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(Ἀναξανδρίδας; Anaxandrídas). [German version] [1] Son of the Spartan king Theopompus According to Hdt. 8,131 son of the Spartan king Theopompus, Eurypontid; his historicity is doubtful. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Spartan king around the middle of the 6th cent. BC Spartan king around the middle of the 6th cent. BC, Agiad. Under the reign of A. and of Ariston Tegea formed an alliance with Sparta. A report, according to which Aeschines, the tyrant of Sicyon, was expelled by A. and  Chilon when the latter was ephor (556…

[German version] [1] High official of the late 4th/early 5th cents. AD Vicarius Hispaniarum AD 395-397, at the court of Mediolanium [1] (Milan) from 398; addressee, with his brother Patroinus, of numerous letters from Symmachus. He gained an unknown office in 401 ( comes rerum privatarum?). From 402-408, P. was praef. praet. per Gallias; while there, he introduced a convocation of the seven provinces, which met annually at Arelate (Arles) (Zos. Epist. 8 = MGH Epp 3, p. 14). He may have been recalled in connection with the usurpation of Constantine…

[German version] (Χερσικράτης; Chersikrátēs). Corinthian; descendant of the Bacchiads (Timaeus FGrH 566 F 80). According to Str. 6,2,4 C. was left behind by  Archias, founder of Syracuse, on the way to Sicily, and settled Corcyra. The credibility of these inherently contradictory statements must be doubted. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

(Ἀγασικλῆς; Agasiklês), Ion. Hegesicles. [German version] [1] Spartan king (1st half of 6th cent. BC) Spartan king, Eurypontid, father of Ariston. During the basileia of A. and of Leon (first half of the 6th cent. BC) the Spartans suffered a defeat against Tegea (Hdt. 1,65; otherwise Paus. 3,7,6, who claims that A. did not wage any wars). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Scythes (4th cent. BC) Son of Scythes, achieved Attic citizenship through bribery.  Dinarchus directed a speech against him (Dion. Hal. Dein. 10; cf. also Hyp. Eux. 3). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

[German version] (Ὀθρυάδας/ Othryádas, Ὀθρυάδης/ Othryadēs). When, during their conflict over the territory of Thyreatis around 550 BC, the Argives and Spartans had agreed to hold a decisive battle with 300 selected warriors on either side, O. was the only Spartiate to survive. While the two Argive survivors were reporting the outcome in their homeland, O. robbed his fallen enemies of their weapons. Both sides claimed victory, so that a great battle did nonetheless take place, in which Sparta was vic…

[German version] A Canninefate, who deserted from Roman service and together with the Chauci laid waste to Lower Germania and the Gallic bank of the Rhine after the death of  Sanquinius Maximus, the governor of Lower Germania, in AD 47. The new governor  Domitius [II 11] Corbulo drove G. away and restored order. When he had G. murdered by a ruse, unrest again broke out among the Chauci, causing Claudius to pull the advance troops back to the west bank of the Rhine (Tac. Ann. 11,18f.). PIR2 G 73. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

[German version] (Dintzic, Greek Δεγγιζίχ, Δινζίριχος; Dengizích, Dinzírichos). Son of Attila, king of the Huns; after the latter's death D. assembled an army from the elements of the Hun empire that were still under his control, to fight the Goths. He was, however, defeated at Bassianae (Pannonia) by the Goths (probably after AD 456/57, Iord. Get. 272f.). He later conducted several wars against the Romans but was killed in 469 by the mag. mil. per Thracias Anagestes (Prisc. fr. 36 [FHG 4,107f.]; Chron. pasch. 323d Dindorf). PLRE 354f. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Boch…

[German version] (ἐπαρχία; eparchía). Territorial administrative unit in Hellenistic states. In the Seleucid kingdom, Antiochus [5] III especially supported the setting up of smaller provinces in order to prevent power concentrations in the areas of individual satraps, as for example  Molon (222 BC). Polybius describes their head, who evidently had military and civil power, as éparchos or stratēgós (Pol. 5,46,7; 48,14); however his terminology is misleading since from the middle of the 2nd cent. BC on, eparchia started taking on the meaning of Lat . provincia (cf. SIG3 683,55 and …

[German version] (Fravitus). Tervingian army commander in the service of Rome, married to a Roman woman. In support of maintaining the Roman alliance with the Goths of AD 382, he killed Eriulf in 391 at the court of Theodosius I (Zos. 4,56,1-3; Eunapius fr. 60 FHG 4,41). In about 400 as the magister militum on behalf of Arcadius he prevented Gaenas from crossing the Hellespont (Zos. 5,20-21; Sozom. Hist. eccl. 8,4,19-21) and was rewarded for it in 401 with the consulate (Eunapius fr. 82 FHG 4,50). Around 403/4, however, he was accused of allowing …

(μητρόπολις/ mētrópolis, literally ‘mother city’). [German version] [1] Mother city of colonies in the era of the ‘Great’ Colonisation (c. 750-500 BC) Since the so-called Great Colonisation (c. 750-500 BC, Colonization IV, cf. the overview there), in numerous Greek communities an oikistḗs (‘founder’) and further ápoikoi (‘settlers’, ‘colonists’) were selected from the citizenry of the future metropolis as starting point for a colonisation enterprise (or they left on their own initiative) and entrusted with the establishment of an apoikía outside the …

(Ζώσιμος; Zṓsimos). [German version] [1] Of Thasos, epigrammatist, probably between 150 BC and AD 50 Z. of Thasos. Greek epigrammatist, whose works are probably to be dated between 150 BC and AD 50: three (Anth. Pal 6,183-185; 6,15 is also ascribed to him, alternatively to Antipater [8] of Sidon) are variations on the theme of 'dedication to Pan' from the view of a hunter, a bird catcher and a fisherman (cf. Satyrius). Another deals with the unusual theme of a shield saving its owner who uses it as a raft (Anth. Pal. 9,40, cf. Diocles [10]). Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography FGE 104-…

(Δημάρατος; Dēmáratos). [German version] [1] Corinthian aristocrat 7th cent. BC Corinthian aristocrat, member of the  Bacchiadae family. D. made his fortune as a merchant around the middle of the 7th cent. BC, mainly through trade with Etruria. When he had to leave Corinth during the rule of  Cypselus he settled in Tarquinii with his followers and married an Etruscan aristocrat. According to ancient tradition the marriage produced two sons, one of whom became the first Etruscan king of Rome,  Tarquinius P…

[German version] Spartan nauarchos in Byzantium, when in 400 BC the remains of the army of the younger Cyrus entered Bithynia. Recalled from there in 400/399, A. was sent as harmost to Abydus in 389 to secure the Spartan position in the northern Aegean against Athens, but he fell in 388 in a battle against the Athenians under Iphicrates (Xen. An. 5,1,4; 6,1,16; 7,1.2; Diod. Sic. 14,30,4; Xen. Hell. 4,8,32 ff.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

[German version] Epigraphy, from Greek ἐπιγράφειν ( epigráphein, ‘to write on something’). The term refers to ancient texts that were documented on various, mostly permanent materials (stone, bronze, etc.), as well as to the respective sub-discipline of archaeology.  Inscriptions; Epigraphy Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

(Χειρίσοφος; Cheirísophos). [German version] [1] Spartan commander under Cyrus Spartiate; on the instructions of his polis, at Issus in 401 BC he joined the army of the younger  Cyrus with 700 hoplites (Xen. An. 1,4,3; Diod. Sic. 14,19,4f.); after Cyrus' death at Cunaxa C. was sent by  Clearchus to Ariaeus, to offer him the Persian throne (Xen. An. 2,1,4f.). After Clearchus had been imprisoned and put to death, C. received supreme command of the entire remaining army (Diod. Sic. 14,27,1), and led the ret…

[German version] (Γάννυς; Gánnys). G. was raised in the house of  Iulia Maesa and had a relationship with her daughter  Iulia Soaemias, who made him the tutor of her son  Elagabalus [2] (Cass. Dio 79,6,1f. Boissevain). G. and  Valerius Comazon had the troops elevate Elagabalus to emperor in Emesa in May AD 218 (Cass. Dio 78,31,2-4). Despite a lack of military experience, G. defeated  Macrinus in June, but was eliminated in the winter of 218-219 by Elagabalus, who had toyed with the idea of marrying…

[German version] (Ἀγησανδρίδας; Agēsandrídas) Spartan, son of Agesander, vanquished the Athenians under  Thymochares with a Peloponnesian fleet in 411 BC at Eretria, which caused Euboea (with the exception of Oreos) to secede from Athens (Thuc. 8,94 ff.). After the Spartan defeat at Cynossema (411), A. was sent with a contingent to the Hellespont, where he beat Thymochares again (Thuc. 8,107; Xen. Hell. 1,1,1). In 409/08 he was in Thrace (Xen. Hell. 1,3,17). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

[German version] (H)ermanaricus (also Ermenrichus, Hermenerig). King of the East Goths who, as the first historically documented  Amal, already belongs to the 10th generation of the Amal family tree (Iord. Get. 79 from Cassiodorus). He was the youngest son of Achiulf, brother of Ansila, Ediulf and Vultuulf, and was regarded as the founder of the ‘younger’ family line which, in AD 515, rejoined the 'older' line, founded by Vultuulf, as a result of the marriage of  Eutharicus with  Amalasuntha (Iord…

[German version] (Ἐπικτήτα; Epiktḗta). Widow of the aristocrat Phoenix from Thera. Under the instruction of her son Andragoras, who died two years after his father, she completed the construction of a shrine to the Muses (mouseion) that Phoenix had started, as a memorial to their son Cratesilochus, but had not been able to finish. In her will (early 2nd cent. BC, preserved epigraphically: IG XII 3,330, l. 1-108), E. entrusted the mouseion to her ‘heiress’ (  epikleros ) daughter Epiteleia. In the will she provided for the setting up of an association o…

[German version] (Godigisel, Godegisel). Burgundian king, son of  Gundiok, lived from c. AD 474 in Geneva, always in the shadow of his older brother  Gundobad (Ennod. Vita Epiphanii 174). In 500, together with the king of the Franks, Chlodovechus ( Clovis I), he defeated Gundobad at Dijon, but in 501 he was killed by the latter when Chlodovechus had to turn against the Visigoths (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,32f; Chron. min. 2,234 Mommsen). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) Bibliography PLRE 2, 516 (Godigisel 2) Stein, Spätröm. R., 2, 144 with n. 2.

[German version] Grandson of Berimund of the Amal dynasty, called to Italy by Theoderic the Great in AD 515 and married to  Amalasuntha in order to secure the succession (Iord. Get. 298). He was later adopted by Justin as his son-at-arms, received Roman citizenship; at the assumption of his consulate in 519 ─ on the occasion of which Cassiodorus had written a speech (MGH AA 12,465ff.) and probably also compiled his chronicle ─, he was called Flavius E. Cillica (CIL VI 32003). When he responded rig…

Name of a Roman lineage (Sabine Clausus, with the vernacular variant of   Clodius , esp. in the 1st cent. BC). The Claudii supposedly immigrated to Rome from the Sabine city of Regillum at the beginning of the republic in 504 BC under their ancestor Att(i)us Clausus ( Appius) and were immediately accepted into the circle of patrician families (Liv. 2,16,4-6), which explains why the early members received the invented epithets of Inregillensis C. [I 5-6] and Sabinus C. [I 31-32], [1. 155f.]. The praenomen Appius came to signify the family. Named after them was the Tribus Claudi…

A popular cognomen in the Imperial Age, attested with certainty from the 1st cent. AD (ThlL, Onom. 2,133ff.). [German version] [1] Christian in AD 200 Christian in c. AD 200, author of various lost treatise about the Hexaemeron (Eus. HE 5,27; Jer. vir. ill. 48). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] A follower of the Gnostic Valentinianus, 3rd cent. AD A follower of the Gnostic Valentinianus; in c. AD 230, he had a public dispute with  Origen, who accused him of retrospectively falsifying the records (Rufin. Apol. Orig. epil. = PG 17,625; Hier. Adv. Ru…

[German version] King of the Thuringians c. AD 507/511-531/2. Around 510 he married  Amalaberga, the niece of the king of the Ostrogoths  Theoderic the Great, and thus became involved in his policy of alliances (Anon. Vales. 12,70; Cassiod. Var. 4,1; Iord. Get. 299; Procop. Goth. 5,12,22). H. initially ruled with his brothers Baderic and Berthar. After their murder, he was sole ruler until he was overthrown by the king of the Franks  Theoderic c. 531/2. He died shortly afterwards. His territory became part of Franconia (Greg. Tur. Franc. 3,4-8; Procop. Goth. 5,13,1f.…

[German version] (Genzon). Son of  Geisericus, brother of Hunericus, father of Gunthamundus, Gelaridus, and Thrasamund (Procop. Vand. 1,5,11; 8,6-8; 9,6). In AD 468, he participated in the naval battle against  Basiliscus (Procop. Vand. 1,6,24), only to die in 477, preceding his father in death. PLRE 2,502-503 (Genton 1). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

[German version] Son of  Hunericus and Eudocia [2], the daughter of Valentinian III (Theoph. 5964; 6026), king of the Vandals in AD 523-530 who ended the anti-Catholic policies of his predecessors and attempted to come closer to Byzantium (he minted coins with the image of Justin I [1. 94]), while the relationship with the East Goths deteriorated considerably. The Vandal opposition under the leadership of  Gelimer therefore took advantage of a defeat of H.'s troops against Arabs in Byzacena to dep…

[German version] (πατρονόμος, ‘guardian of the ancestral traditions’). Predominantly epigraphically attested title of a Spartan annual official, created in c. 227 BC by Cleomenes [6] III; the institution of this office was probably connected with the temporary abolition of the éphoroi and the limitation of the political influence of the  gerousía (Paus. 2,9,1). In the Roman period, the patronomos, attested from the 1st cent. BC as Sparta's eponymous magistrate, oversaw six sýnarchoi or synpatronómoi (cf. IG V 1,48; SEG XI 503 with [2]). The tasks of a patronomos, which were linked…

[German version] (Δάμιππος; Dámippos). Spartan in the service of Hieronymus of Syracuse to whom he gave the advice of adherence to the alliance with Rome in 215 BC (Pol. 7,5,3). Later he also served Epicydes; in 212 he was sent as envoy to Philip V of Macedonia, and in the process fell into the hands of the Romans. The negotiations for his release, in the course of which M. Claudius [I 11] Marcellus noticed a tower that was only poorly guarded by the Syracusans, ultimately led to the successful Roman attack on Epipolae (Liv. 25,23,8ff.; Plut. Marcellus 18; Polyaenus, Strat. 8,11). Meier, Mischa…

[German version] (Ἡγησίδαμος; Hēgēsídamos). In the Suda s.v. Ἱππίας/ Hippías named as the teacher of  Hippias of Elis. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

[German version] A unified notion of peace, comparable to the modern concept, was unknown in Antiquity. Eirene; Koine Eirene; Pax. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

(Ἀγασίας; Agasías) [German version] [1] Lochagos in the mercenary army of the younger Cyrus From Stymphalus. Lochagos in the mercenary army of the younger Cyrus, friend of Xenophon, who praises A. for his courageous demeanour, bravery in battle and resolute advocacy for his own soldiers (cf. especially Xen. An. 6,6,7 ff.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Sculptor from Ephesus, 1st cent. BC Son of Menophilus, sculptor from Ephesus. In the early 1st cent. BC, created portrait statues for Romans in Delos and in Tenos, according to base inscript…

(Ἄρατος; Áratos). [German version] [1] Legendary figure in the early history of Sparta Legendary figure in the early history of Sparta. According to Just. Epit. 3,4,8, in the first Messenian War A. sent the younger soldiers back to their homes, where they had intercourse with all the women and thus ensured the growth of the Spartan population. The so-called  Partheniae conceived in this way, later founded Tarentum under  Phalanthas, the son of A. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Sikyonian leader of the Achaean League (245-213 Bc) Sicyonian, 271-213 BC, between 245 an…

[German version] (εὐεργέτης; euergétēs, ‘benefactor’). An honorary title bestowed by Greek communities upon people who rendered particularly outstanding services to them. There is evidence of this term with this meaning from the 5th cent. BC (cf. Hdt. 8,136), but euergesia as an aspect of the ideal of generosity of the Greek aristocracy can be traced back to the Homeric period ( Euergetism). In Athens the work of individual citizens for the polis in the 5th cent. was still primarily regulated by  liturgies and it was expected of on…

(Νίκανδρος; Níkandros). [German version] [1] Spartan king, c. 715 BC Spartan king, Eurypontid, the father of Theopompus (Hdt. 8,131). N. led the raid of Spartans and Asinaeans into Argolis, in retaliation for which the Argives destroyed Asine [1] ( c. 715 BC). The settlement was refounded a few years later on the Messenian Gulf (Asine [2]; Paus. 2,36,4f.; 3,7,4; 4,14,3f.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography M. Meier, Aristokraten und Damoden, 1998, 74f., 93, 96. [German version] [2] Strategos in the Aetolian League, 190/189, 184/3 and 177/6 BC Son of Bittus of Trichonium (Syll.3 5…

(Δέξιππος; Déxippos). [German version] [1] Spartan, mercenary leader c. 400 BC Lacedaemonian, 406 BC mercenary leader of Acragas in the war against Carthage in which he played an obscure role. The Syracusans appointed him as the commander in Gela where he refused to support Dionysius I and was then sent back to his homeland (Diod. Sic. 13,85,3f.; 87,4f.; 88,7f.; 93; 96,1). D. is perhaps identical with a perioecus who drew attention to himself in the army of Cyrus the Younger through his wicked machinations and was finally executed by Nicander (Xen. An. 5,1,15; 6,1,32; 6,5ff.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] P. Herennius D. Athenian historian 3rd cent. AD * c. AD 200/205 [1. 19f.]. Historian from the Attic deme of Hermus, in 262 agonothete for the Panathenaea, then eponymous archon (PIR 4/2, 104). In 267 with 2,000 men he launched …

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(Θεόπομπος/ Theópompos). [German version] [1] Spartan king, around 700 BC Among the early Spartan kings, the Eurypontid T. (Eurypontids), son of Nicander [1] (Hdt. 8,131), is the only one securely identified in a contemporary source: Tyrtaeus (fr. 2 Gentili/Prato) names him as a victorious king in the 1st Messenian War ( c. 700/690-680/70 BC). He was probably the colleague of the Agiad Polydorus [6] (Paus. 4,7,7), appears to have played a role in Spartan-Argive conflicts around Cynuria [1] (Paus. 3,7,5) and in disputes between Spartans and Arcad…

[German version] (Ἀμφίδαμος, Ἀμφιδάμας; Amphídamos, Amphidámas) Captain of the Eleans. In 218 BC A. was imprisoned by Philip V, but was released without payment of ransom after he promised to press the Eleans to form an alliance with Philip. His efforts failed, however; suspected of betrayal, A. had to flee Elis and returned to Philip (Pol. 4,75,6; 84-86).  Philippus Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography F. W. Walbank, Philip V of Macedon, 1967, 48 f.

[German version] (Ἐπευνακταί; Epeunaktaí). Literally ‘bedfellows’. According to Theopomp (FGrH 115 F 171 in Ath. 6,271c-d), Helots who during the 1st Messenian War were set free by the Spartans and received citizenship; they were supposed to unite with the widows of those who had fallen (cf. also Just. Epit. 3,5,6, who however dates the events in the second Messenian War). According to this, the E. would have been the fathers of the so-called  Partheniai, who appear in tradition as the fou…

[German version] (Gesalech; also Gesalecus, Gisaleicus). Illegitimate son of  Alaricus [3] II; after the latter's death at Vouillé in AD 507 he was elected king of the Visigoths, as his legitimate half-brother  Amalaricus, grandson of the Ostrogothic king Theoderic, was still a minor (Procop. Goth. 5,12,43). G. was soon forced to retreat to Spain by the Burgundians and Franks (Chron. min. 1,665f. Mommsen). When Theoderic contested his leadership on behalf of Amalaricus (Procop. Goth. 5,12,46), G. fled to Africa …

[German version] Dux ( reiks) of the  Tervingi; in AD 376, with the permission of  Valens and under threat from the Huns, he led his tribe as dediticii (  deditio ) across the Danube to Thrace (Amm. Marc. 31,4,8; Iord. Get. 134), where the Arian won over parts of …

(Ἀνήριστος; Anḗristos). [German version] [1] Spartan (beginning of 5th cent. BC) Spartan. After the murder of the Persian envoy in Sparta, his son  Sperthias went willingly to atone for this debt to the great king, but was let go there (Hdt. 7,134 ff.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Spartan, died 430 BC Spartan, son of Sperthias. According to Hdt. 7,137 A. conquered Halieis. In 430 BC he fell into the hands of the Athenians as a member of a Peloponnesian delegation on the way to the great king and was killed (Hdt. 7,137; Thuc. 2,67). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

Name of a plebeian gens, attested from the 5th cent. BC (variant Canoleius; Greek Κανουλήϊος; Kanoulḗïos); from the 1st cent. AD, the name becomes rare (ThlL, Onom. 2,148f.). [German version] [1] C., C. Tribunus plebis 445 BC tribunus plebis of 445 BC, who is said to have introduced a plebiscitum Canu…

[German version] An inscription in archaic Latin on the so-called ‘Vasculum Dresselianum’, a ceramic vessel discovered in Rome, south-east of the Quirinal, in 1880 by H. Dressel. The triangular object with rounded tips and concave sides (length of sides: 10,3-10,5 cm; max. height: 4,5 cm; cf. [1. 55]) has a round opening at each tip. The inscription is on the outer side, written in three lines to be read from right to left (see fig.; other fig. in [1; 2. 134f., 140]; a version of transcription in [3. 70]). The dating of the text ranges from the 7th to the late 3rd cent. BC; ar…

[German version] (Ἐτεόνικος; Eteónikos). Spartan, campaigned under Astyochus against Lesbos in 412 BC (Thuc. 8,23); as  harmost of Thasos he was forced out by an anti-Spartan faction in 410 (Xen. Hell. 1,1,32). After the Spartan defeat at Arginusae in 406, E. took his ship and troops safely to Chios and stationed them there until Lysander's arrival (Xen. Hell.1,6,26; 35-38; 2,1,1-6; 10; Diod. Sic. 13,97,3; 100,5). He held a command at Aigospotamoi (405) (Diod. Sic. 13,106,5; Paus. 10,9,10). E. late…

(Χαίρων; Chaírōn). [German version] [1] Mythical son of Apollo and Thero Mythical son of Apollo and Thero (in Plut. Sulla 17: Thuro); founder of the city named after him,  Chaeronea …

[German version] (καλοκἀγαθία; kalokagathía). ‘Excellence’, a combination of kalós k(aì) (‘and’) agathós, where kalós means ‘beautiful’, and agathós ‘good’. Because since Homeric times Greek aristocrats had been defining themselves with these two adjectives [1. 8f.], kalokagathia was thought to be an expression of aris…

[German version] (Ἀρχῖνος; Archînos). Athenian, around 404 BC initially an adherent of the political group around  Theramenes (Aristot. Ath. Pol. 34,3). Together with  Thrasyboulus in 404/3 he launched the struggle against the 30 Tyrants ( Triakonta) from  Phyle (Dem. Or. 24,135). After the victory he was a proponent of preserving the general amnesty and opposed to expanding Athenian citizenship (Aristot…

(Λούκιος; Loúkios) [German version] [1] L. Kathegetes Author of pharmacological texts, 1st cent. AD Author of pharmacological texts, active in the middle to the end of the 1st cent. AD. Galen (De compositione medicamentum secundum genera 13,295 K.), quoting from Andromachus [5] the Younger, records a remedy against diarrhoea by L. of Tarsus, a city with a long pharmacological tradition (cf. also 13,292 K., where the name of the city is not mentioned). He is almost certainly to be identified with the more fa…

(Δορύλαος; Dorýlaos). [German version] [1] Great-great-grandfather of Strabo, friend of Mithridates V From Amisus, great-great-grandfather of the geographer Strabo, recruited mercenaries in Thrace, Greece and Crete as anḕr taktikós and friend of Mithridates V of Pontus. In Knossos he was chosen as stratēgós and defeated the Gortynians. After the assassination of Mithridates in 120 BC he remained in Knossos (Str. 10,4,10). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Philetaerus, participated in the 1st Mithridatic War Son of Philetaerus, nephew of D. [1]. Raised as syntrophos of Mithridates VI in Sinope, D. later became ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐγχειριδίου (‘secretary’) of the king and priest of Comana (OGIS 372). In the 1st Mithridatic War D. went to Greece in 8…

[German version] (Ἀξίοχος; Axíochos). Uncle of  Alcibiades (Pl. Euthd. 275a), and accused together with him in 415 BC of the profanation of the Mysteries in the house of Charmenides, after which he fled from Athens (And. 1,16); his possessions were auctioned. On his alleged amorous adventures: cf. Ath. 12,534F-535A; 13,574E and [1. 20]. He appears in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue that is named after him. Traill, PAA 139755.…

[German version] Son of Hunimund the Elder, first Gothic king under Hunnish rule. In AD 376 he helped the Hunnish king Balamber to victory over the Amalian Vinitharius (Iord. Get. 248). Perhaps identical to Gensimund, who, although the kingship was offered to him as Amalian magister militum, declined in favour of the legitimate successors (Cassiod. Var. 8,9). PLRE 2,510 and [1. 26f.] consider the two to be identical; contrary [2. 254f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) Bibliography 1 P. Heather, Goths and Romans 332-489, 1991 2 H. Wolfram, Die Goten, 31990.

(Ἀρίσταρχος; Arístarchos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (end of the 5th cent. BC) Athenian politician, in 411 BC the most embittered opponent of the demos among the 400 Oligarchs in Athens (Thuc. 8,90,1). A. participated in the fortification of  Eetioneia when he was strategos (Xen. Hell. 2,3,46). After the regime was toppled, he betrayed the border fortification Oenoe to the Boeotians (Thuc. 8,98), for which he was executed in 406 (?) (Lycurg. Leocr. 115; PA, 1663; Traill PAA, 164155). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] o…

(Δάοχος; Dáochos). [German version] [1] D.I. Tagos of the Thessalian koinon 431-404 BC from Pharsalus, son of Agias, was the   tagos of the Thessalian koinon for 27 years ( c. 431-404 BC?); his tageia was reputedly a time of peace and prosperity (Syll.3 273) [1. 110f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] D. II. Thessalian, envoy of Philip II 338 BC high-ranking Thessalian, grandson of D. [1]. In 338 BC, Philip II sent him together with others to the Thebans to procure support against Athens (Pol. 18,4,4; Dem. Or. 18,211…

Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] A. Interpretatio Christiana ofIillustrated Columns (CT) Whether in architectural contexts or isolated as monumental columns, scarcely any building eleme…

(ῥήτρα/ rhḗtra, Ionian ῥήτρη/ rhḗtrē, Elean ράτρα/ wrátra; related to εἴρειν/ eírein ('speak')). …

[German version] Son of Massilia, was elevated to king of the Suebi by the king of the West Goths Theodericus II in AD 456 after the murder of Rechiarius, although he had to defend himself against other pretenders [1. 124]. In 457 he plundered Olisipo (Lisbon) and laid waste to Gallaecia, in 459 to Lusitania and Portumcale Castrum (Oporto). In the same year, he murdered his brother, was then killed himself in 460 (Chron. min. 2,29-31 Mommsen). PLRE 2, 704.…

[German version] (Ἔνδιος; Éndios). Spartan, son of Alcibiades. In 420 BC, E. attempted in vain as a delegate in Athens to prevent a symmachia between the Athenians and Argos, Mantineia and Elis (Thuc. 5,44-47). As ephor he voted in 413/2 on the advice of Alcibiades [3], who was banned from Athens and with whose family he was associated by proxenia, f…

(Ἀριστομένης; Aristoménēs). [German version] [1] Messenian hero and freedom fighter (2nd half of 7th cent. BC) Messenian hero and freedom fighter, seen as a descendant of the Aepytids. With the support of Arcadians and Argives, A. was the supposed leader of a Messenian revolt against Sparta which lasted for many years. Paus. 4,14,6-24,3 reports that on his defeat, after initial successes, in the so-called battle of the ‘Great Trench’ because of the treachery of the Arcadian king  Aristocrates [1], A. retreated to the northern Messenian mountain stronghold of Hira, from where he engaged the Spartans in a…

[German version] (Gundovech). King of the Burgundians in AD 457-470, from the family of  Athanaric [1. 44], married a sister of Ricimer (Malalas 374-75; Johannes Antiochenus fr. 209), his sons are Gundobad, Godigisclus, Chilperic and Godomer (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,28). As an ally of Theoderic II he attacked in 455 with his brother Chilperic I the Suebians in Gaul and settled there after the victory of Theoderic in 457. In 463 he was magister utriusque militiae (per Gallias); in the same year he informed Pope Hilarius about the irregular administration of the bishop of  Vienna (Hilarius Ep…

Roman cognomen (‘floppy-eared’), probably originally an individual cognomen, in the Republican period especially widespread in the senatorial families of the Fulvii, Norbani and Valerii, and in the Imperial period also among numerous other families. Nickname of the poet Q.  Horatius F. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Statilius F. Writer of epigrams Writer of epigrams. The co…

[German version] (also Eurichus, Euarix). King of the Visigoths in AD 466-484, son of Theoderic I, succeeded to the throne after the murder of his brother Theoderic II (Iord. Get. 190; Hydatius Lemiensis 237). E.'s reign was marked by the constant endeavour to expand the area of his kingdom (originally Aquitania II, Novempopulana and parts of Narbonensis I) and to weaken the dependence on Rome, which is clear from the termination of the   foedus with the Romans. From 468 he advanced against the Suebi and in the following years conquered almost the e…

(Τιμόμαχος/ Timómachos). [German version] [1] From Thebes, commander in the Peloponnesian War commander of the Theban Aegidae, claimed to have supported the Spartans with his army in the conflict against Amyclae [1] and to have instructed them in the art of warfare. His bronze armour was displayed at the Hyacinthia (Hyacinthus) and T. himself was always highly honoured in Sparta (Aristot. fr. 532 Rose). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography M. Nafissi, La nascita del kosmos, 1991, 324-326. [German version] [2] Athenian strategist from Acharnae, 4th cent. BC Athenian strategist …

…

[German version] [1] see Domitius [II 17] Leo Praefectus urbi under Elagabalus; see Domitius [II 17] Leo. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] Leo Narbonensis High-ranking Gaulish senator, 5th cent. AD High-ranking Gaulish senator ( vir spectabilis), a descendant of Fronto [6]; poet, orator, and jurist. As consiliarius (‘adviser’) to the kings Euricus and Alaricus [3] II, L. was between c. AD 475 and 484 (as a Roman) the most important official within the Visigoth kingdom. He wrote Euricus' speeches and received envoys on his behalf (such as in 474…

[German version] (Ἐράριχος; Erárichos). A Rugian, AD 541 king of the Ostrogoths in succession to Ildibad. Officially, E. negotiated with Justinian a withdrawal of the Goths to the region north of the Po, but secretly he offered to abandon the whole of Italy in return for a large sum of money and the status of patricius. While his ambassadors were still negotiating, E. was eliminated after having reigned for only five months; his successor was Totila (Procop. Goth. 3,2; Jord. Rom. 378f.; Chron. min. 2,106f. Mommsen). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

(Δάοχος). [English version] [1] D.I. Vorsteher des thessalischen Koinon 431-404 v.Chr. aus Pharsalos, Sohn des Agias, stand als Tagos 27 Jahre lang dem thessalischen Koinon vor (ca. 431-404 v.Chr.?); seine Tageia galt als Phase des Friedens und Wohlstandes (Syll.3 273) [1. 110f.]. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [English version] [2] D. II. Thessaler, Gesandter Philipps II. 338 v.Chr. vornehmer Thessaler, Enkel von D. [1]. Philipp II. sandte ihn 338 v.Chr. zusammen mit anderen zu den Thebanern, um Unterstützung gegen Athen zu erwi…

(μητρόπολις, wörtl. “Mutterstadt”). [English version] [1] Mutterstadt von Kolonien in der Zeit der sog. Großen Kolonisation (ca. 750-500 v.Chr.) Seit der sog. Großen Kolonisation (ca. 750-500 v.Chr., Kolonisation IV., vgl. dort die Übersicht) wurden in zahlreichen griech. Gemeinwesen als Ausgangspunkt eines Kolonisationsunternehmens ein oikistḗs (“Gründer”) und weitere ápoikoi (“Siedler”, “Kolonisten”) aus den Bürgern der jeweiligen späteren m. bestimmt und mit der Gründung einer apoikía ( = a.) außerhalb des Gebietes der m. betraut (oder brachen aus eigener Initia…

[English version] (Fravitus). Terwingischer Heerführer in röm. Dienst, mit einer Römerin verheiratet. Als Verfechter der Einhaltung des röm. Bündnisses mit den Goten von 382 n.Chr. tötete er 391 am Hof des Theodosius I. Eriulf (Zos. 4,56,1-3; Eunapios fr. 60 FHG 4,41). Um 400 verhinderte er als magister militum im Auftrag des Arcadius den Übergang des Gainas über den Hellespont (Zos. 5,20-21; Soz. 8,4,19-21) und wurde dafür 401 mit dem Consulat belohnt (Eunapios fr. 82 FHG 4,50). Um 403/4 jedoch angeklagt, er habe Gainas entkommen lassen, wu…

[English version] Ostgote, comes Syracusanae civitatis im J. 526/7 n.Chr., Befehlshaber über die Provinz Sicilia, bekannt aus zwei Briefen des Athalaricus (Cassiod. var. 9,11; 14), der dort dem comes Gotharum G. aufgrund von Mißständen in der Steuererhebung und in Rechtsentscheidungen mit Amtsenthebung drohte. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

[English version] [1] Sohn des spartanischen Königs Theopomp Nach Hdt. 8,131 Sohn des spartanischen Königs Theopomp, Eurypontide; seine Historizität ist zweifelhaft. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Spartan. König (Mitte 6. Jh. v. Chr.) Spartanischer König um die Mitte des 6. Jhs. v. Chr., Agiade. Unter der Basileia des A. und des Ariston schloß Tegea ein Bündnis mit Sparta. Eine Nachricht, nach der Aischines, Tyrann von Sikyon, von A. und Chilon in dessen Ephorat (556/5) vertrieben wurde, läßt sich nicht verifizi…

[English version] (Ἐράριχος). Rugier, 541 n.Chr. König der Ostgoten als Nachfolger des Ildibad. E. verhandelte offiziell mit Iustinian über einen Abzug der Goten in das Gebiet nördl. des Po, bot aber insgeheim die Aufgabe ganz Italiens für eine hohe Geldsumme und die patricius-Würde an. Noch während der Verhandlungen seiner Gesandten wurde E. nach nur fünfmonatiger Regierung beseitigt; sein Nachfolger wurde Totila (Prok. BG 3,2; Iord. Rom. 378f.; Chron. min. 2,106f. Mommsen). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

(Friderich). [English version] [1] Sohn des Westgotenkönigs Theoderich I., Mitherrscher des Theoderich II. um 450 n. Chr. Sohn des Westgotenkönigs Theoderich I., Bruder und Mitherrscher des Theoderich II., dem er 453 n.Chr. nach der Ermordung des ältesten Bruders Thorismud zum Thron verhalf (Chron. min. 1,483; 2,27 Mommsen; Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,7); nach erfolgreichen Kämpfen gegen spanische Bagauden (wohl als magister militum, vgl. Chron. min. 2,27; dazu [1. 690f.]) war er 455 an der Erhebung des Avitus [1] zum Kaiser beteiligt (Sidon. carm. 7,391ff.; 435…

[English version] (Gundomarus, Gundomar). Sohn des Gundobad, nach dem Tod seines Bruders Sigismundus (Greg. Tur. Franc. 3,6) 524 n.Chr. zum König der Burgunden erhoben (Chron. min. 2,235 Mommsen). Er besiegte die Franken unter Chlodomer bei Vienne am 25.6.524, knüpfte 530 ein Bündnis mit Amalasuntha und kaufte Kriegsgefangene frei (CIL XII 2584). 533 besiegten die Franken unter Chlothachar und Childebert G. bei Autun und teilten 534 das burgundische Reich unter sich auf (Greg. Tur. Franc. 3,11). PLRE 2, 517 G. (2). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

[English version] (Ἐπευνακταί). Wörtlich “Bettgenossen”. Nach Theopomp (FGrH 115 F 171 bei Athen. 6,271c-d) Heloten, die während des 1. Messenischen Krieges von den Spartanern freigelassen wurden und das Bürgerrecht erhielten; sie sollten sich mit den Witwen der Gefallenen verbinden (vgl. auch Iust. 3,5,6, der die Ereignisse jedoch in den Tyrtaioskrieg datiert). Demnach wären E. die Väter der sog. Parthenier gewesen, die in der Überlieferung als Gründer Tarents erscheinen (Strab. 6,3,2f.) und mit …

[English version] (Ἔνδιος). Spartiat, Sohn des Alkibiades. 420 v.Chr. versuchte E. als Gesandter in Athen erfolglos, eine Symmachie zwischen den Athenern sowie Argos, Mantineia und Elis zu verhindern (Thuk. 5,44-47). Als Ephor stimmte er 413/2 auf Anraten des aus Athen verbannten Alkibiades [3], mit dessen Familie er durch Proxenie verbunden war, für eine rasche Verlagerung des Kriegsgeschehens in das Gebiet der kleinasiatischen Verbündeten Athens (Thuk. 8,6; 17). Nach der spartanischen Niederlage…

(Πολύδωρος, lat. Polydorus). [English version] [1] König von Theben, Sohn des Kadmos König von Theben, Sohn des Kadmos [1] und der Harmonia (Hes. theog. 978; Eur. Phoen. 8; Hyg. fab. 179), Gatte der Nykteis, einer Tochter des Nykteus (Apollod. 3,40). Nach Pausanias wird P. Nachfolger des Kadmos auf dem theban. Thron (Paus. 9,5,3), während Euripides ihn nicht als Thronfolger erwähnt, sondern den greisen Kadmos seinem Enkel Pentheus den theban. Thron übergeben läßt (Eur. Bacch. 43 f. und 213). Obwohl die Ahne…

[English version] Konflikte zwischen Spartanern und Messeniern (Messana, Messene [2]) sind bereits E. des 8. Jh.v.Chr. bezeugt (Paus. 4,4,2f.). Wiederholte Übergriffe spartan. Adliger gegen Messenier kulminierten ca. 700/690-680/670 (die ältere, auf der Olympionikenliste basierende Datierung von 736-716 [1. 9ff.; 2. 34] ist nicht zu halten, vgl. [3; 4. 91ff.]) im 1. M.K., der zur spartan. Kontrolle weiter Teile Messeniens führte [4. 70-91]. Ein messen. Aufstand ca. 640/30-600, der 2. M.K., stellte…

[English version] C. Crassus, P., unbekannter Herkunft. 43 v.Chr. als Legat des Lepidus in Gallien (Cic. fam. 10,21,4). Wahrscheinlich Inhaber eines Kommandos unter Antonius I 9 im Perusinischen Krieg (App. civ. 5,50; MRR 2,373). Ende 40 cos. suff., kämpfte er seit 36 erfolgreich in Armenien und im Kaukasus und nahm an den Partherfeldzügen des Antonius teil. Im Winter 33/32 kehrte er von einem Kommando in Armenien zurück zu Antonius, befehligte bei Actium das Landheer und floh nach der Niederlage zu Antonius nach Ägypten, wo er 30 …

In der Kaiserzeit verbreitetes Cognomen, sicher belegt seit dem 1.Jh. n.Chr. (ThlL, Onom. 2,133ff.). [English version] [1] Christ um 200 n.Chr Christ um 200 n.Chr., Verf. mehrerer verlorener Traktate zum Hexaemeron (Eus. HE 5,27; Hier. vir. ill. 48). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Anhänger des Gnostikers Valentinianus, 3. Jh. n.Chr. Anhänger des Gnostikers Valentinianus; disputierte um 230 n.Chr. öffentlich mit Origenes, der ihm eine nachträgliche Fälschung des Protokolls vorwarf (Rufin. apol. Orig. epil. = PG 17,625; Hier. adv.…

[English version] (Δάμιππος). Spartiat im Dienst des Hieronymos von Syrakus, dem er 215 v.Chr. zu einem Festhalten am Bündnis mit Rom riet (Pol. 7,5,3). Später diente er auch dem Epikydes, wurde 212 als Gesandter zu Philipp V. von Makedonien gesandt und fiel dabei den Römern in die Hände. Die Verhandlungen über seine Freilassung, bei denen M. Claudius [I 11] Marcellus auf einen von den Syrakusanern nur schwach bewachten Turm aufmerksam wurde, hatten schließlich den erfolgreichen röm. Angriff auf Epipolai zur Folge (Liv. 25,23,8ff.; Plut. Marcellus 18; Polyain. 8,11). Meier, Mischa …

(Δημήτριος). Bekannte Persönlichkeiten: der maked. König D. [2] Poliorketes; der Politiker und Schriftsteller D. [4] von Phaleron; der jüd.-hell. Chronograph D. [29]. I. Politisch aktive Persönlichkeiten [English version] [1] Offizier unter Alexander d.Gr. Offizier unter Alexandros [4], kämpfte bei Gaugamela als Führer einer Ile der Hetairoi und in Indien als Kommandeur einer Hipparchie. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, Nr. 256. [English version] [2] D. Poliorketes Sohn von Antigonos [1], geb. 337/6 v.Chr. (Diod. 19,96,1). Er heiratete 320 Ph…

[English version] Feldherr der Eleer. A. geriet 218 v. Chr. in Gefangenschaft Philipps V., wurde aber ohne Lösegeldzahlung wieder entlassen, nachdem er versprochen hatte, die Eleer zu einer Symmachia mit Philipp zu bewegen. Seine Anstrengungen schlugen jedoch fehl; des Verrates verdächtigt, mußte A. aus Elis fliehen und kehrte zu Philipp zurück (Pol. 4,75,6; 84-86). Philipp Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography F. W. Walbank, Philip V of Macedon, 1967, 48 f.

[English version] (μεσότης, mesótēs, “Mitte”, “Mittelmaß”, verstanden im positiven Sinne). Leitbegriff einer griech. ethischen (und daraus resultierend polit.) Maxime, die - nach der klass. Definition des Aristoteles (s.u.) - eine Orientierung zur Mitte zwischen dem “Zuviel” ( hyperbolḗ) und dem “Zuwenig” ( élleipsis) postuliert. Ein diffuses m.-Ideal ist seit archa. Zeit greifbar und wurde schon von Hesiodos (erg. 694) propagiert sowie v.a. dem delphischen Orakel bzw. den Sieben Weisen zugeschrieben ( mēdén ágan: “nichts zuviel”, Belege bei [1. 11f.]). Solon rief u…

[English version] (Ἐπικυδίδας). Spartiat, der 394 v.Chr. dem König Agesilaos den Befehl der Ephoren überbrachte, aus Kleinasien nach Sparta zurückzukehren (Xen. hell. 4,2,2; Plut. Agesilaos 15,2). Vermutlich nahm er als Truppenführer an der Schlacht bei Aigospotamoi (405) teil und wurde dafür durch ein Denkmal in Delphi geehrt (Paus. 10,9,10, doch ist der Name korrupt überliefert). Er fiel 378 unter Agesilaos in Boiotien (Xen. hell. 5,4,39). Ein von Thuk. 5,12f. genannter Truppenführer gleichen Namens ist vermutlich nicht mit ihm identisch. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld)

[English version] (H)ermanaricus (auch Ermenrichus, Hermenerig). König der Ostgoten, gehört als erster histor. faßbarer Amaler bereits der 10. Generation des Amalerstammbaums an (Iord. Get. 79 aus Cassiodor). Er war der jüngste Sohn des Achiulf, Bruder von Ansila, Ediulf und Vultuulf und galt als Begründer der “jüngeren” Amalerlinie, die sich durch die Ehe des Eutharicus mit Amalasuntha 515 n.Chr. wieder mit der “älteren” Linie, begründet von Vultuulf, verband (Iord. Get. 79-81). E. beherrschte um…

[English version] [1] P. Redner, 1. Jh. v. Chr. wird von Cic. Brut. 205 als Kopist (Hrsg.?) der Reden des P. Sulpicius und als äußerst beredter Redner (positiv Cic. Cluent. 29, 50, 73f.) erwähnt, während ihn Aper bei Tac. dial. 21,1 für zu alt hält. Er war kein Senator, trat aber im Prozeß gegen Oppianicus (Cluent. 58) auf. Aus der pass. Verwendung von admirari im einzigen Zitat bei Prisc. gramm. 2,381,12f. läßt sich schließen, daß C. Analogist war. Histrio Calboli, Gualtiero (Bologna) Bibliography Ed.: ORF4, 371f. Lit.: Münzer, s.v. C. 2, RE 3, 1485  A.E. Douglas, Comm. in Cicero's Brutu…

(Δέξιππος). [English version] [1] Spartaner, Söldnerführer um 400 v.Chr. Lakedaimonier, 406 v.Chr. Söldnerführer auf Seiten von Akragas im Krieg gegen Karthago, in dem er eine undurchsichtige Rolle spielte. Die Syrakusaner setzten ihn zum Befehlshaber in Gela ein, wo er aber dem Dionysios I. seine Unterstützung versagte, der ihn darauf in die Heimat zurücksandte (Diod. 13,85,3f.; 87,4f.; 88,7f.; 93; 96,1). Vielleicht ist D. identisch mit einem Perioiken, der im Heer des jüngeren Kyros durch seine üblen U…

(Χειρίσοφος). [English version] [1] Spartanischer Feldherr unter Kyros Spartiat, der 401 v.Chr. im Auftrag seiner Polis mit 700 Hopliten bei Issos zum Heer des jüngeren Kyros stieß (Xen. an. 1,4,3; Diod. 14,19,4f.) und nach dessen Tod bei Kunaxa von Klearchos zu Ariaios gesandt wurde, um ihm den Perserthron anzubieten (Xen. an. 2,1,4f.). Nach der Gefangennahme und Ermordung des Klearchos erhielt Ch. den Oberbefehl über das gesamte restliche Heer (Diod. 14,27,1) und leitete den Rückzug nach Trapezunt, ei…

(Προκλῆς). [English version] [1] Legendärer spartanischer König Legendärer spartanischer König. P. galt als Sohn des Aristodemos [1] - und somit als direkter Nachfahre des Herakles [1] - sowie als Stammvater der Eurypontidai - benannt nach seinem Sohn (Hdt. 8,131) oder Enkel (Plut. Lykurgos 1) Eurypon. Noch im 5. Jh. v. Chr. erscheinen bei Hellanikos (FGrH 4 F 116) P. und sein Zwillingsbruder Eurysthenes [1], nicht etwa Lykurgos [4], als Stifter der spartan. Verfassung. Ephoros (FGrH 70 F 117) schreibt…

Röm. Gentilname (auch Cerinius) osk. Ursprungs, abgeleitet von Ceres; in Pompeii und Umgebung häufig bezeugt [1. 467f.]. [English version] [1] Bacchusmyste 2. Jh. v.Chr. Nach Liv. 39,13,9 wurden Minnius und Herennius Cerrinii als erste Männer von ihrer Mutter, einer Dionysospriesterin, in die Bacchusmysterien eingeweiht. Nach dem Verbot der sog. Bacchanalien 186 v.Chr. durch den Senat (CIL I2 581) wurde Minnius als führender Kopf der Kultgemeinschaft, in der man eine Verschwörung sah, in Ardea inhaftiert (Liv. 39,17,6; 19,2). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Bibliography 1 Schulze…

(Ἀγασίας) [English version] [1] Lochagos im Söldnerheer des jüngeren Kyros aus Stymphalos. Lochagos im Söldnerheer des jüngeren Kyros, Freund Xenophons, der an A. mutiges Auftreten, Tapferkeit im Kampf und das entschlossene Eintreten für die eigenen Soldaten lobt (vgl. bes. Xen. an. 6,6,7 ff.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Bildhauer aus Ephesos, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Menophilos, Bildhauer aus Ephesos. Schuf im frühen 1. Jh. v. Chr. in Delos Porträtstatuen für Römer und in Tenos laut Basisinschriften zwei Bronzegruppen mit dem Ka…

(Ἀριστοτέλης). [English version] [1] Athenischer Oligarch Athenischer Oligarch, der als athenischer Verbannter 404 v. Chr. von Lysandros nach Sparta gesandt wurde (Xen. hell. 2,2,118). Später gehörte er zu den 30 Tyrannen in Athen (Xen. hell. 2,3,2; Triakonta), von denen er mit der Bitte um eine spartanische Besatzungstruppe nach Sparta geschickt wurde (Xen. hell. 2,3,13). Traill, PAA, 174765. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Rhodischer Gesandter 166/5 v. Chr. Rhodier, bat 166/5 v. Chr. als Gesandter in Rom vergeblich den Senat um die Erneuerung der amicitia (Pol…

[English version] E., von griech. ἐπιγράφειν ( epigráphein, “auf etw. schreiben”). Der Begriff dient zur Bezeichnung ant. Texte, die auf verschiedenen, zumeist dauerhaften Materialien (Stein, Bronze u.ä.) festgehalten wurden, sowie als Begriff für die diesbezügliche altertumswiss. Teildisziplin. Inschriften; Epigraphik Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)

(Χαίρων). [English version] [1] Sohn des Apollon und der Thero Mythischer Sohn des Apollon und der Thero (bei Plut. Sulla 17: Thuro), Gründer der nach ihm benannten Stadt Chaironeia (Hes. cat. fr. 252 M-W = Paus. 9,40,5f.; Hellanikos FGrH 379 F3). Plutarch nennt einen früh verstorbenen Sohn nach ihm (consolatio ad uxorem 5 p. 609d). Bloch, René (Princeton) [English version] [2] Spartanischer Polemarch, Ende 5. Jh. v.Chr. Spartanischer Polemarch, der 403 v.Chr. beim Sturm des Pausanias auf den Piräus fiel. Er wurde auf dem Kerameikos bestattet (Xen. hell. 2,4,33…

(Εὐρύλοχος). [English version] [1] Verwandter und Gefährte des Odysseus Naher Verwandter und ambivalenter Gefährte des Odysseus. Er folgt als einziger der Einladung der Kirke nicht und entgeht so der Verwandlung in ein Schwein (Hom. Od. 10,205-274; Apollod. epit. 7,14-15; Ov. met. 14,287). Als E. später die Gefährten gegen Odysseus aufwiegelt, droht ihm die Todesstrafe (Hom. Od. 10,429-448). Vor dem Gang des Odysseus in die Unterwelt nimmt er zusammen mit Perimedes am Totenopfer teil (ebd. 11,23-24); die Szene war nach Paus. 10,29,1 auf der Nekyia des Polygnot dargestellt. Die…

(Ἀδείμαντος). [English version] [1] Korinther (5.Jh. v. Chr.) Korinther, Sohn des Okytos, floh nach Herodot (8,94) im Krieg gegen Xerxes mit dem korinthischen Kontingent feige vor der Seeschlacht bei Salamis 480 v. Chr. Tatsächlich sollte er wohl abseits des Schlachtorts die Westzufahrt zum Golf bewachen und wurde auch in den Kampf verwickelt (vgl. ML 24; Dion Chrys. 37,18; Plut. mor. 870b-871a). Sein Sohn Aristeas (Aristeus) befehligte 432 das korinthische Hilfscorps für das von Athen abgefallene Potei…

Röm. Cognomen eines Zweiges der patrizischen Cornelii (ThlL, Onom. 356-59). Seit dem 3.Jh. v.Chr. bezeugt, auch Cetegus (Cic. or. 160), griech. Κέθηγος, angeblich weil die Familie die Tunica zu tragen ablehnte (Porph. Hor. ars 50). Auch als Familienname inschr. bezeugt [1. 293]. Die kaiserzeitlichen Namensträger hängen mit den republikanischen vielleicht nicht zusammen. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Rufius Petronius Nicomachus C. Consul 504 n.Chr. cos. 504 n.Chr., patricius seit ca. 512, mag. officiorum, princeps senatus. C. wurde während der Bela…

(Ἀριστομένης). [English version] [1] Messenischer Freiheitsheld (2.H. 7. Jh. v. Chr.) Messenischer Freiheitsheld, der den Aipytiden zugeordnet wird. A. soll mit Unterstützung von Arkadern und Argivern einen langjährigen messenischen Aufstand gegen Sparta geleitet haben. Nach Paus. 4,14,6-24,3 zog er sich, als er nach ersten Erfolgen in der sog. Schlacht am “Großen Graben” durch den Verrat des arkad. Königs Aristokrates [1] geschlagen wurde, auf die nordmessenische Bergfestung Hira zurück, von wo aus er di…