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Episkopalsystem

(751 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
E. bezeichnet eine juristische Theorie, die erklärt, warum dt. evang. Fürsten die Kirchen in ihren Ländern bischöflich (episkopal, lat. episcopale) leiteten. Im Deutschland der Reformationszeit (1517–1555) schloss sich kaum ein amtierender Bischof der Reformation an. Gleichzeitig forderten die evang. Stände, dass die amtierenden Bischöfe keine Jurisdiktion mehr über evang. Bürger ausüben dürften (Gerichtsbarkeit). Stattdessen übernahmen die evang. politischen Eliten selbst, also Fürsten und Stadträte, die Leitung bei der Einfüh…
Date: 2019-11-19

Kirchenordnung

(2,477 words)

Author(s): Kampmann, Jürgen | Schneider, Bernd Christian
1. Allgemein 1.1. BegriffBis ins 20. Jh. bezeichnete der Begriff K. durchgängig nur die kirchlichen (= kirchl.) Rechtsordnungen der Territorien des Alten Reichs, in denen die Reformation durchgeführt und somit eine Fortgeltung des kanonischen Rechts (Kirchenrecht) negiert wurde. In jüngerer Zeit werden auch zwischen dem 2. und dem 5. Jh. verfasste Texte, die sich mit Fragen der Ordnung des Lebens in den christl. Gemeinden befassen, als K. bezeichnet [3].Eine einheitliche Definition der rechtlichen Ordnungen, die in den protest. Kirchen K. genannt werden, fehlt…
Date: 2020-11-18

Ius reformandi

(909 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
1. Definition und historische AnfängeDas I. R. war das Recht einer weltlichen Obrigkeit im Heiligen Röm. Reich, die Religionsverhältnisse in ihrem Territorium zu regeln (»reformieren«). Es war ein typisch nzl. Recht, weil es die Grundgedanken der Territorialhoheit und der Unterscheidung von Staat und Religion voraussetzte und zugleich beide entscheidend beförderte (Kirche und Staat). In anderen europ. Staaten wurde ein entsprechendes Recht zwar geübt (so in Skandinavien und England zur Einführung der Reformation, i…
Date: 2019-11-19

Konsistorium

(786 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
Unter K. (von lat. consistere, »zusammentreten«) versteht man ein kollegiales Leitungsgremium zumeist religiöser Organisationen, insbes. evangelischer Kirchen. In der Römisch-katholischen Kirche bedeutet K. eine Zusammenkunft der Kardinäle unter dem Vorsitz des Papstes. In franz.sprachigen Kirchenordnungen der reformierten Tradition bezeichnet consistoire auch ein kirchliches Wahlgremium auf Gemeinde-Ebene, ebenso wird in den reformierten Niederlanden das Presbyterium consistorie genannt; bisweilen war diese Bezeichnung auch für jüd. Gremien in Geb…
Date: 2019-11-19

Landeskirche

(655 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
Bis zum Ende des 18. Jh.s waren die meisten Territorien des Heiligen Röm. Reiches (von der Duldung der Juden mancherorts abgesehen) konfessionell, ja religiös homogen (vgl. Ius reformandi; Konfessionalisierung); Entsprechendes gilt für die meisten Schweizer Stände und die europ. Königreiche (evang.: skandinavische Reiche; kath.: Frankreich, Spanien). Bürgerliche Rechte waren i. Allg. von der Mitgliedschaft in der einen Konfession bzw. »Religion« des Gebietes abhängig, sodass von »Staatskirchen« gesprochen werden kann.Ausnahmen von der konfessionellen Homogenit…
Date: 2019-11-19

Kirche und Staat

(4,396 words)

Author(s): Unterburger, Klaus | Sparn, Walter | Schneider, Bernd Christian | Synek, Eva
1. EinleitungDas wechselseitige, aber nie symmetrische Gegenüber von K.u.S. im nzl. Europa ist das Ergebnis einer histor. Entwicklung, die einerseits an der politischen Ethik des NT (Röm 13; Offb 13) orientiert blieb, die aber andererseits tiefgreifende Veränderungen sowohl der kirchlichen als auch der staatlichen Institutionen, nämlich die Entstehung der nzl. Territorial- und Nationalstaaten, zu bewältigen hatte. Anfänglich war die Vorstellung leitend, dass die europ. Staaten in der Nachfolge des Röm. …
Date: 2019-11-19

Landeskirche

(737 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
By the end of the 18th century, most of the territories of the Holy Roman Empire were homogeneous in confession and religion (excepting the toleration of the Jews in many places; cf. Ius reformandi; Confessionalization). So too were most of the Swiss cantons and European kingdoms (Protestant: Scandinavian kingdoms; Catholic: France, Spain). As a rule, civic rights depended on membership of the one official confession or “religion” of the territory, so these can be said to have been “established churches”.Besides the free imperial cities (Augsburg, Biberach) that were o…
Date: 2019-10-14

Church and state

(4,982 words)

Author(s): Unterburger, Klaus | Sparn, Walter | Schneider, Bernd Christian | Synek, Eva
1. Introduction The reciprocal but never symmetrical relationship between Church andState in early modern Europe was the result of a historical development that in some respects remained indebted to the political ethics of the New Testament (Rom 13; Rv 13), while in other respects confronting profound changes in both ecclesiastical and secular political institutions, specifically the emergence of the early modern territorial and nation state. At first, the underlying assumption was that the Europe…
Date: 2019-10-14

Ius reformandi (the right to reform [the Church])

(1,022 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
1. Definition and historical originsThe ius reformandi was the right of a secular sovereign power in the Holy Roman Empire to regulate (“reform”) religious conditions in his territory. It was a typically early modern right, because it presupposed the basic concepts of territorial sovereignty and the distinction between state and religion, while simultaneously promoted both ideas (Church and state). A corresponding right was exercised in other European states (in Scandinavia and England with the introd…
Date: 2019-10-14

Episcopal system

(815 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
The term  episcopal system denotes a legal theory explaining why Protestant German princes governed the churches in their territories episcopally (Latin  episcopale). In the Germany of the Reformation period (1517–1555), hardly any incumbent bishops aligned themselves with the Reformation. At the same time, the Protestant estates of the realm insisted that the incumbent bishops were no longer allowed to exercise jurisdiction over Protestant citizens (Jurisdiction). Instead the Protestant political elites themselve…
Date: 2019-10-14

Consistory

(878 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
A consistory (from Latin  consistere, “come together, meet”) is a collegial governing body, usually of religious organizations, especially Protestant churches. In the Roman Catholic Church, a consistory is usually a formal meeting of the College of Cardinals presided over by the pope. In French-language church orders of the Reformed tradition,  consistoire also denotes an ecclesiastical election body on the level of the congregation; similarly in the Reformed churches of the Netherlands, a presbytery is called a  consistorie. The term has also been used for Jewi…
Date: 2019-10-14

Church Order

(2,797 words)

Author(s): Kampmann, Jürgen | Schneider, Bernd Christian
1. General1.1. DefinitionUntil well into the 20th century, the term church order always referred only to the legal systems of the churches in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire in which the Reformation had been established, negating any continuation of canon law (Ecclesiastical law). Quite recently the term has also been applied to texts composed between the 2nd and 5th centuries that deal with questions of how life should be ordered in the Christian communities [3].To date there has been no agreed definition of the legal documents called church orders in P…
Date: 2019-10-14

Kalands Brethren

(214 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
[German Version] ( fratres calendarii). In the late Middle Ages, Kalands Brethren were religious brotherhoods (II, 1; fraternitates), widespread especially in ¶ lower Saxony, membership in which was generally reserved for priests. One can divide the widely varied, guild-like alliances, named Kalands Brethren since the 13th century (after their worship assemblies on the calends of each month), into parish Kalands Brethren, Kalands Brethren founded by the nobility, and – only in northern Germany – the “Sedes Kalands Br…

Laynez, Diego

(237 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
[German Version] (Lainez; 1512, Almazán, Castile – Jan 19, 1565, Rome) studied at the University of Alcalá from 1528 onward (B.A., 1531; M.A., 1532), and later went to Paris, where he soon became the most zealous and closest disciple of Ignatius of Loyola. He did the spiritual exercises and took his vows on Montmartre on Aug 15, 1534. After further theological studies in Paris and Rome and ordination in Venice in 1537, he was dispatched to the Council of Trent in 1546, where he participated in all the Council's sessions. There, he strongly opposed the (Augustinian) doctrine of the duplex iust…

Granvelle

(385 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian | Dingel, Irene
[German Version] 1. Nicolas Perrenot de (1484/85, Ornans, France – Aug 27, 1550, Augsburg) was a Burgundian official in the service of the Habsburgs, initially at the court of Besançon. After receiving the Dr.iur., Granvelle became chief councilor of the Franche-Comté in 1518. Charles V named him chief minister in 1524. After the death of his protector, Mercurino Arborio di Gattarina, Granvelle succeeded him as minister for the northern regions ¶ of the Empire in 1530. The emperor's great confidence in Granvelle, despite many accusations of bribery, made him one of…

Council

(4,467 words)

Author(s): Brennecke, Hanns Christof | Schneider, Hans | Schneider, Bernd Christian | Puza, Richard | Neuner, Peter
[German Version] I. Church History – II. Church Law – III. Dogmatics I. Church History 1. Early Church Council (Lat. concilium, Gk σύνοδος [Lat. synodum]; the two terms were first differentiated in modern usage; see also synod) are meetings of bishops from various communities for binding clarification of disciplinary, organizational, or doctrinal questions, whose decisions, as inspired by the Holy Spirit, are not in principle revisable and claim validity for the whole church r…

Ius reformandi

(704 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
[German Version] is the right of civil authorities to regulate religious affairs in their sphere of control. 1. With no direct roots in the reform powers of late medieval authorities (Patronage, bailiwick, papal privileges), the ius reformandi in the Reformation period grew out of the responsibility felt by the estates of the empire, the cities and the nobility for the church, a responsibility that was often prompted, but also accepted, in the 15th century. It consisted, first, in the right of the estates to decide for the Reforma…

Konrad von Gelnhausen

(151 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
[German Version] (c. 1320/1322, Gelnhausen – Apr 13, 1390, Heidelberg). Konrad is first mentioned in 1344 as a B.A. in Paris; he was appointed judicial vicar in Mainz in 1363. In 1378, after studies in jurisprudence, he was awarded a doctorate in Bologna, became cathedral provost in Worms, and returned to Paris the same year. During the last years of his life, Konrad played an active role (among other things, as chancellor) in the establishment of the University of Heidelberg (Heidelberg, University of). He wrote an epistola brevis in 1379 in an effort to overcome the Western Schi…

Gravamina nationis germanicae

(436 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
[German Version] was the name first given in 1456 to a collection of grievances of the Holy Roman Empire and its church against the pope and curia. Not only the estates of the Empire that had opposed the Vienna Concord in 1448, but, especially, the high-ranking clergy complained in the subsequent gravamina about Rome's intervention in the affairs of the German church ( Reichskirche ) in the form, for example, of papal reservations of ratification, erroneous grants of benefice, exactions of payment, etc. When the Imperial Court expanded the…

Leo X, Pope

(289 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Bernd Christian
[German Version] (Giovanni de' Medici, born Dec 11, 1475, Florence; pope Mar 11, 1513 [election] – Dec 11, 1521). The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, he was made cardinal in 1489, but he had to leave Florence after the fall of the Medici in 1494 (G. Savonarola); in the north (Bologna, Germany, Flanders, France), he ¶ developed his interests in art, wealth, and power. Coming to Rome in 1500, he was able to use his wide-ranging relationships to restore his political influence and return to Florence in 1512. After election as pope on Mar 11, 1513,…
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