophy is well attested; the poem in hexameters, in which he presents it, has been preserved in large part, particularly in quotations given by Simplicius. Parmenides is the discoverer of the unity of being. This does not mean a unity imposed on being from outside; rather, it is imparted directly with the sense of “being” (ἐόν/ eón): everyth…

(fl. ca. 500 BCE), Greek philosopher traditionally credited as the first to have written on the magi. A version of this article is available in print Volume XII, Fascicle 2, pp. 201-202 HERACLEITUS OF EPHESUS, Greek philosopher traditionally credited as the first to have written on the magi. Heracleitus, son of Bloson, may be regarded as Ephesus’ most eminent native son during the early Persian period. He flourished ca. 500 B.C.E. (Diogenes Laërtius 9.1), and came from a venerable aristocratic line with whom the sacerdotal office of basileus was hereditary; but he is said to have …