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[English version] (Μάκρωνες). Bergvolk, bereits von Hekat. FGrH 1 F 206 erwähnt, gehörte zum 19. Steuerbezirk unter Dareios [1] (Hdt. 3,94; 7,78; hier zw. den Tibarenoi und den Mossynoikoi gen.). Nach Xen. (an. 4,7,24; 8,1-22) lag ihr Gebiet südwestl. von Trapezus. Der h. Meryemana Deresi (rechter Nebenfluß des Maçka Dere) bildete danach den Grenzfluß zw. M. und Skythai; vor Cevrilik befand sich die Grenzfestung der Kolchoi. Kolchischer Einfluß ist aus der Übernahme der Beschneidung abzuleiten (Hdt. 2,104,3). Nach Strab. 12,3,18 wurden die M. später Sannoi gen. ( Machorones, Plin.…

[English version] (Μάδυτος). Stadt auf der thrak. Chersonesos zw. Elaius und Sestos, Gründung von Lesbos (6. Jh. v.Chr.; Skyl. 67, Ps.-Skymn. 709; Strab. 7, fr. 55). Nördl. von M. ließ Xerxes die Ponton-Brücke über den Hellespontos schlagen (Hdt. 7,33; 9,120). 465 v.Chr. war M. Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes (Plut. Kimon 4); für 443/440 v.Chr. sind geringe Tribute verzeichnet (ATL 1,336f.). Im Peloponnesischen Krieg diente M. der athenischen Flotte als Hafen (Xen. hell. 1,1,3). 200 v.Chr…

[English version] (Ἑρμώνακτος κώμη). Siedlung an der Tyras-Mündung (Strab. 7,3,16) oder ca. 16,5 km von ihr entfernt (Ptol. 3,10,7). Vielleicht identisch mit den Resten einer ant. Siedlung beim h. Kosovka. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography M.V. Arbunov, K voprosu o lokalizacii bašni Neoptolema u Germonaktovoj derevni [Zum Problem der Lokalisierung des Neoptolemos-Turmes und H.k.], in: VDI 1, 1978, 43-51.

(Παιρισάδης, Παρισάδης, Βηρισάδης). Königsname iran. Herkunft bei den bosporan. Spartokiden (Spartokos) und thrak. Odrysai. [English version] [1] P.I. Herrscher des Regnum Bosporanum Herrscher des Regnum Bosporanum, Sohn des Leukon [3] I., “ árchōn der Sindoi, aller Maiotai, Thateer und Doskoi” [1. Nr. 8], Gatte der Kamasarye. P. regierte von 349/8-344 v.Chr. zusammen mit seinen Brüdern Spartokos II. und Apollonios, wobei sie sich das Territorium des Reiches teilten. Im J. 347/6 wurde von ihnen der Handelsvertrag mit Athen erneuert (Syll.3 206; 212; 217; CIRB 2-5). Kur…

(Σκύθαι/ Skýthai). I. Archaeology and culture [German version] A. Introduction; heartlands Economic systems with a strong nomadic element developed from Mongolia in the east to the Carpathian Alps in the west during the 1st millennium BC. This led to the emergence of a characteristic material culture with defining features of striking similarity across great distances. As far as is known so far, armed warriors on horseback can be assumed to have emerged in eastern Europe in the second quarter of the 2nd mi…

(Ἅρπασος; Hárpasos). [German version] [1] Southern tributary of the Maeander in Caria Southern tributary of the Maeander in Caria (Plin. HN 2,210; 5,109; Ptol. 5,2,15; Quint. Smyrn. 10,141-146; Steph. Byz. s.v. H.), modern Akçay, narrow like a canyon along its middle course, today with a dam further south (Kemer dam). Old Ionian settlement area, ruins of ancient settlements near its banks (e.g. Neapolis, Harpasa, modern Arpaz near Esenköy). In the summer of 228 BC,  Attalus [4] I beat Antiochus  Hierax at t…

(Βρῖσαι; Brîsai). [German version] [1] Nymphs on Ceos Nymphs on Ceos; introduced the rural deity  Aristaeus to olive oil and honey (Hsch s.v. B. 348; schol. Theoc. 5,53). Even in antiquity they were associated with the Lesbian Dionysus,  Brisaeus, whom a nymph Brisa is said to have nurtured (schol. Pers. 1,76). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] Thracian sub-tribe Thracian sub-tribe above the lower Nestus, neighbours of the Sinti and Mygdones; only attested once in literature (Plin. HN 4,40), frequently conjectured to be Brigas (Brison in Arr. Ana…

(Ἑρμώνασσα; Hermṓnassa). [German version] [1] Greek port on the Asiatic bank of the Cimmerian Bosporus This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization | Patricius Greek port on the Asiatic bank of the Cimmerian  Bosporus [2], on the southern coast of the Bay of Taman, founded as a colony of Ionians and Aeolians before the middle of the 6th cent. BC. Imports and coins attest to lively trade. H. was situated in the tribal area of the Sindi (Str. 11,2,10) whose upper class also lived in H. (rich kurgans). Main cul…

(Κυανέαι). [German version] [1] Two rocky islands Two small rocky islands directly to the west of the confluence of the Bosporus and the  Pontus Euxinus, 2.3 km north of Garipçe Burnu, 100 m in front of the lighthouse of Rumelifeneri, modern İreke Taşı. In Greek myths they were identified with the dangerous  Symplegades or  Planctae (Hom. Od. 16,176; Apoll. Rhod. 2,317ff.). Here there was a shrine (Hdt. 4,85). Pompey built an altar in honour of Apollo here [1. 28f., 35-39]. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography 1 R. Güngerich (ed.), Gryllius, De Bosporo Thracic…

(Νέστος/ Néstos, Μέστος/ Méstos, Νέσσος/ Néssos). [German version] [1] River in Thrace River in Thrace which rises in the Rila mountain range, (according to mistaken classical belief from the Scomius mountains, the present-day Vitoša Mountains, : Aristot. Mete. 1,13,350b 16f.) and after 234 km flows through the swampy delta area near Abdera [1] and into the Aegean (Hdt. 7,109; Theophr. Hist. pl. 3,1,5; Ps.-Skyl. 67). N. is already known as a river god in Hes. Theog. 341. In Roman times, N. was the border between the provinces of Macedonia and Thracia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Biss…

(ᾘών; Ēiṓn). [German version] [1] City on the left shore of the Strymon This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars (ἡ ἐπὶ Στρυμόνι). City on the left shore of the Strymon, harbour of Amphipolis (Thuc. 1,98; Dem. Or. 12,23; 23,199), archaeological traces near Ofrini (Greece). Phoenix is said to have been buried there by Neoptolemus (Lycoph. 417 with schol.). It became a military base under Darius I and was used as a supply camp under Xerxes, commanded by  …

(Κολχίς; Kolchís, Lat. Colchis). [German version] I. Historical overview from early times Area of the east coast of the Black Sea ( Pontos Euxeinos) stretching as far as western Transcaucasia, bordered to the north by the Great Caucasus and by Meskheti to the south. The favourable climatic and soil conditions (fertile river valleys, forests and a proliferation of natural resources) meant that advanced civilizations emerged in C. as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Kulcha is mentioned in Urartian documents together with the capital city Ildamuša (which flourished in the 8th cent.…

[German version] [1] Tribe in the south of Illyricum (Τράλλεις, Τράλλοι/ Trálleis, Trálloi). Tribe in the south of Illyricum, which, according to Hesych. s.v. Τραλλεῖς was of Thracian origin, but to Steph. Byz. (s.v. Βῆγις; Βόλουρος; Τραλλία) and Liv. (27,32,4; 31,35,1: Tralles; 38,21,2: Tralli) was of Illyrian extraction. The T. were known as mercenaries in Hellenistic armies (Diod. Sic. 17,65,1; Liv. 37,19; Hesych. loc. cit.). The towns of Begis and Bulorus were situated in their territory (according to Steph. Byz. loc. cit.). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) …

(Φάσις; Phásis). [German version] [1] River in the southwestern Caucasus River in the southwestern Caucasus that flowed into the Pontos Euxeinos near Ph. [2], present-day Rioni. Its estuary shifted several times, resulting in the growth of the mainland (cf. Str. 1,3,7). An ocean bay at the estuary of the P. is mentioned by Ptol. 5,10,1. The P. is first mentioned by Hesiod (Hes. Theog. 337-344). It was navigable over a course of 180 stadia (Ps.-Scyl. 81). The river's upper course was a rapid mountain strea…

(Κότυς; Kótys). I. Hellenistic period [German version] [I 1] Important king of the Odrysae 383/2-360/59 BC Important king of the  Odrysae 383/2-360/59 BC (Suda s.v. C.; characterization in Ath. 12,531e-532a), successor to Hebryzelmis [1]. C.'s diplomatic and military skill -- suppression of the uprisings of Adamas (Aristot. Pol. 1311b) and Miltocythes (Dem. Or. 23,115) -- led to a consolidation and expansion of the kingdom of the Odrysae. With the help of his son-in-law, the Athenian mercenary leader  Iphicra…

This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia | Rome (Σκοῦποι/ Skoûpoi, Lat. Scupi). [German version] I. Location, Roman Period City of the Illyrian Dardani [4] on the Axius, on the road from Stobi to Naissus (Ptol. 3,9,6; 8,11,5; Scunis, Tab. Peut. 7,4; Hierocles, Synecdemos 655,8), 5 km northwest of present-day Skopje. S. was a Roman colonia beginning in the Flavian Period (AD 69-96; ILS 2461), fortified under Hadrianus (ILS 3860). As evidenced by veteran inscriptions, S.…

(Πυθοδωρίς/ Pythodōrís). [German version] [1] P. Philometor Daughter of the Asiarch Pythodorus [4], wife of Polemon [4] I c. 12 BC (Π. Φιλομήτωρ/ P. Philomḗtōr). Daughter of the Asiarch Pythodorus [4] of Tralleis and Antonia [2]; after the divorce of Polemon [4] I from Dynamis, P. became his wife ( c. 12 BC). She had three children, of whom Zeno and Antonia [7] Tryphaena are known by name (IGR 4,144). When Polemon d. 8 BC, P. inherited his kingdom, thus becoming queen of Pontus, Colchis and the Regnum Bosporanum (Str. 12,3,29). When Dynamis ass…

(Μίμας). [German version] [1] Titan Giant, killed either by Zeus' thunderbolt in the fight to rule Olympus (Eur. Ion 212ff.), or by Ares' lance, after M. had torn the island of Lemnos out of the sea and hurled it at the god (Apoll. Rhod. 3,1227 with scholia). The field of battle was Phlegra on the Macedonian peninsula of Pallene; the struggle of M. and the Giants against other gods such as Pallas Athena and Hera was equally fruitless (schol. Apoll. Rhod. loc. cit.; Hor. Carm. …

(Τραιανόπολις; Traianópolis). [German version] [1] City in the Hebrus plain This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Thraci, Thracia | Rome Founded by Traianus [1] at the beginning of the 2nd cent. AD on the northern coast of the Aegean (Aegean Sea) in the plain of the lower Hebrus on the site of Doriscus on the via Egnatia (Ptol. 3,11,13; It. Ant. 175,1-9), modern Loutrós. Minting of its own coins is documented. After Diocletianus' administrative reform, T. was one of the most important cities in the province of Rho…

[German version] (Λᾶζαι, Λάζοι; Lâzai, Lázoi). People of the Caucasus mountains who migrated into Colchis about 100-75 BC, initially settled on the river Phasis (modern Rioni; Plin. HN 6,12; Ptol. 5,10,5) and later spread widely. About AD 300, they founded the Lazic state in the belief they were the true descendants of the Colchi. Colchis then became known as the Lazica (Λαζική/ Lazikḗ; in Old Georgian sources also Egrisi). In the Byzantine period the Lazi were the cause of battles between imperial and Persian troops because of the important trade routes across the Caucasus. von Bredow, …

(μαχαιροφόροι; machairophóroi). [German version] [1] In the Ptolemaic period, part of the royal guard and especially used for rural policing purposes and for the protection of high civil officials (later also for the kōmárchēs or the práktōr laographías); the members of the guard did not necessarily have to be Egyptians (cf. e.g. OGIS 737). In the Imperial period the term is often simply used as a synonym for ‘soldier(s)’; there were machairophóroi in the service of the imperial household and as bodyguards for officials who had to handle taxes and other monies. To …

(Φαρνάκης; Pharnákēs). [German version] [1] Ph. I. King of Pontus, 2nd cent. BC King of Pontus (185-160/154 BC), son of Mithridates [3] III. After the conquest of Sinope in 183 BC, Ph. fought in 182-179 BC (Pontian War Pol. 25,2; Diod. Sic. 29,24) together with the dynast Mithridates of Armenia Minor against a gradually emerging coalition of the kings Eumenes [3] II, Ariarathes IV (Cappadocia), Prusias II and Artaxias [1] I, the dynasts Acusilaus (territory unknown), Gatalos (Sarmate) and Morzius (Paphlagone…

[German version] [1] Modern Enez This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Thraci, Thracia | | | Colonization | Moesi, Moesia | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pompeius | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Αἶνος; Aînos). The place today known as Enez on the Turkish bank of the Maritza, mentioned by Hom. Il. 4,520 as the home of  Peirous. The name Poltymbria (Str. 7,7,1) is a later construct. Systematic archaeological investigation is not possible because of buildings built over the relevant sites. Traces of a prehisto…

This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Christianity | | Daci, Dacia | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia | Pilgrimage | Rome | Rome | Balkans, languages (Σερδική/ Serdikḗ, modern Sofia). [German version] I. Early history until the Roman Period Settlement of the Thracian Serdi on the Oescus [1] between the Scombrus and Haemus mountain ranges, a nodal point of roads (It. Ant. 135,4; Tab. Peut 7,5; Ptol. 3,11,8); modern Sofia. Settled since the 8th/7th centuries BC, in the 5th/4th centuries BC S. developed under the kings of t…

(Μαρώνεια; Marṓneia). [German version] [1] North Aegaean city This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture North Aegaean city on the southwest slopes of the Ismarus, today's Maronia. Founded by Chios (1st half of the 7th cent. BC; Scyl. 678) in the tribal lands of the Cicones. Mythography associates M. with the Homeric Márōn (Hom. Od. 9,197); first mentioned by Hecat. FGrH 1 F 159. The most important occupations were viticulture and sheep breeding. As of 529 …

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Thraci, Thracia | Christianity | | Coloniae | Alexander | Moesi, Moesia | Rome | Rome | Balkans, languages (Φιλιππόπολις/ Philippópolis, Φιλιπούπολις/ Philipoúpolis). [German version] I. Location and history up to conquest by the Goti City in Thrace (Thraci), founded by Philip (Philippus [4]) II in the immediate vicinity of a fortified settlement of the Bessi on the right bank of the Hebrus in 341 BC. An important road and river transport junction between the Ister [2], the Black Sea, …

(Δύμη; Dýmē). [German version] [1] City on the west coast of Achaea This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Dark Ages | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Education / Culture City on the west coast of Achaea near the modern Kato-Achaia, on a broad plateau on the left bank of the Peirus, protected on three sides by precipices. Protected by a fortress (Pol. 4,59,4), D. was able to exploit the natural riches of the land on Cape Araxus. One of the old 12 cities of Achaea (Hdt. 1,145), D. arose from the amalgamation of eight villages (δῆμοι; dêmoi) (Str. 8,3,2), among them Pal…

(Ἱερὸν ὄρος; Hieròn óros). [German version] [1] Holy mountain Holy mountain, name of a mountain range on the  Propontis, modern Tegirdağ. Religious centre of the  Thraci (Str. 7, fr. 55). The fortress of the Odrysae bearing the same name (Xen. An. 7,1,14) was situated there. Cotys I entrenched himself there in 362 BC at the time of the revolt of Miltocythes (Dem. Or. 23,104). Philip II conquered H. in 346 (Dem. Or. 9,15; Aeschin. Leg. 2,82f.; 3,73f.). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography C. Danov, Altthrakien, 1976, 122f. [German version] [2] Foothills on the south …

( Constantinopolis). [German version] I. Site Imperial residence, founded in 324 by  Constantine [1] the Great on the site of  Byzantium. Bounded to the north by the Golden Horn, with the  Bosporus [1] to the east and the  Hellespont to the south, the city could only be attacked from one side by land. By virtue of its site it dominated trade and commerce between Europe and Asia, between the Aegean and the Black Sea ( Pontos Euxeinos; Hdn. 3,1,5; Pol. 4,38-45). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] II. Topography The city plan did not follow the customary imperial…

[German version] (Αἷμος; Haîmos). Mountain range in Thrace, the Balkan mountains (Turkish Balkan, Bulgarian Stara Planina. The name is probably Thracian). The H. stretches from Timacus to Pontus and represents a distinctive watershed. According to ancient opinion the H. began at the Adriatic (Str. 7, fr. 10). As it is not very high but hard to cross it was often also an ethnic and political border. The first mention is in Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 169). Numerous myths are connected with the H. (Apollod. 1,6,3; Ps.-Plut. De fluviis 11,3; Serv. Aen. 1,317; 321; Steph. Byz. s.v. Αἷ.). Ovid gives th…

(Νέον τεῖχος; Néon teîchos). [German version] [1] Fortified town on the northern coast of the Propontis Fortified town on the northern coast of the  Propontis, south of  Bisanthe (Ps.-Scyl. 67). It was founded by  Bisanthe or by  Samos, and from the end of the 5th cent. BC it was  in the hands of the Odrysae. NT was said  to have belonged  to Alcibiades [3] temporarily (Nep. Alcibiades 7,4). Seuthes offered  Xenophon the gift of N. together with  Bisanthe and Ganos (Xen. An. 7,5,8). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography U. Kahrstedt, Beiträge zur Geschichte der thraki…

(Ξυλίνη; Xylínē). [German version] [1] Coastal town in Colchis Coastal town in Colchis between the mouths of the Archabis (modern Arhavi) and the Cissa (modern Kise; Ptol. 5,6,6), not locatable more precisely. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. v. X., in: RE 9 A, 2163 f. [German version] [2] Settlement in Pisidia to the north of Termessus [1] Settlement in Pisidia to the north of Termessus [1], to the south of Cormasa (not located with certainty: [1. 67]); precise location unclear. Cn. Manlius [I 24] Vulso stayed there in 189 BC (Liv. 38,15,7). Bran…

(Λυσιμάχεια; Lysimácheia). [German version] [1] City on the Thracian Chersonesus This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni | Natural catastrophes City founded by one of the Diadochi Lysimachus, in 309 BC - in place of the city of Cardia destroyed by him - as the capital city of Thracian Chersonesus and the seat of government (Str. 7, fr. 51; Liv. 23,38,11; Ptol. 3,11) there on the southern coast of Melas Kolpos near modern Bakla Burnu. In the Hellenistic period L. was the most important trans-sh…

This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Thraci, Thracia | | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Apollo | Moesi, Moesia (Ὀδησσός; Odēssós). [German version] I. Development up to the 3rd century AD Greek city on the western coast of the Pontos Euxeinos (Ptol. 3,10,8; 8,11,6), modern Varna (in Bulgaria); Milesian foundation (beginning of the 6th cent. BC; Ps.-Scymn. 748-750; Plin. HN 4,45; Colonization, with map and overview). Member of the Delian League (ATL 1, 116, 157, fr. 38 for 425 BC). After an u…

(Γελωνός; Gelōnós). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and the snake maiden Echidna Son of Hercules and the snake maiden  Echidna, brother of Agathyrsus and of  Scythes, eponym of the Graeco-Scythian Geloni (Hdt. 4,10). Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [German version] [2] City of the Butini City of the Budini, mentioned only by Hdt. 4,108, according to the context of the highly contested passage, north of the Melanchlaeni on the upper Donec. Herodotus describes a city built of wood with Greek architecture and a Greek life-style. The inhabit…

(Γόργιππος; Górgippos). [German version] [1] Eponym of  Gorgippia, regent of the Sindian region after his father  Satyrus I 's war against the Maeotae (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,55). High government official at the time of his uncle  Paerisades. A statue was erected for him in Athens (Din. in Demosthenem 43).  Maiotae,  Sindi von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V. F. Gaidukevič, Das Bosporanische Reich, 1971, 72; 43; 232. [German version] [2] Author of satyr plays Son of Pythippos, author of satyr plays. His victory at the Soteria in Acraephia in the 1st…

[German version] [1] Tribe, Mares [1] (Μᾶρες; Mâres). One of the five tribes which formed the 19th tax district under Darius [1], probably west of Colchis. Mentioned only by Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 205) and Hdt. 3,94,2; 7,79 where they are described together with the Moschi, Tibareni, Macrones and Mossynoeci as lightly armed soldiers with small leather shields and javelins. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] [2] Progenitor of the Ausones, Mares [2] (Μάρης; Márēs). Progenitor of the Ausones. Because his Centaur-like figure appears too fabulous, he is …

(Ἐλαιοῦς; Elaioûs). [German version] [1] City on the south of the Thracian Chersonesus This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization | Athenian League (Second) City in the south of the Thracian Chersonesus near modern Eceabat (Turkey), foundation of the Athenians in the 6th cent. BC to control the southern access to the Propontis, important port town. Used by Militiades the Younger as the base for expeditions against Lemnos and Lesbos (Hdt. 6,140). E. was used as an achorage by Xerxes (Hdt. 7,22). The sanctua…

[German version] [1] City on Cape Bouloustra This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pompeius | Punic Wars | Athenian League (Second) (Ἄβδηρα; Ábdēra). City on Cape Bouloustra, in the Aegean, 16 km north-east of the mouth of the Nestus; founded and fortified in 656 BC by Ionian  Clazomenae; destroyed by Thracians at the beginning of the 6th cent. BC. Archaeologically attested archaic graves. From 545 BC, a second fou…

(Βρῖσαι). [English version] [1] Nymphen auf Keos Nymphen auf Keos; lehrten die ländliche Gottheit Aristaios den Umgang mit Olivenöl und Honig (Hesych s.v. B. 348; schol. Theokr. 5,53). Schon in der Ant. brachte man sie mit dem lesbischen Dionysos Brisaios in Verbindung, den eine Nymphe Brisa genährt haben soll (schol. Pers. 1,76). Bloch, René (Princeton) [English version] [2] Thrakischer Teilstamm Thrakischer Teilstamm oberhalb des unteren Nestos, Nachbarn der Sintoi und Mygdones; nur einmal lit. belegt (Plin. nat. 4,40), häufig zu Brigas konjiziert (Bri…

(Γόργιππος). [English version] [1] Sohn Satyros' I. Eponym von Gorgippia, Regent des sindischen Gebietes nach dem Maiotenkrieg seines Vaters Satyros I. (Polyain. 8,55). Hoher Regierungsbeamter z.Z. seines Onkels Pairisades. In Athen stellte man ihm eine Statue auf (Deinarch. in Demosthenem 43). Maiotai, Sindoi von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V.F. Gaidukevič, Das Bosporanische Reich, 1971, 72; 43; 232. [English version] [2] Satyrspieldichter, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Pythippos, Satyrspieldichter. Ein Sieg bei den Soteria in Akraiphia im 1. …

[English version] [1] Volksstamm (Μᾶρες). Einer der fünf Volksstämme, die den 19. Steuerbezirk unter Dareios [1] bildeten, wohl westl. von Kolchis. Erwähnt nur von Hekataios (FGrH 1 F 205) und Hdt. 3,94,2; 7,79, wo sie zusammen mit den Moschoi, Tibarenoi, Makrones und Mossynoikoi als Leichtbewaffnete mit kleinen Lederschilden und Wurfspeeren beschrieben sind. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [English version] [2] Stammvater der Ausones (Μάρης). Stammvater der Ausones. Weil seine kentaurenartige Gestalt zu fabelhaft scheint, wird er zum Erfinder des…

(Ἱερὸν ὄρος). [English version] [1] Heiliger Berg Heiliger Berg, Name eines Gebirges an der Propontis, h. Tegirdağ. Rel. Zentrum der Thrakes (Strab. 7, fr. 55). Dort lag die gleichnamige Festung der Odrysai (Xen. an. 7,1,14). Kotys I. verschanzte sich dort 362 v.Chr. z.Z. des Aufstandes des Miltokythes (Demosth. or. 23,104). Philippos II. eroberte H. 346 (Demosth. or. 9,15; Aischin. leg. 2,82f.; 3,73f.). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography C. Danov, Altthrakien, 1976, 122f. [English version] [2] Vorgebirge an der Südküste des Pontos Euxeinos Vorgebirge an d…

(Λυσιμάχεια). [English version] [1] Stadt auf der thrak. Chersonesos Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Diadochen und Epigonen | Naturkatastrophen Stadt, die der Diadoche Lysimachos anstelle der von ihm zerstörten Stadt Kardia auf der thrak. Chersonesos an der Südküste des Melas Kolpos beim h. Bakla Burnu 309 v.Chr. als Hauptort der thrak. Chersonesos und Regierungssitz gründete (Strab. 7, fr. 51; Liv. 23,38,11; Ptol. 3,11). L. war in hell. Zeit der wichtigste Umschlagshafen zum thrak. Hinterland. Bed.…

(Ἑρμώνασσα). [English version] [1] Griech. Hafenstadt am asiat. Ufer des Kimmerischen Bosporos Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Kolonisation | Regnum Bosporanum Griech. Hafenstadt am asiat. Ufer des Kimmerischen Bosporos [2], an der Südküste der Bucht von Taman, als Kolonie von Iones und Aioleis vor Mitte 6. Jh. v.Chr. gegr. Importe und Mz. bezeugen lebhaften Handel. H. lag im Stammesgebiet der Sindoi (Strab. 11,2,10), deren Oberschicht auch in H. lebte (reiche Kurgane). Hauptkulte: Apollon Ietros, Del…

(Ἅρπασος). [English version] [1] Südl. Nebenfluß des Maiandros in Karia Südl. Nebenfluß des Maiandros in Karia (Plin. nat. 2,210; 5,109; Ptol. 5,2,15; Q. Smyrn. 10,141-146; Steph. Byz. s.v. H.), h. Akçay, am Mittellauf cañonartig verengt, weiter südl. h. gestaut (Kemer-Talsperre). Altes ion. Siedlungsgebiet, in Ufernähe Ruinen ant. Siedlungen (z.B. Neapolis, Harpasa, h. Arpaz bei Esenköy). Im Sommer 228 v.Chr. besiegte Attalos [4] I. am H. Antiochos Hierax, 189 machte Cn. Manlius Vulso am H. Station (Liv. 38,13,2ff.). Inschr. und Mz. bis in die Kaiserzeit. Kaletsch, Hans (Regen…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Apollon | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kolonisation | Moesi, Moesia | Schwarzmeergebiet | Thrakes, Thrake, Thraci | Straßen (Ὀδησσός). [English version] I. Entwicklung bis zum 3.Jh.n.Chr. Griech. Stadt an der Westküste des Pontos Euxeinos (Ptol. 3,10,8; 8,11,6), h. Varna (Bulgarien); milesische Gründung (Anf. 6. Jh.v.Chr.; Ps.-Skymn. 748-750; Plin. nat. 4,45; Kolonisation, mit Karte und Übersicht). Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes (ATL 1, 116, 157, fr. 38 zu 425 v…

(Νέον τεῖχος). [English version] [1] befestigter Ort an der Nordküste der Propontis Befestigter Ort an der Nordküste der Propontis, südl. von Bisanthe (Ps.-Skyl. 67), Gründung von Bisanthe oder von Samos, seit E. des 5. Jh.v.Chr. in odrysischer (Odrysai) Hand. Zeitweilig soll N.T. Alkibiades [3] gehört haben (Nep. Alkibiades 7,4). Seuthes bot Xenophon N. zusammen mit Bisanthe und Ganos als Geschenk an (Xen. an. 7,5,8). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography U. Kahrstedt, Beitr. zur Gesch. der thrak. Chersones, 1954, 21f. [English version] [2] Ortschaft in der …

(Νέστος, Μέστος, Νέσσος). [English version] [1] Fluß in Thrakien Fluß in Thrakien, der im Rila-Gebirge entspringt (nach ant. Vorstellung fälschlicherweise aus dem Skomios, h. Vitoša-Gebirge: Aristot. meteor. 1,13,350b 16f.) und nach 234 km in einem Sumpfdelta bei Abdera [1] in die Ägäis mündet (Hdt. 7,109; Theophr. h. plant. 3,1,5; Ps.-Skyl. 67). Als Flußgott ist N. schon Hes. theog. 341 bekannt. In röm. Zeit Grenze zw. den Prov. Macedonia und Thracia. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography B. Isaac, The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Co…

( Constantinopolis). [English version] I. Lage Residenzstadt, 324 n.Chr. von Constantinus [1] d.Gr. an der Stelle von Byzantion gegr. Im Norden vom Goldenen Horn, im Osten vom Bosporos [1] und im Süden vom Hellespontos begrenzt, war K. nur von einer Landseite her angreifbar. Durch seine Lage beherrschte K. Handel und Verkehr zw. Europa und Asien, zw. der Ägäis und dem Schwarzen Meer (Pontos Euxeinos; Herodian. 3,1,5; Pol. 4,38-45). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [English version] II. Topographie Die Stadtplanung folgte nicht dem üblichen kaiserzeitlichen Schema…