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Marcus

(2,399 words)

Author(s): Rix, Helmut (Freiburg) | Eck, Werner (Köln) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
Eines der häufigsten röm. Praenomina, wohl auch im Umbrischen (Abkürzung Ma.) und gelegentlich im Etr. ( Marce) gebraucht; Sigle: M.; griech. in republikanischer Zeit Μααρκος, später Μάρκος. Der Name ist vom Götternamen Mars (Gen. Martis) abgeleitet und wurde wohl gerne für im März Geborene verwendet. Zum Evangelisten Markos. Mamercus Rix, Helmut (Freiburg) [English version] [1] der Evangelist Markos [1] Der Evangelist Markos [1]. Eck, Werner (Köln) [English version] [2] Marcus Aurelius röm. Kaiser 161-180 und Philosoph Röm. Kaiser 161-180 n.Chr. Eck, Werner (Köln) …

Marinianus

(187 words)

Author(s): Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Franke, Thomas (Bochum)
[English version] [1] Jurist, Rechtslehrer in Rom, 4. Jh. Jurist aus Galatien in Kleinasien, gehörte dem Kreis um Symmachus an, war Rechtslehrer in Rom (Symm. epist. 3,23,2) und 383 n.Chr. Vicarius Hispaniae (Cod. Theod. 9,1,14). PLRE I, 559f. Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography D. Liebs, Die Jurisprudenz im spätant. It., 1987, 64, 98. [English version] [2] Flavius Avitus M. Consul 423 n.Chr. 422 n.Chr. als Praetorianerpraefekt von Italien, Illyrien und Africa bezeugt, 423 Consul, vielleicht patricius. Zusammen mit seiner Frau an der Erneuerung der Petrusbasil…

Africanus

(163 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
Urspr. Siegerbeiname, zuerst angenommen von P. Cornelius Scipio A. (Maior) nach dem Sieg über Karthago 201 v. Chr. (Liv. 30,45,6), dann von seinem Adoptivsohn P. Cornelius Scipio A.(Minor), cos. 147; später als Beiname auch in anderen Familien [1]. In der Kaiserzeit Beiname der Kaiser Gordian I. und II., Iustinian I. und Flavius Mauricius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] griech. Arzt 2./1. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Arzt des 2. oder 1. Jh. v. Chr., der einige seiner Rezepte einem König Antigonos widmete [1]. Nicht zu verwechseln mit einem anderen…

Eudokia

(405 words)

Author(s): Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
(Εὐδοκία). [English version] [1] Aelia E. Urspr. Name Athenais. Stammte aus einem traditionalistischen Milieu Athens (ihr Vater war der Rhetor Leontius) und erwarb eine glänzende Bildung. Angeblich auf Betreiben Pulcherias am 7.6.421 mit Theodosius II. verheiratet; zu diesem Zweck wurde sie getauft und mit dem Namen Aelia E. versehen. Sie galt als fromm und gewann zunehmend Einfluß auf ihren Gatten, wodurch sie Pulcheria zurückdrängte. 422 gebar sie Eudoxia [2], vor 431 Flaccilla. 423 wurde sie August…

Thalassius

(456 words)

Author(s): Gutsfeld, Andreas (Münster) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum)
(Θαλάσσιος; Thalássios). [German version] [1] Follower of Constantius [2] II, 4th cent. AD (Thalassius). Praefectus praetorio Orientis 351-353, from a family of curiales [2] of the East. Little is known about his career, but T. was obviously a loyal follower of Constantius [2] II: in 345, he acted as the emperor's comes in Aquileia; in 351, he held a high office at his court in Cibalae (Zos. 2,48,5); still in the same year, T. - probably a Christian - entered into the office of praetorian prefect of the East (Artemii Passio…

Cerialis

(149 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Bloch, René (Berne)
Roman cognomen (also Caerialis, Caerealis) of Latin origin, derived from the adjectival Cerealis (‘belonging to Ceres’); current from the Julian-Claudian era onwards (Schulze, 486f.; ThlL, Onom. 2,344f.).   Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [1] Brother-in-law of Valentinianus I, 4th cent. AD Brother of  Iustina, the wife of  Valentinianus I (Amm. Marc. 28,2,10). Tribunus stabuli (Amm. Marc. 30,5,19). In AD 375 he helped his nephew  Valentinianus II to the throne (Amm. Marc. 30,10,5). PLRE 1,197. Portmann, Werner (Berlin) [German version] [2] Dux Libyarum 405 AD In AD 4…

Donatus

(1,803 words)

Author(s): Brennecke, Hanns (Erlangen/Nürnberg) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Gatti, Paolo (Trento) | Pollmann, Karla (St. Andrews)
[1] D. of Carthage, Donatists [German version] A. Definition Donatism is a derogatory term for an ethically radical Christian movement that attached itself to traditional elements in the African Church in Roman North Africa in the 4th-7th cents. AD. It led to a schism in the African Church during disputes over the consequences of the Diocletian persecutions of Christians, i.e. the question of how to deal with lay persons and clerics who had given in to the governmental authorities and in some way had become lapsi, e.g. had surrendered Holy Scriptures ( traditores). A separate Donatist …

Orestes

(1,134 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
(Ὀρέστης; Oréstēs). [German version] [1] Son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra Son of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra, who took brutal revenge on his mother and her lover Aegisthus for the murder of his father. The story, which is told in the Nostoi (EpGF p. 67,25-27; PEG I p. 95), was already familiar to the author of the Odyssey (Hom. Od. 1,29ff., 298ff.; 3,193ff., 248ff., 303ff.; 4,90-92, 512ff.; 11,387ff.; 24,20ff., 93ff., 192ff.); depending on the context, the story serves as a foil, either negatively for Penelope, the faithful wife (vs. Clytaemnestra…

Aetius

(1,578 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Runia, David T. (Leiden) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
(Ἀέτιος; Aétios). [German version] [1] Mythical king of Troezen Son of Anthas, mythical king of Troezen; his successors colonized Halicarnass and Myndus in Caria (Paus. 2,30,8 f.). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Doxographer of 1st cent. AD Doxographer of 1st cent. AD. Although historically elusive, A. played a central role in the doxographic tradition of antiquity, because he wrote the only detailed doxographic manual to have been handed down fairly complete ( Doxography). Large parts of the work can be quite accur…

Volusianus

(331 words)

Author(s): Franke, Thomas (Bochum) | Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
[German version] [1] Roman emperor AD 251-253 Imp. Caes. C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus V. P. F. Invictus Aug. (RIC 4,3, 173-189). Roman emperor from the middle of AD 251 until the middle of 253. Born c. 230 in Perusia (?), the son of Trebonianus Gallus and Afinia Gemina Baebiana. After the battle of Abritus against the Goths and the death of Decius [II 1], the legions proclaimed him and his father emperor in June 251 (Eutr. 9,5; Zon. 12,21 D.); at the same time, he was appointed Caesar by his father (Aur. Vict. Caes. 30)…

Olympias

(742 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Brändle, Rudolf (Basle) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim)
(Ὀλυμπιάς; Olympiás). [German version] [1] Daughter of Neoptolemus Daughter of Neoptolemus [2], born in about 375 BC. She was not given the name O. until after the Olympic victory of Philippus II in 356 BC (cf. Plut. Mor. 401b). She married Philip in 357 as his fifth wife (Ath. 13,557b) and bore him Alexander [4] the Great (356) and Cleopatra [II 3]. The birth of a successor elevated O.'s status, but there is no evidence of any political influence. After Philip's marriage to Cleopatra [II 2] she fled to…

Dardanus

(1,277 words)

Author(s): Scheer, Tanja (Rome) | Harrauer, Christine (Vienna) | Inwood, Brad (Toronto) | Schwerteck, Hans (Tübingen) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
(Δάρδανος; Dárdanos). [German version] [1] Son of Zeus Son of Zeus, who of all his mortal sons loved this one the most (Hom. Il. 20,215; 304), and either a mortal mother or the Atlantid Electra/Elektryone (Hes. fr. 177/80 MW; Hellanic. FGrH 4 F 23). Eponymous hero of the  Dardani, who lived on Mt Ida, and in Homer are linked with the Trojans and frequently synonymous with them. D. is the progenitor of the Trojan ruling dynasty. Possibly mentioned in the Ilioupersis, he originates from Arcadia, where he is supposed to have been born in a cave (Ilioupersis fr. 1 PEG I; Str. 8…

Florentinus

(324 words)

Author(s): Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Constance) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] [1] Gaulish correspondent of Symmachus Came from a Gaulish family; correspondent of Symmachus (Epist. 4,50-57), probably a pagan. In AD 379 he probably held the notary's office. It is doubtful whether he is identical with the homonymous comes sacrarum largitionum [1. 100-103]; in 395 quaestor sacri cubiculi; from 395 to 397, thus for an unusually long time, attested as praefectus urbi Romae, proved successful during a famine. Claudian [2] dedicated the second book of De raptu Proserpinae to him (praef. 50). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Delmaire. PLRE…

Marcianus

(1,758 words)

Author(s): Gärtner, Hans Armin (Heidelberg) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Franke, Thomas (Bochum) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)
[German version] [1] Greek geographer from Heraclea, between AD 200 and 530, Marcianus I Greek [1] (Μαρκιανός; Markianós). Geographer from Heraclea [7] between AD 200 (he used the geographer Protagoras) and 530 (he is often quoted by Steph. Byz.), possibly after 400 (GGM 1, CXXX; [2. 272; 3. 997; 6. 156f.]) or even closer to Steph. Byz. [1. 46]. Personal information about him is not available. Only 21 quotes from his Epitome of the eleven books of the Geōgraphía by Artemidorus [3] of Ephesus have been handed down by Steph. Byz. and one as Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 3,859 (GGM 1,…

Didymus

(1,946 words)

Author(s): Montanari, Franco (Pisa) | Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin) | Rist, Josef (Würzburg) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
(Δίδυμος; Dídymos). [1] of Alexandria Important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC [German version] A. Philological activity The most important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC. The biographical entry in the Suda (δ 872) tells us that he was still alive in the reign of Augustus, and mentions a nickname ‘Chalkenteros’ (Χαλκέντερος, ‘Brazen-guts’, cf. the Suda ι 399, χ 29). To his strong constitution he attributed an untiring assiduity that extended to different branches of p…

Symmachus

(1,389 words)

Author(s): Simons, Roswitha (Düsseldorf) | Lehnardt, Andreas | Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) | Zelzer, Michaela (Vienna) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
[German version] I. Greek (Σύμμαχος/ Sýmmachos). [German version] [I 1] Author of a commentary on Aristophanes, 1st half of the 2nd cent. No later than the first half of the 2nd cent. AD (citation in Herodian. 2,945-946 Lentz); author of a commentary on Aristophanes [3], frequently used in Late Antiquity and Byzantine scholia literature ( subscriptio Schol. Aristoph. Av.; Nub.; Pax). It remains unclear whether S. also commented on comedies which do not survive [2. 1138 f.]. Of the 41 (factual) explanations attributed to S. by name in the Aristophane…

Olympias

(678 words)

Author(s): Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Nutton, Vivian (London) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Brändle, Rudolf (Basel) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim)
(Ὀλυμπιάς). [English version] [1] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2] Tochter des Neoptolemos [2], geb. um 375 v.Chr. Den Namen O. erhielt sie erst nach dem Olympischen Sieg des Philippos II. im J. 356 v.Chr. (vgl. Plut. mor. 401b). Sie heiratete Philippos 357 als seine fünfte Gemahlin (Athen. 13,557b) und gebar ihm Alexandros [4] d.Gr. (356) und Kleopatra [II 3]. Die Geburt eines Nachfolgers erhöhte O.' Stellung, doch ist polit. Einfluß nicht nachzuweisen. Nach Philippos' Eheschließung mit Kleopatra [II 2] flo…

Donatus

(1,673 words)

Author(s): Brennecke, Hanns (Erlangen/Nürnberg) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Gatti, Paolo (Trient) | Pollmann, Karla (St. Andrews)
[1] D. von Karthago, Donatisten [English version] A. Definition Donatismus ist die polemisch abwertende Bezeichnung für eine ethisch radikale, an traditionelle Elemente der afrikanischen Kirche anknüpfende christl. Bewegung im röm. Nordafrika im 4.-7. Jh.n.Chr. Sie führte in den Auseinandersetzungen über die Konsequenzen aus der diokletianischen Christenverfolgung, d.h. um die Frage, wie mit Laien und Klerikern zu verfahren sei, die den staatlichen Behörden nachgegeben hatten und in irgendeiner Weise zu lapsi (“Abgefallenen”) geworden waren, z.B. Heilige Schrifte…

Cerialis

(140 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Bloch, René (Princeton)
Röm. Cognomen (auch Caerialis, Caerealis) latinischer Herkunft, abgeleitet von dem Adj. Cerealis (“zu Ceres gehörig”), seit iulisch-claudischer Zeit verbreitet (Schulze, 486f.; ThlL, Onom. 2,344f.). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [1] Schwager von Valentinianus I., 4. Jh. n.Chr. Bruder der Iustina, der Gattin Valentinianus' I. (Amm. 28,2,10). Tribunus stabuli (Amm. 30,5,19). Im Jahre 375 n.Chr. half er seinem Neffen Valentinianus II. auf den Thron (Amm. 30,10,5). PLRE 1,197. Portmann, Werner (Berlin) [English version] [2] Dux Libyarum 405 n.Chr. Dux Libyarum 4…

Florentinus

(288 words)

Author(s): Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) | Schmidt, Peter L. (Konstanz) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main)
[English version] [1] gallischer Korrespondent des Symmachus Entstammte einer gallischen Familie; Korrespondent des Symmachus (epist. 4,50-57), wohl Heide. 379 n.Chr. bekleidete er wohl das Notariat. Fraglich ist, ob er mit dem gleichnamigen comes sacrarum largitionum identisch ist [1. 100-103]; 395 quaestor sacri cubiculi; von 395 bis 397, somit ungewöhnlich lange, als praefectus urbi Romae bezeugt, bewährte sich in einer Hungersnot. Claudianus [2] widmete ihm das zweite Buch von De raptu Proserpinae (praef. 50). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography 1 Delmaire. PLRE …
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