Search

Al-ʿAmāra is a city and administrative unit in southern Iraq, north of the province of Basra on the river Tigris, in an area that has been inhabited since pre-Islamic times. The area is now inhabited by the tribes of the Maʿdan, who have developed their …

[English Version] Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland, einer der musl. Dachverbände in Deutschland. Andere sind der Islamrat für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die staatl. türkische Organisation DITIB (Türkisch-isl. Union der Anstalt für Rel.; Deutsc…

[English Version] Taqīya, »Vorsicht, Furcht«, ist das Verschweigen oder die Verleugnung der Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten, häufig heterodoxen isl. Glaubensvorstellung (Islam: II.,1.), auch d…

[English Version] . Im Sudan, in Ägypten und durch Migration in einigen Staaten der Golfregion werden Besessenheits- (Besessenheit) und Heilungskulte (Krankheit und Heilung: II.), die urspr. vermutlich aus dem subsaharischen Afrika stammen, als Z. bez., abgeleitet von dem arab. Verb zāra »besuchen«. Der Z. findet sich heute v.a. im ruralen Bereich dieser Staaten oder in den traditionellen Vierteln der großen Städte. Er wird v.a. von Frauen musl., aber auch christl. Herkunft praktiziert, die starkem gesellschaftlichen Druck ausgesetzt sind.…

[German Version] A quranic school (Arab. kuttāb) is a neighborhood institution in a town or village, often connected with a mosque, in which Muslim boys and girls between the ages of four and 14 acquire familiarity with the Qurʾān (Education: IX). Traditionally they begin with the first sura, al-Fāti ḥa, then go to the 114th, the last and shortest sura of the Qurʾān, followed by the remaining suras in reverse order. The suras are always learned by heart in Arabic, even when that is not the children’s mother tongue, through constant repetition and memorization of the texts. The meaning of the texts is explained at the same time. These explanations must likewise be memorized. At a later stage, the students also learn the correct form for reciting the sacred text and the grammatical basics of the Qurʾān. Study of the Qurʾān also gives the students a basic knowledge of reading, writing, and arithmetic. As a rule, the teachers in quranic schools have at least mastered the entire Qurʾān and often serve their neighborhoods as prayer leaders and advisers on questions of Islamic law (Islam: II, 4). The parents reward them for their efforts with monetary gifts or gifts in kind, presented when the students have mastered a particular section of the Qurʾān. Only a minority of the students actually manage to learn the entire text of the Qurʾān by heart. There are also national and international student competitions in reciting the Qurʾān, with substantial monetary prizes. The t…

[German Version] In Sudan, Egypt, and (through migration) some countries of the Persian Gulf region, cults centered on possession and healing (Sickness and healing: II), which probably originated in sub-Saharan Africa, are called Zār cults, a term deriving from the Arabic verb zāra, “visit.” Today Zār is found primarily in the rural areas of these countries or in the traditional quarters of the large cities. It is practiced primarily by women of Muslim but also Christian background who are exposed to strong social pressur…

[German Version] (“caution, fear”) means concealment or denial of one’s affiliation with a particular school of Islam (II, 1), often heterodox; it can also mean active participation in the rituals of a majority religion on the part of a sectarian to protect against danger to life and limb. This dissimulation can go so far that secret adherents of the heterodox beliefs adopt names typical of the majority religion. Taḳiyya is especially significant in religio-social contexts in which the danger of persecution and obliteration of the religious minority is reinforce…

…

[English Version] I. Geschichtlich Der Religionsunterricht (RU) an Schulen, und nur dieser ist entsprechend heutigem Sprachgebrauch im Blick (s. zu RU im weiteren Sinne Christenlehre,

[German Version] I. History …

[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich 1.  Begriffsverwendung Die Begriffe Volksfrömmigkeit (V.) und Volksrel. bildeten sich in der eur. Geistesgesch. seit dem 18.Jh. aus und bergen eine doppelte Differenz. Zum einen stehen sie im Gegensatz zur Virtuosenreligiosität und Hochrel. Zum anderen basiert das interne Verhältnis …

[English Version] I. ReligionswissenschaftlichDie Gesch. des Begriffs P. ist für die Bestimmung seiner Bedeutung aufschlußreich. Die Bez. P., die von altir. *paridaēza, wörtl. »Umwallung«, abgeleitet ist, erscheint als Lehnwort in vielen anderen Sprachen: z.B. als akkad. pardēsu, hebr. פַּרְדֵּס/pardes oder griech. παρα´δεισος/para´deisos. Diese Begriffe bezeichnen einen eingefriedeten Park, eine Gartenanlage (vgl. Xenophon, Anabasis VI 29,4) und in der Achämenidenzeit speziell die königliche Domäne). Erst in der LXX, durch die Verwen…

[German Version] I. Folk/Folk Religion – II. Religious Studies – III. Judaism – IV. Christianity – V. Islam I. Folk/Folk Religion In the English-speak…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Bible – III. History of Doctrine and Dogmatics – IV. Judaism – V. Islam – VI. Buddhism – VII. History of Art and Literature I. Religious Studies The histo…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Christianity – III. Judaism – IV. Buddhism – V. Islam I. Religious Studies 1. Overview. Mission is not a fundamentally universal phenomenon in the history of religions; neither is every form in which religion is passed on eo ipso mission. “Primary,” tribal religions are not missionary religions. Their domain is coterminous with their society and its way of life; they are handed down from one generation to the next in the course of natural life. The question of truth does not…

[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich und religions- geschichtlich 1.  AllgemeinNeuzeitliche Religionskritik betrachtet Rel. als Kompensation für die Angst des Menschen vor dem T. Obwohl die Auseinandersetzung mit dem T. einen wesentlichen Anteil an der Entstehung menschlicher Kultur hat, rücken die Zeugnisse der frühen Religionsgesch. großteils das irdische Leben in den Vordergrund. Die einzelnen rel. Traditionen gewichten T. und Weiterleben unterschiedlich. Allerdings erweist sich der T. fas…

[German Version] I. Origin and Spread – II. Doctrine – III. Islamic Philosophy – IV. Islamic Art (Architecture and Book Art) – V. Islamic Studies – VI. Christianity and Islam – VII. Judaism and Islam – VIII. Islam in Europe – IX. Islam in North America – X. Political Islamism I. Origin and Spread 1. Muḥammad and his message In 569 ce, Muḥammad was born in Mecca, a city with the shrine of the Kaʿba at its center. Mecca enjoyed good relation…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies and History of Religions – II. Death and the Realm of the Dead in the Old Testament – III. Judaism – IV. New Testament – V. Philosophy – VI. Philosophy of Religion – VII. History of Dogma and Dogmatics – VIII. Ethics – IX. Practical Theology – X. Art – XI. Islam – XII. Buddhism – XIII. Hinduism I. Religious Studies and History of Religions 1. General …