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ʿĀrif Čelebī

(388 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, dervish mystic, grandson of Mawlānā D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī and the third k̲h̲alīfa of the Mawlawiyya order, was born at Konya on 8 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 670/7 June 1272 as a son to Sulṭān Walad and Fāṭima K̲h̲ātūn, the daughter of the goldsmith Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. His actual name was D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Farīdūn. Mawlānā, who named him thus after his two grandfathers, gave him also the by-name Amīr ʿĀrif, from which the commonly-used Turkish form Ulu ʿĀrif has been derived. An extensive biography with many hagiographie traits is contained in the eighth chapter of the Manāḳib al-ʿārifīn by Aflākī [ q.v.]. Bein…

ʿImād al-Dīn ʿAlī, Faḳīh-i Kirmānī

(1,491 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, Persian mystical poet of the 8th/14th century, was born at Kirmān about 690/1291-2. In the Ṣafāʾ-nāma he relates that when his father died in 705/1305, he and a brother took over the direction of a Ḵh̲ānaḳāh which had been founded in Kirmān by his father’s s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , Niẓām al-Dīn Maḥmūd, for the benefit of the followers of the ḳuṭb al-aḳtāb Zayn al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Salām Kamūyī. Through this line of mystical tradition, ʿImād al-Dīn was connected with the teaching of Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī [ q.v.]. Besides his occupation as the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ of a convent, he was also a doctor of Isla…

ʿAmʿaḳ

(1,051 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, s̲h̲ihāb al-dīn buk̲h̲ārī , one of the leading Persian poets at the court of the Ilek-K̲h̲āns (Ḳara-K̲h̲ānids) [ q.v.] of Transoxania. Late sources ascribe to him the kunya Abu ’l-Nad̲j̲īb (e.g. Taḳī al-Dīn Kās̲h̲ānī), It is not certain whether ʿAmʿaḳ is a personal name or a laḳab used as a penname. It cannot be connected with any existing Arabic, Persian or Turkish word. D̲h̲. Ṣafā has ¶ suggested a corruption of an original ʿaḳʿaḳ (“magpie”) which occurs as the name of the poet in a manuscript of the Dīwān of Sūzanī. S. Nafīsī conjectured a possible Soghdia…

ʿImādī

(780 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
is the pen name of a Persian poet of the 6th/12th century whose personal name has not been transmitted. Sometimes the title Amīr is added to it, presumably referring to his prominence as a poet of the court in his own days. Another nisba often attached to the name ʿImādī is S̲h̲ahriyārī. The biographical sources interpret the latter differently. According to some, it is derived from the name of a district of Rayy, implying that ʿImādī originated from that area, which is not unlikely. Others, however, have connected it with the founder of the Islamic branch of the Bāwandid dynasty [ q.v.] of Māz…

Abu ’l-Farad̲j̲ b. Masʿūd Rūnī

(1,495 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, Persian poet of the Ghaznawid period, was born and raised at Lahore, according to ʿAwfī, the earliest and most trustworthy authority for his life. The nisba Rūnī has been related by Indian writers of the 16th and 17th centuries to a place by the name of Run in the vicinity of Lahore (cf. e.g. Badāʾūnī, Muntak̲h̲ab al-tawārīk̲h̲ , i, Calcutta 1864, 37; Farhang-i Ḏj̲ahāngīrī and Burhān-i ḳāṭiʿ , s.v.). But already Badāʾūnī had to admit that this place could not be found anywhere in that area. Others (e.g. Luṭf-ʿAlī Beg Ād̲h̲ar, Ātas̲h̲kada , lith. Bombay 1299/1882,…

D̲j̲ād̲j̲armī

(860 words)

Author(s): De Bruijn, J. T. P.
, a nisba referring to D̲j̲ād̲j̲arm [ q.v. above] in western Ḵh̲urāsān, the name of two Persian poets, father and son, who flourished in the Mongol period. ¶ 1. The elder, Badr al-Dīn b. ʿUmar, made his career under the patronage of the D̲j̲uwaynīs [ q.v.], a clan originating from the same area, which came to political power under the early Il-K̲h̲āns. He was in particular connected with the governor of Iṣfahān, Bahāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad D̲j̲uwaynī (d. 678/1279). The contemporary poet Mad̲j̲d-i Hamgar, who also belonged to the circle of this p…

Ḥabsiyya

(1,311 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, a poem dealing with the theme of imprisonment. The term occurs in the Persian tradition for the first time about the middle of the 6th/12th century in Niẓāmī ʿArūḍī’s Čahār maḳāla (ed. Ḳazwīnī-Muʿīn, Tehrān 1955-7, matn 72). It is applied there to poems that were written by Masʿūd-i Saʿd-i Salmān [ q.v.] more than half-a-century earlier and which were still greatly admired as the sincere expression of the poet’s sufferings. Although several Persian poets have composed poetry of this nature, the ḥabsiyyāt of Masʿūd have remained both exceptional and exe…

ʿImādī

(776 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, pseudonyme d’un poète persan du VIe/XIIe siècle dont le nom réel demeure inconnu; le titre d’Amīr y est parfois ajouté, sans doute pour marquer la position élevée qu’il occupait de son temps comme poète de cour; une autre nisba souvent jointe au nom de ʿImādī est celle de S̲h̲ahriyārī, que les sources biographiques interprètent de différentes façons. D’après certaines, elle est à rattacher au nom du district de Rayy, ce qui implique sans invraisemblance que ʿImādī serait originaire de cette région; d’autres la mettent en relation a…

ʿAmʿaḳ

(989 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, S̲h̲ihāb al-dīn Buk̲h̲ārī, l’un des principaux poètes en persan de la cour des Ilek-Ḵh̲āns (Ḳarāk̲h̲ānides) [ q.v.] de Transoxiane. Des sources tardives lui donnent la kunya d’Abū l-Nad̲j̲īb (par ex. Taḳī al-dīn Kās̲h̲ānī), et l’on ne sait pas exactement si ʿAmʿaḳ est un nom ou un laḳab employé comme pseudonyme; il ne peut être rattaché à aucun mot arabe, persan ou turc, et Ḏh̲. Ṣafā a proposé d’y voir une corruption d’un ʿaḳʿaḳ «pie» qui désigne le poète dans un ms. du Dīwān de Sūzanī; S. Nafīsī a aussi songé à une origine sogdienne. Les formes ʿAmūḳ et ʿAmīḳī, qui figurent dans des mss du Bahāri…

Ḥabsiyya

(1,331 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, poème sur le thème de l’emprisonnement. Ce terme apparaῖt pour la première fois dans la tradition persane vers le milieu du VIe/XIIe siècle dans les Čahār maḳāla de Niẓāmī ‘Arūḍī (éd. Ḳazwīnī-Muʿīn, Téhéran 1955-7, matn 72), où il s’applique à des poèmes écrits par Masʿūd-i Saʿd-i Salmān [ q.n.] plus d’un demi-siècle plus tôt et encore grandement admirés à l’époque pour la sincérité de l’expression des souffrances du poète. Bien que plusieurs poètes persans aient composé de la poésie de cette nature, les ḥabsiyyāt de Masʿūd sont demeurées à la fois exceptionnelles et exemplai…

Ādhar, Ḥājjī Luṭf ʿAlī Beg

(876 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
Ādhar was the pen name of Ḥājjī Luṭf ʿAlī Beg b. Āqā Khān (1134–95/1722–81), a Persian anthologist and poet. He was descended from a family belonging to the Turkmen Begdili (Ar. Bīgdilī) tribe, in Syria; the family had migrated to Iran in the ninth/fifteenth century and settled in Isfahan. Many of his relatives served the later Ṣafavids and Nādir Shāh (r. 1148–60/1736–47) as administrators and diplomats. Ādhar was born on 20 Rabīʿ II 1134/7 February 1722. The invasion by Afghans in the same year forced h…
Date: 2021-07-19

Ḏj̲ād̲j̲armī

(817 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
[ nisba de Ḏj̲ād̲j̲arm [ q.v.] dans le Ḵh̲urāsān occidental), nom de deux poètes persans, le père et le fils, qui vivaient à l’époque mongole. I. Le père, Badr al-dīn ibn ʿUmar, fit carrière sous le patronage des Ḏj̲uwaynis [ q.v.], un clan originaire de la même région qui acquit un certain pouvoir politique sous les premiers Īl-Ḵh̲ānides. Il fut particulièrement en relation avec le gouverneur d’Iṣfahān, Bahāʾ al-dīn Muḥammad Ḏj̲uwaynī (m. 678/1279). Le poète contemporain Mad̲j̲d-i Hamgar, qui appartenait au même cercle, aurait été so…

ʿĀrif Čelebi

(395 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, mystique turc qui était le petit-fils de Mawlānā Ḏj̲alāl al-dān Rūmī et fut le 3e k̲h̲atīfa de la confrérie des Mawlawiyya. Fils de Ṣulṭān Walad et de Fāṭima Ḵh̲ātūn, fille du bijoutier Ṣalāḥ al-dīn, il naquit à Ḳonya le 8 d̲h̲ū l-ḳaʿda 670/7 juin 1272. Il s’appelait en fait Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Farīdūn, mais Mawlānā, qui lui donna les noms de ses deux grands-pères, y ajouta le sobriquet d’Amīr ʿĀrif, d’où provient la forme turque communément employée, Ulu ʿĀrif. Une biographie développée et contenant de nombreux traits hagiographiques figure dans le 8e chapitre des Manāḳib al-ʿārifīn d’Aflāk…

Abū l-Farad̲j̲ Ibn Masʿūd Rūnī

(1,377 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, poète en persan de l’époque g̲h̲aznawide, né et élevé à Lahore, d’après ʿAwfī, qui est, sur sa vie, la source la plus ancienne et la plus sûre. Des auteurs indiens des XVIe et XVIIe siècles rapportent sa nisba de Rūnī à une localité du nom de Rūn proche de Lahore (cf. par ex. Badāʾūnī, Muntak̲h̲ab al-tawārīk̲h̲, I, Calcutta 1864, 37; Farhang-i Ḏj̲ahāngīrī et Burhān-i ḳāṭiʿ, s.v.); mais Badāʾūnī devait déjà admettre que cette localité ne pouvait être trouvée nulle part dans la région. D’autres (par ex. Luṭf ʿAlī Beg Ād̲h̲ar, Ātas̲h̲kada, lith. Bombay 1299/1882, 122) ont songé à Rūna,…

ʿImād al-Dīn ʿAlī, Faḳīh-i Kirmānī

(1,446 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J. T. P.
, poète mystique persan du VIIIe/XIVe siècle, né à Kirmān vers 690/1291-2. Dans le Ṣafā-nāma, il raconte qu’à la mort de son père, en 705/1305, il prit, avec un de ses frères, la direction d’un k̲h̲ānḳāh qui avait été fondé à Kirmān par le s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ de son père, Niẓām al-dīn Maḥmūd, au profit des adeptes du ḳuṭb al-aḳṭāb Zayn al-dīn ʿAbd al-Salām Kamūyī. Par cette chaîne de tradition mystique, ʿImād al-dīn était relié à l’enseignement d’Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī [ q.v.]. A côté de ses fonctions de s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ d’un couvent, il était aussi un spécialiste du droit musulman, ainsi que son laḳab

Wiṣāl

(608 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J.T.P.
, Mīrzā Muḥammad S̲h̲afīʿ b. Muḥammad Ismāʿīl, Persian poet of the early Ḳād̲j̲ār period, also known as Mīrzā Kūčik (“the little Mīrzā”). He was born in 1197/1782 at S̲h̲īrāz in a family of officials who had served the rulers of Persia since the time of the Ṣafawids. His studies not only included Arabic and the literary sciences, but also the arts. It is said that Wiṣāl was a graceful person with a beautiful voice and an excellent performer of g̲h̲azal s. He also became a famous calligrapher, proficient in all the current styles of writing (see the autograph in Browne, LHP, iv, facing 300). In…

Wiṣāl

(596 words)

Author(s): de Bruijn, J.T.P.
, Mīrzā Muḥammad S̲h̲afīʿ b. Muḥammad Ismāʿīl, poète persan de la première période ḳad̲j̲āre, connu aussi comme Mīrzā Kūčik («le petit Mīrzā»). Il naquit en 1197/1782, à S̲h̲īrāz. dans une famille de fonctionnaires au service des souverains perses depuis la période ṣafawide. Ses études ne comprenaient pas seulement l’arabe et les disciplines littéraires, mais aussi les beaux-arts. On dit que Wiṣāl était élégant, avait une belle voix et était un excellent interprète de g̲h̲azals. Il devint aussi un fameux calligraphe, compétent dans tous les styles d’écriture en vogue…

Ẓahīr-i Fāryābī

(458 words)

Author(s): Huart, Cl. | de Bruijn, J.T.P.]
, or Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl Ṭāhir b. Muḥammad al-Fāryābī , Persian poet of the 6th/12th century, born at Fāryāb (modern Dawlatābād) near Balk̲h̲ about 550/1156, d. 598/1201. As a court poet he served patrons in various parts of Persia; the earliest known to us was ʿAḍud al-Dīn Ṭug̲h̲āns̲h̲āh, a local ruler of Nīs̲h̲āpūr. In 582/1186-7 he went to Iṣfahān and three years later from there to Māzandarān, where he was attached to the ispahbād Ḥusām al-Dīn Ardas̲h̲īr b. Ḥasan of ¶ the Bāwandids [ q.v.]. Still later he settled down at the court of the Eldigüzids or Ildeñizids [ q.v.], writing paneg…

إيران

(69,559 words)

Author(s): Coon, C. S. | Mokri, M. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Savory, R.M. | DeBruijn, J.T.P. | Et al.
[English edition] 1. جغرافيا 1.1 الخصائص الجيولوجيّة تعتبر سلسلتا جبال البورز وجبال زاغروس اللتّان تمتدّان تباعا من الغرب إلى الشّرق ومن الشّمال الغربيّ إلى الجنوب الشّرقيّ أهمّ الوحدات الطّبوغرافيّة بإيران. فعلى نطاق واسع، تمثّل جبال البورز امتدادا للبنى الآلبيّة الأوروبيّة، بينما تعتبر جبال زاغروس تواصلا للآلب الديناريّة عبر قبرص (فيشير، 1956). وقد تأثّرت البنية الجبليّة لحاشية البلاد بشدّة الحركات البنائيّة التّي لم تسبّب فقط التواءً كبيرًا للطبقات أدّى إلى ظهور جبال مرتفعة، بل أدّت أيضاً إلى انقلاب…