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Metaphysics

(2,930 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] is now the traditional name for the philosophical discipline that studies the most elementary conditions and forms of being, praxis, and cognition (Epistemology). The epoch-making transition to metaphysics as an elementary philosophical discipline was made possible by the brilliant scholarly rigor with which Aristotle transformed the treatment of such topics into far-reaching and profound conceptual ¶ as well as argumentative and analytical investigations and case studies. In the post-Socratic history of philosophy, however, Plato too already ga…

Augustine's Theory of Time

(496 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] In book XI of the Confessiones, Augustine asks what time is and how we measu…

Ontology

(2,098 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] has been the traditional name of a special philosophical discipline since the time of Rudolf Glocenius, in the 17th century. However, its…

Knowledge

(602 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] is one of the most important topics in philosophical epistemology. Both in everyday life and in scientific research, knowledge is the most broadly reliable but also most ambitious cognitive and epistemic format that a person can acquire with respect to a single concrete object or situation or a whole field of objects or situations. It constitutes the most reliable format because it guarantees to those who know that all the assertions by which they can give an account of their part…

Intuition

(740 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer | Herms, Eilert
[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Systematic Theology I. Philosophy Intuition is a term used in epistemology and refers to a special, successful cognitive act. Accordingly, and following the typology of G. Ryle, “intuition” is thus a (cognitive) success word, but it also designates a special cognitive faculty. In many contexts, a performative quality is reserved for the intuitive act, as expressed by the characteristic feature that was probably first noted in Epicurean circles: its instantaneousness (ἀϑρόα/ athróa). Inasmuch as this instantaneousness is understood i…

Transcendentals

(965 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer | Danz, Christian
[German Version] I. Philosophy Until the late Middle Ages, transcendentals ( transcendentalia, also known as transcendentia) belong to a type of attributes which go beyond the attributes of what has being (Being) that Aristotle fixed with his ten categories. What has being ( das Seiende) itself was taken as the first of the transcendentals because, together with the One, the True and the Good, it forms the most general attributes that any Something (can) have and which therefore include all categorical attributes.…

Category

(1,001 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] …

Science

(2,396 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] …

General/Particular

(381 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[German Version] The relationships between the general and the particular are primarily examined from the perspectives of (formal) logic, epistemology, and the methodology of scholarly research. The interest of formal logic lies in the clarification of the deductive relationships between general statements and statements of particulars. With respect to general statements, logic draws a clearer distinction between universal statements such as “ all humans are mortal” and general statements such as “ some people are blond,” while in turn distinguishing the form of suc…

Ontologie

(1,814 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer
[English Version] ist der anscheinend seit Rudolf Glocenius im 17.Jh. traditionell gewordene Name einer philos. Spezialdisziplin. Ihr syst. Rang und ihre thematische Hauptrichtung sind ihr schon sehr viel früher von Aristoteles unter dem Titel der Ersten Philos. (…

Transzendentalien

(913 words)

Author(s): Enskat, Rainer | Danz, Christian
[English Version] I. Philosophisch Die T. (transcendentalia) – bis ins späte MA auch Transzendentien (transcendentia) – gehören zu einem Typus von Attributen, mit denen man über die Attribute des Seienden (Sein) hinausgeht, die Aristoteles mit den zehn Kategorien fixiert hat. Das Seiende selbst wird als erstes unter die T. aufgenommen, weil es zus. mit dem Einen, dem Wahren und dem Guten die allgemeinsten Attribute bildet, die irgendeinem Etwas zukommen (können) und daher alle kategorialen Attribute umfassen. Motiviert ist die Ausweitung der Untersuchung der Kategorien zu einer bis ins 18.Jh. kultivierten Untersuchung der T. – also der »Transkategorialien« – v.a. durch die ontotheol. Prämissen der christl. Rel.: Die Seinsweise des göttlichen Schöpfers von jedem innerweltl. Seienden und der Welt-im-ganzen macht Revisionen in den kategorialen Konzeptionen des innerweltl. Seienden nötig; denn das einzigartige Seiende namens Gott kann durch keine Kategorie des innerweltl. Seienden bestimmt sein. Aber auc…