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(a.), originally “obliterating, covering”, then, “concealingbenefits received” = “ungrateful”; this meaning is found even in the old Arab poetry and in the Ḳurʾān, Sūra XXVI, 18. In the Ḳurʾān the word is used with reference to God: “concealing God’s blessings” = “ungrateful to God”, see Sūra XVI, 57 and XXX, 33: “That they are ungrateful for our gifts”; cf. also Sūra XVI, 85. The next development— probably under the influence of the Syriac and Aramaic where the corresponding development took pl…

, Ottoman Turkish historian. All that we know of his life has to be gleaned from his works. He was born in 1939/1532, for he tells us that at the accession of Sultan Murād III, i.e. in 982/1574, he was 43. At the early age of eleven he took part in the campaign of 950/1543, along with his elder brother Perwāne Ag̲h̲a, who at that time was Ḳapud̲j̲i̊ Bas̲h̲i̊ , to the Sand̲j̲aḳ Beg of Lepanto, Yaḥyā Pas̲h̲a-Og̲h̲lu Aḥmad Beg. When the latter, after the capture of Stuhlweissenburg, was appointed Sand̲j̲aḳ Beg there, the brothers seemed to have remained in his service, probably till 952/…

(a.) means literally “spread out” (as in Ḳurʾān, XVII, 14, and LII,3: opposite, maṭwī “folded”), or “not sealed” (opposite, mak̲h̲tūm ) hence it comes to mean a certificate, an edict, a diploma of appointment, and particularly, a patent granting an appanage (pl. manās̲h̲īr ). In Egypt in the early Arab period, mans̲h̲ūr seems to be a name for the passes which the government compelled the fellāḥīn to have in order to check the flight of colonists from the land, which threatened to become overwhelming ( d̲j̲āliya ). In any case, in the ¶ Führer durch die Ausstellung ( Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer …

(a), cutting off. The Arabie verb ḳaṭaʿa has been very widely used in a variety of literal and metaphorical senses; this diversity is often of interest for both religious and cultural history. The infinitive ḳaṭʿ does not occur in the Ḳurʾān, but the finite verb occurs both in the literal and in a rather metaphorical sense: Sūra V, 42 (38): “Cut off the hands of the thief and the female thief”—the well-known prescription which has passed into fiḳh and is sometimes briefly designated as ḳaṭʿ al-liṣṣ ; Sūra VIII, 7: “and [Allah] may cut off the root of the Infidels”, i.e., extirpate them. Sūra I…

, the common Turkish pronunciation of Persian Dulband , a sash or wrapper for the head, thence turban, the typical form of traditional headdress in the eastern Islamic lands, the Iranian world, and the Muslim and Sikh parts of the Indian subcontinent. The turban of English, French and German, the turbante of Spanish and Italian, etc., come via forms like tulband , tulbant ; in French and Italian the word is attested from the later 15th century, and in English from the mid-16th century. See Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson . A glossary of Anglo-Indian words and phrases 2, London 1903, 943-4. It s…

, a Turkish poet, usually called Saiyid Wahbī to distinguish him from Sünbülzāde Wahbī [q. v.]. He was a contemporary of Nedīm and like him a native of Stambul. His father Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Aḥmed, the kiaya of Imāmzāde, Ḳāḍī of Yenis̲h̲ehir, claimed to be descended from the Prophet through a certain Ḥusām al-Dīn. After the latter, his son Ḥusain, our poet, was at first given the nisba Ḥusāmī but then, on the suggestion of Aḥmed Nailī, the man of letters, given instead the nisba Wahbī, since it was a gift of God ( wehb) that he combined in himself descent from the Prophet ( saiyidlik) with the gift of p…

, an Ottoman poet. His real name was Ilyās or S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ and he belonged to Adrianople. He is said to have taken his pen-name of Rewānī from the river Tand̲j̲a which flowed past ( rewān) his garden. He entered the service of Sulṭān Bāyazīd II (1481—1512) in Stambul and was sent by him as administrator of the ṣurre, the annual sum for the poor of Mecca and Medīna, to the holy cities to distribute the money. He embezzled a part of it however and on the accusation of the Meccans his salary was stopped; a malady of the eyes, which then affected Rewānī, w…

, Aḥmad, a Turkish writer born in 1283 (1866—1867) in Ṣari̊ Güzel. He early lost his father Bahāʾ al-Dīn and was brought up by his mother. In 1292 (1875) he entered the famous school.Dār al-S̲h̲efaḳa in Stambul, which he left in 1300 (1883) with the leaving certificate. ¶ Already in his last years at school he showed a fondness for art and literature and therefore decided to become a writer, and to this profession, or, as he himself calls it: the Sublime Porte Road ( Bāb-i ʿālī Ḏj̲āddesi), he has remained faithful, untroubled by all the political changes that have taken place. Lik…

(a.) means literally “spread out” (as in the Ḳurʾān xvii. 14 and lii. 3; opposite maṭwī “folded”), or not sealed (opposite mak̲h̲tūm) hence means a certificate, an edict, a diploma of appointment, and particularly a patent granting an appanage. In Egypt in the early Arab period mans̲h̲ūr seems to be a name for the passes which the government compelled the fellāḥīn to have in order to check the flight of colonists from the land, which threatened to become overwhelming ( Ḏj̲āliya, cf. above, ii., p. 14a and 994a). In any case in the Führer durch die Ausstellung (Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer), N°. 6…

(a.) (sometimes also pronounced lifām), the mouth-veil, is a piece of material with which the Beduins concealed the lower part of the face, the mouth and sometimes also part of the nose (see the commentary on Ḥarīrī, ed. de Sacy, Paris 1821, p. 374, 2). It served the practical purpose of protecting the organs of respiration from heat and cold as well as against the penetration of dust (cf. Ḏh̲u ’l-Rumma, N°. 5, 43, also N°. 39, 24, and 73, 16; and the commentaries on Mutanabbī, p. 464, 27 and Ḥarīrī…

(a.), witness, martyr (pl. s̲h̲uhadāʾ) is often used in the Ḳurʾān (as is s̲h̲āhid [q. v.], plur. s̲h̲uhūd, from which it is not definitely distinguished) in the primary meaning of witness. The following examples are typical of the various contexts in which it occurs: Sūra, ii. 127: “Or were ye eye-witnesses when Jacob was at the point of death and he said to his sons”.… Sūra, xxiv. 6: “Those who slander their wives and have no witness except themselves” …Sūra, ii. 137: “And thus we have made you a people in the…

, an Ottoman poet and Ḥurūfī. Of Refīʿī’s life we only have a few hints from himself; the Ottoman biographers and historians do not seem to mention him at all. He himself describes how in his youth he studied many branches of knowledge but did not know what he should believe, and how sometimes he turned to the Sunna, sometimes to philosophy and sometimes to ¶ materialism. He often travelled a great distance to visit a particular scholar but always was disappointed. The poet Nesīmī [q. v.] was the first to teach him the grace of God and the truth, and ordered …

, toll, customs duty, is a loanword in Arabic and goes back to the Aramaic maksā, cf. Hebrew mekes and Assyr. miksu; from it is formed a verb m-k-s I, II, III and makkās, the collector of customs. According to the Arabic tradition preserved in Ibn Sīda even in the Ḏj̲āhilīya there were market-dues called maks so that the word must have entered Arabic very early. It is found in Arabic papyri towards the end of the first century a. h. Becker has dealt with the history of the maks, especially in Egypt, and we follow him here. The old law books use maks in the sense of ʿus̲h̲r, the tenth levied by the mer…

, Ḳulansiya (a.), the name for a cap which was worn by men either under the turban proper or alone on the head. The word, from which verbal forms are derived as denominative verbs, is apparently of foreign origin; while it used to be commonly connected with the Latin calautica, for which, however, the form calantica is difficult to quote — and besides it means a head-cloth for women —, Fraenkel wishes to derive it through the Aramaic (cf. Arabic ḳāliṣ, ḳālis, Dozy, Supplément ii., 395) from κῶνοΣ ( conus). The Arab grammarians and lexicographers have found in the manifold formation …

, a Turkish poet and scholar of the latter half of the eighteenth century. Meḥmed b. Rās̲h̲id b. Meḥmed Efendi Wehbī was born in Marʿas̲h̲ in the province of Aleppo; he belonged to the prominent local family of Sunbulzāde, which had already produced several ¶ muftīs including the grandfather of our poet, Meḥmed, muftī in Marʿas̲h̲ and author of several works including the S̲h̲ērḥ al-As̲h̲bāh al-musammā bi-Tawfīḳi ’llāh, Nūr al-ʿ-Ain and Kitāb al-Tanzīhāt. His father Rās̲h̲id also was a learned man and collaborated in Aleppo with the poet Saiyid Wehbī. As one of the …

, the headdress of males in the Muslim east, consisting of a cap with a length of cloth wound round it. The name turban is found in this form in European languages only (English turban, turband; French turban, tulban; German Turban; Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, turbante; Dutch tulband; Rumanian tulipan; all going back to older forms with o: tol(l)iban, tolipan, tolopan, tourbant, tourban, torbante) and is usually traced to the Persian dulband, from which is also said to be derived the word tulip (cf. Meyer-Lübke, Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg 1911, p. 682, …

, a Turkish historian. All that we know of his life is gleaned from his works. He was born in 939 (1532) for he tells us that at the accession of Sulṭān Murād III, i. e. in 982 (1574), he was 43. At the early age of eleven he took part in the campaign of 950 (1543) along with his elder brother Perwāne Ag̲h̲a, who at that time was Ḳapud̲j̲i̊ Bas̲h̲i̊ to the Sand̲j̲aḳ Beg of Lepanto, Yaḥyā Pas̲h̲a Og̲h̲lu Aḥmad Beg. When the latter, after the capture of Stuhlweissen. burg, was appointed Sand̲j̲aḳ …

(a.), originally “obliterating, covering”, then, “concealing benefits received” = “ungrateful”; this meaning is found even in the old Arab poetry and in the Ḳurʾān, Sūra xxvi. 18. In the Ḳurʾān the word is used with reference to God: “concealing God’s blessings” = “ungrateful to God”, see Sūra xvi. 57 and xxx. 33: “That they are ungrateful for our gifts”; cf. also Sūra, xvi. 85. The next development — probably under ¶ the influence of the Syriac and Aramaic where the corresponding development took place earlier — is the more general meaning of “infidel” which is f…

(a.), Crown. A Persian loanword in Arabie going back to the Old Persian * tag; cf. Armenian ʿtag, Aramaic taga. From it are formed in Arabic the broken plural tīd̲j̲ān and the corresponding verb t-w-d̲j̲ II “to crown”, V “to be crowned”, and tāʾid̲j̲, “crowned” (Horn, Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologic, Strassburg 1893, p. 81; Siddiqi, Studien über die per she hen Fremdwörter im klassischen Arabisch, Göttingen 1919, p. 74, 84; Fraenkel, Die aramāischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen, Ley den 1886, p. 62). Like the name, the thing itself comes from old Persia. The form o…

, a Turkish poet of Albanian origin of the time of Soliman. A scion of the noble north Albanian family of Dukagin, to which also belonged the Turkish poet Dukagin-zāde Aḥmad Bey, Yaḥyā was taken under the dews̲h̲irme for the Janissaries and brought to Stambul. He himself speaks in his Gend̲j̲īne-i Rāz of his being conscripted in this way, a thing that was only to bring him good and when an old man he still recalls his Albanian origin. In Stambul he was put in the corps of ʿAd̲j̲emi-Og̲h̲lan, in which officers for the Janissaries and Spahis were …

, Turkish writer, b. 1864 in Sari̊güzel or Sari̊gez, a quarter of Fātiḥ, Istanbul, d. 21 Sept. 1932 in the island of Heybeliada and buried there. In early life he lost his father Bahā al-Dīn, who belonged to the family of Mentes̲h̲-og̲h̲lu from Cyprus, and was brought up by his mother. ¶ From 1292/1875 to 1300/1882-3 he attended the school Dār ül-S̲h̲afaḳa in Istanbul, where he was attracted to art and literature and decided to become a writer; and to this profession (or, as he himself calls it, “the Sublime Porte Road”, Bāb-i ʿĀlī Ḏj̲addesi ) he remained faithful th…

, Turkish “the man with the Ḳavuḳ ”, a character of the Turkish Orta oyunu theatre. Turkish ḳavuḳ indicates a rather high, variously-shaped cap, with a headband, ṣari̊ḳ , wound round it (Ağakay, Türkçe sözlük: sarık sarılan başlık ). Such caps of varying shape and colour according to rank were worn by officers of the Janissaries (cf. Maḥmūd S̲h̲ewket, ʿOt̲h̲mānli̊ tes̲h̲kīlāt ve ḳiyāfet-i ʿaskeriyyesi , ¶ Istanbul 1325, i, 29 ff.). Other professions too had their own special ḳavuḳ, there were wezīr , mollā , kātib and pas̲h̲ali̊ḳ ḳavug̲h̲u , some with specific names: kallāvī , k̲h̲orasānī …

, Ḳulansiya (a), the name for a cap worn by men either under the turban proper or alone on the head. The word, from which verbal forms are derived as denominative verbs, is apparently of foreign origin; while it used to be commonly connected with the Latin calautica (for which, however, the form calantica is difficult to quote and besides, it means a headcloth for women), Fraenkel wished to derive it through the Aramaic ḳ. w. l. ś (cf. Arabic ḳāli , ḳālis , Dozy, Supplément, ii, 395) from κῶνος ( conus ). The Arab grammarians and lexicographers found in the manifo…

, toll, customs duty, is a loanword in Arabic and goes back to the Aramaic maksā , cf. Hebrew mekes and Assyr. miksu ; from it is formed a verb m-k-s I, II, III and makkās , the collector of customs. According to the Arabic tradition preserved in Ibn Sīda, even in the D̲j̲āhiliyya there were marketdues called maks , so that the word must have entered Arabic very early. It is found in Arabic papyri towards the end of the 1st century A.H. C. H. Becker dealt with the history of the maks, especially in Egypt, and we follow him here. The old law books use maks in the sense of ʿus̲h̲r , the…

(a.) (sometimes also pronounced lifām ), the mouth-veil, is a piece of material with which the Bedouins concealed the lower part of the face, the mouth and sometimes also part of the nose (see the commentary on al-Ḥarīrī, ed. de Sacy, Paris 1821, 374, 2). According to the LA, lifām is a mouth-veil which also covers the nose top ( arnabat al-anf) and is worn by women. It served the practical purpose of protecting the organs of respiration from heat and cold as well as against the penetration of dust (cf. D̲h̲u ’l-Rumma, no. 5, 43, also no. 39, 24 and 73, 1…

, an Ottoman poet and Ḥurūfī [see Ḥurūfiyya ]. Of Refīʿī’s life we only have a few hints from himself; the Ottoman biographers and historians do not seem to mention him at all. He himself describes how in his youth he studied many branches of knowledge but did not know what he should believe, and how sometimes he turned to the Sunna, sometimes to philosophy and sometimes to materialism. He often travelled a great distance to visit a particular scholar but always was disappointed. The poet Nesīmī [ q.v.] was the first to teach him the grace of God and the truth, and ordered him to t…

(a.), crown, a Persian loanword in Arabic going back to the Old Persian * tag ; cf. Armenian tʿag , Aramaic tāḡā . From it are formed in Arabic the broken plural tīd̲j̲ān and the corresponding verb t-w-d̲j̲ , forms II “to crown”, V “to be crowned”, and tāʾid̲j̲ , “crowned” (Horn, Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie , Strassburg 1893, 81; Siddiqi, Studien über die persischen Fremdwörter im klassischen Arabisch , Göttingen 1919, 74, 84, Fraenkel, Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen , Leiden 1886, 62). Like the name, the object itself comes from …

, historien turc ottoman. On ne sait de sa vie que ce qu’il nous en apprend luimême dans son œuvre. Il naquit en 939/1532, car il avait, à ce qu’il dit lui-même, 43 ans lors de l’avènement du sultan Murād III, en 982/1574. Dès l’âge de onze ans, il participa à la campagne de 950/1543 avec son frère aîné Perwāne Ag̲h̲a, qui était alors ḳapud̲j̲i̊ bas̲h̲i̊ du sand̲j̲aḳ beg de Lépante, Yaḥyā Pas̲h̲a Og̲h̲lu Aḥmed Beg. Lorsque ce dernier fut, après la prise de Stuhlweissenburg, nommé sand̲j̲aḳ beg de cette ville, les deux frères semblent être restés à son service, vraisemblablement ju…

(A.), coupe, action de couper, de trancher. Le verbe arabe ḳaṭaʿa a connu un usage fort multiple, aussi bien au sens propre qu’au sens figuré; cette diversité est pleine d’intérêt pour l’histoire religieuse et culturelle. Dans le Ḳurʾān, l’infinitif ḳaṭʿ n’apparaît pas, mais le verbe y est employé tant au sens propre qu’au sens plutôt figuré: V, 42/38 «tranchez les mains au voleur et à la voleuse», prescription bien connue, reprise par le fiḳh et parfois abrégée en ḳaṭʿ al-liṣṣ; VIII, 7 «et (qu’Allah) coupe la racine des Infidèles» c.-à-d. qu’il les extermine; II, 25 et XI…

, l’homme au ḳavuḳ, personnage du théâtre populaire turc appelé Orta oyunu. Le mot turc ḳavuḳ désigne un bonnet assez élevé et affectant des formes diverses, autour duquel est enroulé le bandeau dit ṣari̊k (Ağakay, Türkçe sözlük: sarik sarilan balik). Ces bonnets étaient portés par les officiers des Janissaires, avec des formes et des couleurs variant selon le grade (cf. Maḥmūd S̲h̲ewket. Ot̲h̲manli̊ tes̲h̲kīlāt ve ḳiyāfet-i ʿaskeriyyesi, Istanbul 1325, 29 sqq.). D’autres professions avaient également leur ḳavuḳ: il existait des kavug̲h̲u de wezīr, de mollā, de kātib, de pas̲h̲ali̊…

(a., prononcé aussi parfois lifām), le voile qui couvre la bouche, est un morceau d’étoffe avec lequel les Bédouins se cachent la partie inférieure du visage, la bouche et parfois une partie du nez (cf. le commentaire sur al-Ḥarīrī, éd. S. de Sacy, Paris 1821, 374). D’après LA, lifām désigne un voile de bouche couvrant aussi le bout du nez ( arnabat al-anf) et porté par les femmes. Ce voile protégeait d’une façon très pratique les organes de la respiration contre la chaleur et le froid, et aussi contre la poussière (cf. Ḏh̲ū l-Rumma, n° 5, v. 43 et aussi n…

(a.), douane, droit de douane, taxe, est, en arabe, un emprunt qui remonte à l’araméen maksā (cf. hébreu mekes et assyrien miksu); il a donné naissance au verbe dénominatif makasa (aux Ire, IIe et IIIe formes) et au substantif makkās «collecteur de taxes». D’après la tradition arabe conservée par Ibn Sīduh, maks aurait déjà désigné dans la Ḏj̲āhiliyya une taxe de marché; le mot aurait donc pénétré de très bonne heure en arabe. Sa présence est attestée sur des papyrus arabes dès la fin du Ier siècle de l’hégire. L’histoire du maks, particulièrement en Égypte, a été étudiée par C. H. Be…

(a.), couronne. En arabe, mot d’origine persane qui vient de l’ancien persan *tag; cf. en arménien tʿag, en araméen tāḡā. De là, en arabe, le pluriel brisé tīd̲j̲ān et le verbe dénominatif II, tawwad̲j̲a «couronner», V, tatawwad̲j̲a «être couronné» et tāʾid̲j̲ «couronné» (Horn, Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie, Strasbourg 1893, 81; Siddiqi, Studien über die persischen Fremdwörter im klassischen Arabisch, Goettingen 1919, 74, 84; Fraenkel, Die aramäischm Fremdwörter im Arabischen, Leyde 1886, 62). Le mot comme la chose vient de la Perse ancienne. La forme d…

, écrivain turc, né en 1864 à Sariʾgüzel ou Sariʾgez, un quartier de Fātiḥ (Istanbul), mort le 21 sept. 1932 dans l’île de Heybeli Ada, où il est enterré. Très tôt, il perdit son père Bahāʾ al-dīn, qui appartenait à la famille cypriote des Mentes̲h̲og̲h̲lu, et il fut élevé par sa mère. De 1292/1875 à 1300/1882, il fréquenta l’école Dār ül-S̲h̲afaḳa à Istanbul; il s’y montra attiré par l’art et la littérature, et décida de devenir écrivain; il demeura fidèle à cette profession (qu’il appelait «la route de la Sublime Porte», Bāb-i ʿ Ālī Ḏj̲āddesi) à travers toutes les vicissitudes politiqu…

(a.), pantalon. Le pantalon n’est pas un vêtement originairement arabe; il a été importé, vraisemblablement de Perse. Déjà dès une époque ancienne d’autres peuples ont emprunté à la Perse la chose et le mot et il semble presque que d’une façon générale la Perse soit le pays d’origine du pantalon (cf. aussi Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, 136, n. 3). Ainsi il faut ramener à l’ancien persan zārawāro et au néo-persan s̲h̲elwār (on le fait dériver de s̲h̲el, cuisse, et d’un suffixe -wār) le grec σαράβαρα ou σαράβαλλα, le latin sarabala (peutêtre aussi l’araméen s…

, poète et ḥurūfī [voir Ḥurūfiyya] ottoman, Nous ne possédons sur la vie de Refīʿī que quelques indications dues au poète lui-même; les biographes et les historiens ottomans semblent ne pas l’avoir cité. Il raconte lui-même que dans sa jeunesse il avait à la vérité étudié beaucoup de sciences, mais qu’il n’avait pas su ce qu’il devait croire et qu’il avait suivi tantôt la Sunna, tantôt les philosophes, tantôt les matérialistes. Il aurait fait de longs voyages à la recherche d’un certain savant, mais il aurait toujours été déçu. Le poète Nesīmī [ q.v.] lui aurait le premier enseigné la g…

, Ḳulansiya (a.), nom d’une coiffure, un bonnet, que l’homme portait sur la tête, soit sous un turban, soit à découvert. Le terme dont des formes verbales ont dérivé semble d’origine étrangère. Quoique couramment mis en relation avec le latin calautica (pourtant pour lequel une forme calantica est difficile à trouver et qui désigne une coiffure féminine), Fraenkel le fait venir à travers l’araméen ḳ.w.l.ś (voir arabe ḳālis, ḳāliṣ, Dozy, Supplément II, 395) du grec κῶνοΣ ( conus). Les grammairiens et philologues arabes trouvent dans la multiplicité des formations de pluri…

(A.), à l’origine « qui efface, qui couvre », puis « qui recouvre, qui dissimule les bienfaits reçus», c’est-à-dire « ingrat »; on le rencontre dans ce sens dès la poésie arabe ancienne et aussi dans le Ḳurʾān, XXVI, 18; ici, le mot prend une acception religieuse: «qui garde le silence sur les bienfaits de Dieu », c’est-à-dire « ingrat envers Dieu » (voir XVI, 57 et XXX, 33): « qu’ils sont ingrats pour nos dons »; cf. également XVI, 85. Plus tard, il en découle — sans doute sous l’influence du s…

, la prononciation courante en turc du mot persan Dulband, une bande d’étoffe ou écharpe, entourant la tête, donc un turban, couvre-chef traditionnel typique des contrées musulmanes d’Orient, monde iranien et provinces sikhes et musulmanes du sous-continent indien. Le mot turban en allemand, anglais et français, le mot turbante en espagnol et en italien, etc. sont arrivés à travers des formes comme tulband ou tulbant; en français et en italien, le mot est attesté à la fin du XVe siècle, en anglais au milieu du XVIe. Voir Yule et Burnell, Hobson-Jobson, A glossary of Anglo-Indian word…

(a.), signifie exactement «étendu» (par ex. dans Ḳurʾān, XVII, 14 et LII, 3; contraire maṭwī, plié) ou non scellé (contraire mak̲h̲tūm) et désigne ensuite un certificat, puis un décret, un diplôme de nomination, et tout particulièrement une lettre conférant un fief (pl. manās̲h̲īr). En Égypte, mans̲h̲ūr semble avoir été à l’époque ancienne la désignation des pièces d’identité que le gouvernement obligeait les fellahs à posséder pour arrêter l’abandon croissant du sol par les cultivateurs ( d̲j̲āliya). En tous cas, on trouve dans le Führer durch die Ausstellung (Papyrus Erzherz…

(a.), trousers. Trousers are not originally an Arab garment but were introduced, probably from Persia. From quite early times, other people have copied the thing and the name from the Persians and it almost looks as if Persia were the original home of trousers (cf. Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden , 136, n. 3). The Greek σαράβαρα or σαρβαλλα, Latin sarabala (perhaps also Aramaic sarbālīn , Daniel, iii, 21; cf. Syriac s̲h̲arbālīn ) and the Arabic sirwāl are all derived from old Persian zārawāro , the modern Persian s̲h̲alwār (which is explained as from s̲h̲al …

, an Ottoman poet. His real name was Ilyās S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Čelebī, his father’s name was ʿAbd Allāh (ʿAbdullāh), and he was born ca. 1475 and educated in Edirne (Abdülkadir Karahan, art. Revani İA ). Tradition has it that he took his pen-name of Rewānī from the river Tund̲j̲a, which flowed ( rewān ) past his garden. He entered the service of Sultan Bāyezīd II (886-918/1481-1512) in Istanbul, and was sent by him as administrator of the ṣurre (the annual sum set aside for the poor of Mecca and Medina) to the Holy Cities in order to distribute the money. …

(modern Tkish. Sünbülzade Vehbi), Meḥmed b. Rās̲h̲id b. Meḥmed Efendi, Ottoman poet, scholar and bureaucrat born in Marʿas̲h̲ [ q.v.] probably in 1133/1718-19, died in Istanbul 14 Rabīʿ I 1224/29 April 1809, his life spanning the rule of eight Ottoman sultans, and is thought to have been buried outside Edirne Ḳapi̊ (see Süreyya Ali Beyzâdeoğlu, Sünbülzâde Vehbi , Istanbul 1993, 7, 20-1). 1. Life. The Sünbül-zāde family was a prominent one. His grandfather Meḥmed was muftī in Marʿas̲h̲ and author of several works on Islamic law. His father Rās̲h̲id…

(turc moderne Sünbülzade Vehbi), Meḥmed b. Rās̲h̲id b. Meḥmed Efendi, poète, savant et fonctionnaire ottoman né à Marʿas̲h̲ [ q.v.] probablement en 1133/1718-19, m. à Istanbul le 14 rabīʿ I 1224/29 avril 1809. Il connut de son vivant huit sultans ottomans, et aurait été enterré aux environs d’Edirne Ḳapi̊ (voir Süreyya Ali Beyzâdeoğlu, Sünbülzâde Vehbi, Istanbul 1993, 20-1). 1. Sa vie. La famille Sünbülzāde était une famille de notables. Son grand-père Meḥmed était muftī à Marʿas̲h̲ et auteur de plusieurs ouvrages de droit islamique. Son père Rās̲h̲id (ou Res̲h̲īd), …

, poète ottoman. Son vrai nom était Ilyās S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ Čelebī, celui de son père ʿAbd Allāh (ʿAbdullāh ). Il naquit vers 1475 et fut élevé à Edirne (Abdülkadir Karahan, IA, art. Revani). La tradition veut qu’il ait emprunté son nom de plume de Rewānī à la rivière Tund̲j̲a, qui «coulait» ( rewān) audelà de son jardin. U entra au service du sultan Bāyezīd II (886-916/1481-1512) à Istanbul, et fut envoyé aux Lieux Saints comme administrateur de la ṣurra (bourse annuelle destinée aux pauvres de la Mekke et de Médine) pour distribuer l’argent. Cependant, accusé par les Mekkois…

(a.), intact, sound, i.e. free of damage or blemish, thus "well" as opposed to "ill," and therefore a synonym of ṣaḥīḥ . The word is used as a technical term in various fields: 1. Applied to money, sālim means unclipped coins of full weight, or a sum of money free from charges and deductions. 2. In grammar, it denotes two things: in ṣarf (morphology) a "sound" root, i.e., one in which none of the radicals is a "weak" letter ( ḥarfʿilla , see ḥurūf al-hid̲j̲āʾ ), nor a hamza , nor a geminate; in naḥw (syntax) a word with a "sound" ending, no matter whether the preced…

(a.), intact, sain, exempt de dommage ou de tare, et partant «en bonne santé» par opposition à «malade», donc synonyme de ṣaḥīḥ. Le mot est employé comme terme technique dans divers domaines: (1) Appliqué à la monnaie, sālim désigne les pièces de poids réglementaire et non rognées, ou une somme d’argent exempte de charges et de prélèvements. (2) En grammaire, le mot désigne deux choses: en matière de morphologie ( ṣarf), une racine «saine», c.à-d. ne renfermant ni radicale «faible» (harf ʿilla, voir Ḥurūf al-Hid̲j̲āʾ, ni hamza, ni géminée; en matière de syntaxe ( naḥw), un mot à terminai…

[English edition] 1. في العربية الكلاسيكية 1.1 الدبلوماسية بلغت الدبلوماسية في الغرب منزلة العلم المستقلّ، ونقف على ما يدل ّ على ذلك في عدد من الكتيّبات القيّمة (مثل ط.2، 1931 لكتيّب هاري برسلو (Harry Bresslau) علم المستندات القديمة لألمانيا وإيطاليا Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien). وأما الدراسات المعتمدة على الوثائق العربية فأقل بكثير، إذ أن المادة متشتّتة جدّا وليست مجمَّعة بالقدر الكافي للسماح ببحث مفصّل. لكن ما فتئ أن أثارت الوثائق العربية الفضول لوقت لا بأس به: فقد أضاف نشر عدد من هذه الوثائق ولا سيّما برديات تع…

i.— Classical arabic 1) Diplomatic has reached the status of a special science in the West, and the results of such research are accessible in good manuals (like Harry Bresslau’s Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien , 2nd. ed. 1931). Much less work has been done on Arabic documents: the material is very scattered, and not yet sufficiently collated to permit detailed research. Yet Arabic documents have aroused interest for some considerable time: a number have been published, and the editing o…

I. — Arabe classique. 1. Tandis que la diplomatique a depuis longtemps acquis en Occident le statut de science indépendante dont les résultats sont consignés dans de bons manuels (p. ex. Harry Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien, 2e éd. 1931), les documents arabes n’ont été soumis que parcimonieusement à une investigation scientifique; cela découle du fait que les matériaux sont trop dispersés et insuffisamment étudiés pour permettre des recherches détaillées. Pourtant, les documents arabes ont depuis long…