Search

[German Version] I. Linguistics – II. Philosophy – III. Religious Studies – IV. Philosophy of Religion – V. Old Testament – VI. New Testament – VII. Church History – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam I. Linguistics Linguistically, a name is a proper noun ( nomen proprium) as opposed to a common noun ( nomen appellativum); both function grammatically as substantives. Proper nouns (names) designate individual persons, places, things, and ideas or collectives thought of as individuals; they do not ascribe common attributes to their referents. Outside…

[German Version] (1492, Siegelsbach, near Heilbronn – 1446, Bergzabern), matriculated at Heidelberg in 1510 and became a pastor in Flinsbach in 1519. In 1520 he received his master’s degree. From 1524 on he was a clergyman and Latin teacher in Bergzabern. Having sided with the Swiss in the Eucharistic controversy (Eucharist: II, 3), he came increasingly under M. Bucer’s influence, especially after conflict with the Anabaptists (meeting with H. Denck in 1527). Volker Leppin Bibliography J.P. Gelbert, Magister Johann Baders Leben und Schriften, Nikolaus Thomä und seine Briefe, 1868.

[German Version] After the loss of the Kurkreis with Wittenberg University (Wittenberg, University of) ¶ as a consequence of the Schmalkaldic War, the University of Jena constituted the state university of Ernestine Saxony and its successor states. During the imprisonment of Ernst Friedrich, a school of higher education was established in Jena in 1548. Its first teachers included such important but contrasting figures as V. Strigel, a student of Melanchthon, and the strict Lutheran E. Schnepf (from 1549). The fact that the Ernestin…

[German Version] (before 1350, Krakow –Mar 5, 1410, Heidelberg). Matthew studied in Prague (1367, M.A.; 1384, professor of theology), where he worked also as a clergy-critical preacher and as an edifying writer. In 1394, he went to Heidelberg University, where he became rector in 1396/1397. After supporting the building up of theological studies in Krakow from 1397, he returned to Heidelberg before 1400, and carried out diplomatic missions for the Electors. His criticism of the curia, aimed at cleansing the see of Rome, especially against simony ( De squaloribus curiae Romanae, 1403;…

[German Version] (Apr 1, 1753, Chambéry – Feb 26, 1821, Turin). After studying law in Turin from 1769 to 1772, Maistre practiced law in his home town, and in 1773 became a freemason (Freemasons). His career reached its peak in 1788 when he became senator of Savoy. The military encroachment of the French Revolution into his home town in 1792 forced him to emigrate the following year to Lausanne. This destabilizing experience made him a political advocate of the Restoration ( Considérations sur la France, 1796). The theological basis for this was a strong sense of providence. Mai…

[German Version] (Jun 6, 1684, Hawkhurst, Kent – Jul 24, 1768, Hawkhurst, Kent). After his formation at a Presbyterian academy in London from 1699 to 1703 and studying in Utrecht and Leiden, Lardner was an independent preacher from 1709, and a private chaplain and tutor from 1713. While officiating as an assistant preacher in London (from 1721), he worked on his main publication, a work of popular enlightenment entitled The Credibility of the Gospel History (17 vols., 1727–1757), which was based on a series of lectures. The basic notions of historical criticism impart…

[German Version] (c. 910–992), reforming abbot of Montier-en-Der (from 967/68) and St. Bénigne (c. 982–985). Adso composed lives of various saints and (between 949 and 954) an influential summary of the Antichrist tradition in biographical form. In it, Adso categorized the West Frankish Carolingians (to whom his patron Gerberga was related by marriage) as the heirs of Rome in God's plan of salvation. Volker Leppin Bibliography CCCM 45, 1976 R. Konrad, De ortu et tempore Antichristi, 1964.

[German Version] Biblia pauperum, was the name given to the Bible abbreviations for preaching purposes in the late Middle Ages. Technically “Bible of the Poor” denotes a specific, primarily pictorial work of monastic provenance. As far as it can be reconstructed, its earliest, originally anonymous exemplar was written in the southeastern German language area in…

[German Version] (Dec 25, 1756, Benevento – Apr 19, 1844, Rome) came from a noble family and was doctor of canon and civil law. In 1785 he was consecrated titular bishop of Damietta, and in the same year, without the recognition of the archbishop of Cologne, took office in the city as papal nuncio. Against episcopalism (II; Ems, Congress of), he vigorously represented the papal position. As nuncio in Lisbon (1794/1795–1802) he fought with equal vigor (having been made a cardinal in 1801) against P…

[German Version] I. Church History – II. Dogmatics – III. Ethics I. Church History The term “enthusiasts” ( Schwärmer) is not a historiographic category but a theologically evaluative term for a type of piety that by false appeal to the Holy Spirit (Spirit/Holy Spirit) pays inadequate regard to the extra nos of Christian salvation. Luther, along with T. Müntzer and A. v. Karlstadt, shaped its usage in the dispute with the Zwickau …

[German Version] Baroness de Stäel-Holstein (Apr 22, 1766, Paris – Jul 14, 1817, Paris). As an exile during the French Revolution, Mme. de Staël was the central figure of a European network of communication. Refracting the ideas of J.-J. Rousseau through the lens of early German Romanticism, she wrote in criticism of the social conventionality restricting women, and preached the perfecting of humanity in history. Volker Leppin Bibliography C. Blennerhassett, Madame de Staël, 1889 (Eng.).

[German Version] I. Definition The use of spiritualism as a precise technical term was shaped by the Soziallehren of E. Troeltsch, who used it to distinguish between two groups Luther had lumped together as Schwärmer (“Enthusiasts”): spiritualists and Anabaptists. The common characteristic shared by the groups called spiritualists is their belief in the direct effect of the Holy Spirit (Spirit/Holy Spirit) within each individual, in contrast to the outward working of the Spirit through the words of Scripture. As a rule, this belief i…

New Type of Religiosity 1. The Reformation radiating from Germany hosted a confluence of social, political, and religious developments. In terms of religion, the various motifs were focused through scriptural principles, and a teaching on justification. The criticism of the Church by that Church itself led to a collapse of the medieval concept of a unitary Christianity, the Corpus Christianum. Into its place stepped the co-existing confessional churches. In the Protestant regional churches, there arose a new type of Christian religiosity, one characteri…

The Person 1. Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483, at Eisleben, in Saxony, Germany. In 1505, to fulfill a private vow that he had made in acute fear of death and the Last Judgment, he entered the monastery of Augustinian hermits in Erfurt. His experience of failing to attain a salvific relationship to God even as a monk led him to a gradual change of attitude and the ‘reformatory turn’ that he later stylized in his self-interpretation as a sudden experience of breakthrough and awakening. O…

[English Version] Sudermann,  Daniel (1550 Lüttich – nach 1630 Straßburg). Einer kath. Familie entstammend, kam S. früh in Berührung mit Calvinismus, Luthertum und Täufertum. Nach Tätigkeiten als Hofmeister war er ab 1585 am Straßburger Bruderhof als Erzieher von Adeligen tätig. Schon zuvor war er in Kontakt mit den Ideen K.v. Schwenckfelds gekommen, aus dessen Schriften er seit 1584 publizierte. Seine eigene Hinwendung zu Schwenckfelds Lehre datiert er konversionsartig auf das Jahr 1594. Eine Verb…

[English Version] Robespierre, Maximilien de (6.5.1758 Arras – 28.7.1794 Paris). Der Jurist R. wurde 1789 als Deputierter des Dritten Standes Mitglied der Generalstände und der Nationalversammlung (Frankreich: III.,1., i). In eine zentrale Funktion für den Verlauf der Französischen Revolution kam er als Sprecher des Jakobinerclubs. 1792 wurde er im Nationalkonvent einer der Anführer der radikalen Bergpartei. Mit zunehmender Deutlichkeit focht er gegen König und Monarchie. Im Juli 1793 wurde er Mitgl…

[English Version] (Naudaeus), Philipp (28.12.1654 Metz – 7.3.1729 Berlin). Durch seine Zeit als Page am sächsisch-eisenachischen Hof in Marksuhl ca.1666–1670 mit der dt. Kultur und den innerprot. Differenzen vertraut, gelangte N. nach der Aufhebung des Edikts von Nantes über Saarbrücken und Hanau 1687 nach Brandenburg, wo er als Mathematiker Karriere machte (1687 Gymnasiallehrer in Joachimsthal, 1696 Hofmathematiker, 1701 Mitglied und 1704 Prof. der Akademie). Mit seinen theol. Streitschriften schä…

[English Version] I. Zum Begriff Die S. ist eine empirische Sozialwiss., deren Gegenstandsbereich die relativ dauerhaften Formen und Strukturen des sozialen Handelns (Handlungswissenschaft) und die daraus resultierenden sozialen Gebilde sind, von den gemeinschaftlichen der Familie/ Verwandtschaft und sozialen Gruppen bis zu den gesellschaftlichen der Organisationen und Staaten. Der Begriff S. ist ein Kunstwort, das sich aus lat. socius (»Gefährte, Mitmensch«) und griech. logos (»Wort, Wahrheit«, im …

[English Version] . In Aufnahme einer Anregung franz. Kardinäle, die angesichts des königlichen Nominationsrechts in Frankreich den röm.-kath. Glauben der Bischöfe sichern wollten, schrieben die Trienter Dekrete der 24. und 25. Sitzung 1563 für Bischöfe und sonstige Seelsorger die Ablegung eines erweiterten Glaubensbekenntnisses bei Amtsantritt und für akademische Lehrer eine regelmäßige eidliche Verpflichtung auf Katholizität vor (Amtseid der Geistlichen und Kirchenbeamten). Den vermutlich im Umk…

[English Version] Schwenckfeld, Kaspar v. (1489 Ossig – 10.12.1561 Ulm). Der aus einer schlesischen Adelsfamilie stammende Sch. von Ossig stand nach Studien in Köln und Frankfurt/O. in seiner Heimat in adeligem Dienst, den er 1523 aus gesundheitlichen Gründen quittierte. Sch. wurde früh zum Anhänger Luthers und versuchte in ausgedehnter Predigttätigkeit und persönlicher Einflußnahme auf Herzog Friedrich II. von Liegnitz (1480–1547), die Reformation in Schlesien zu verbreiten. Mit der frühen Abhängigkeit von Luther nahm er auch starke myst. Züge in seine eig…