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Anūs̲h̲irwān b. K̲h̲ālid

(236 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S.
b. Muḥammad al-Kās̲h̲ānī (S̲h̲araf al-dῑn Abū Naṣr) était le trésorier et le ʿ āriḍ al-d̲j̲ays̲h̲ du sultan sald̲j̲ūḳide Muḥammad b. Maliks̲h̲āh. Lorsque S̲h̲ams al-mulk b. Niẓām al-mulk lui eut succédé au poste de ʿ ariḍ al-d̲j̲ays̲h̲, il se rendit à Bag̲h̲dād. Il fut emprisonné pendant un certain temps sous le règne de Maḥmūd b. Maliks̲h̲āh, mais il fut par la suite nommé wazῑr par Maḥmūd (521/1127-522/1128). De 526/1132 à 528/1134, il fut wazῑr du calife al-Mustars̲h̲id. En 529/1134, il devint wazῑr de Masʿūd b. Muḥammad et le resta jusqu’ en 530/1135-6. Il mourut à Bag̲…

S̲h̲īrāz

(7,846 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S.
, qualifiée de dār al-ʿilm, est la capitale de la province du Fārs et une cité musulmane fondée sur un site longtemps inhabité qui remonte sans doute à l’époque sāsānide, voire à des temps plus anciens. Elle fut probablement créée ou rebâtie en 74/693 par Muḥammad, frère d’al-Had̲j̲djād̲j̲ b. Yūsuf, ou par son cousin Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim, (A. J. Arberry, Shiraz, Persian city of saints and poets, Norman, Okla. 1960, 31). Elle est située à 1650 m au dessus du niveau de la mer, à 29° 36′ N et 52° 32′ E, à l’extrême Ouest d’un vaste bassin de quelques 130 km de lo…

Ḳād̲j̲ār

(12,370 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S.
( kačar “marching quickly”, cf. Sulaymān Efendī, Lug̲h̲at-i Čag̲h̲atai , Istanbul 1298, 214; P. Pelliot, Notes sur l’histoire de la horde d’or, Paris 1950, 203-4), a Turcoman tribe, to which the Ḳād̲j̲ār dynasty of Persia belonged; also a village in the Lītkūh district of Āmul [ q.v.]. Nineteenth century Persian historians assert that the Ḳād̲j̲ār took their name from Ḳād̲j̲ār Noyān b. Sirtāḳ Noyān. The latter was the son of Sābā Noyān b. D̲j̲alāʾir, and was appointed atabeg [ q.v.] to Arg̲h̲ūn (Riḍā Ḳulī K̲h̲ān Hidāyat, Tāʾrīk̲h̲-i rawḍat al-ṣafā-yi nāṣirī , Te…

Imāmzāda

(1,299 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S.
is used to designate both the descendant of a S̲h̲īʿī imām and the shrine of such a person (with which this article is mainly concerned). The imāmzādagān are thus sayyids [ q.v.], but all sayyids are not accorded the title of imāmzāda . In common usage it is given to the sons and grandsons of the imāms, but excluding those who themselves became imāms, and also to those of their descendants distinguished by special sanctity or by suffering martyrdom. It is not normally accorded to the female descendants of the imāms. The lives of many of the imāmzādagān are recorded in biographical and hagio…

Ḳanāt

(5,080 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S. | Ed.
(a.), pl. ḳanawāt , ḳanā , ḳunī , aḳniya , “canal, irrigation system, water-pipe”. Used also for a baton, a lance, etc., the term originally meant “reed” [see ḳaṣab ] and it is with this meaning and that of “rush” that the word ḳanū is known in Akkadian (cf. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdwörter , Leipzig 1915, 56); becoming ḳanä in Hebrew and ḳanyā in Aramaic, it passed into Arabic and was also borrowed in Greek and Latin in the forms χάννα χάννη (χάνη), canna ; by an evolution parallel to that of ḳanāt , the Latin word canalis “in the shape of a reed”, acquired the meaning of “pipe, canal”. In Persian ḳanāt is u…

Ḳazwīn

(6,427 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S. | Hillenbrand, R.
, a town and district north-west of Tehran and south of Gīlān. The town is situated in 36° 15 N. and 50° E., at a height of 4,165 ft. above sea level, about 90 miles from Tehran, on the edge of a wide alluvial plain with mountains about five miles to the north. It stands on the site of an ancient city built by S̲h̲āpūr II, which according to tradition was in turn on the site of a city built by S̲h̲āpūr b. Ardas̲h̲īr (Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, Taʾrīk̲h̲-i guzīda , ed. E. G. Browne and R. A. Nicholson, 1910-13, 830, French tr. Barbier de Meynard, Description historique de la ville de Kazvin , in JA (1857)). Its po…

Ḳanāt

(5,124 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S. | Réd.
(A.) pi. ḳanawāt, ḳanā, ḳunī, aḳniya, «canal, canalisation, conduite d’eau». Ce terme, qui désigne aussi un bâton, une lance, etc., signifie primitivement «roseau» [voir Ḳaṣab], et c’est avec ce sens et celui de «jonc» que le mot ḳanū est connu en accadien (cf. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdwörter, Leipzig 1915. 56); devenu en hébreu ḳanä et en araméen ḳanyā, il est passé en arabe; le grec et le latin l’ont aussi emprunté sous les formes χάννα, χάννη (χάνη) canna, et c’est par suite d’une évolution parallèle à celle de ḳanĀt que canalis «en forme de roseau» a pris le sens de «conduit, canal». En persan, ḳ…

Ḳazwīn

(6,460 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A.K.S. | Hillenbrand, R.
, ville et district au Nord-ouest de Téhéran et au Sud du Gīlān. La ville (36°15´ N., 50° E.; alt. 1270 m.) est à 150 km. environ de Téhéran, en bordure d’une vaste plaine alluviale fermée par des montagnes à une dizaine de km. au Nord. Elle s’élève sur l’emplacement d’une ancienne cité construite par S̲h̲āpūr II, sur le site d’une autre ville bâtie par S̲h̲āpür b. Ardas̲h̲īr (Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, Taʾrīk̲h̲-ī guzīda, éd. E. G. Browne et R. A. Nicholson, 1910-3, 830, trad. partielle Barbier de Meynard, Description historique de la ville de Kazvin, dans JA, 1857, t.à.p. Paris 1858, 3). Elle …

Iṣfahān

(12,135 words)

Author(s): Lambton, A. K. S. | Sourdel-Thomine, J.
(ar. Iṣbahān), ville et province de Perse, dont le nom, selon Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, signifie «les armées (al-Māfarruk̲h̲ī. Kitāb Maḥāsin Iṣfahān, éd. Sayyid Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Tihrānī, Téhéran s.’d., 5-6). I. — Histoire. La province, dont les limites ont varié suivant les époques, est bordée au Nord-est et à l’Est par le désert central, au Sud-est par Yazd et le Fārs, au Sud et au Sud-ouest par les montagnes des Bak̲h̲tiyāri, dont les sommets dépassent 3 300 mètres, au Nord-ouest par le Luristān, Kazzāz, Kamara et Maḥallāt et au Nor…

K̲h̲āṣī

(8,470 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a.), pl. k̲h̲iṣyān “castrated man, eunuch”. I.—In the central Islamic lands. From the 4th/10th century especially, several euphemisms were applied to eunuchs, who were numerous in the palaces and frequently invested with important functions: notably k̲h̲ādim (coll. k̲h̲adam , pl. k̲h̲uddām ), muʿallim , s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ , ustād̲h̲ (see M. Canard, Ak̲h̲bâr ar-Râdî ..., i, 210-1, note), later on ṭawās̲h̲ī (which, according to al-Maḳrīzī, Hist , des Sultans Mamlouks , tr. Quatremère, 1/2 (1849), 132, comes from the Turkish ṭābūs̲h̲ī = Osmanli̊ tapug̲h̲či̊

Marʿā

(9,855 words)

Author(s): Chelhod, J. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Güriz, Adnan
(a.), pasture. 1. In nomadic Arab life. The word marʿā is used only twice in the Ḳurʾān, where it has the purpose of praising the divine power (LXXIX, 31, and LXXXVII,4). In ḥadīt̲h̲ there are also two uses of this substantive to be noted (cf. Wensinck, Concordance ); one of them touches incidentally on the problem of the exploitation of pastures, but ḥadīt̲h̲ is more explicit with reference to kalaʾ , dry and green forage. In fact, a tradition asserts that “the Muslims are united ( s̲h̲urakāʾ ) in three things: water, forage and fire”; it is the principle of…

Ḥād̲j̲ib

(4,449 words)

Author(s): Sourdel, D. | Bosworth, C. E. | Lambton, A. K. S. | Réd.
, terme qui peut être traduit approximativement par chambellan (angl. Chamberlain) et qui désigne dans les pays musulmans le personnage chargé de garder la porte du souverain en ne laissant accéder auprès de lui que les visiteurs agréés. Ce terme devint rapidement un titre correspondant à une dignité de cour et à une fonction dont la nature exacte a pu varier sensiblement selon les régions et les époques. Essentiellement maître des cérémonies, le ḥād̲j̲ib apparaît en effet souvent comme un surin…

K̲h̲aṣī

(7,989 words)

Author(s): Pellat, Ch. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz
(a.), pl. k̲h̲iṣyān «castrat, eunuque». A partir du IVe/Xe siècle surtout, divers euphémismes furent appliqués aux eunuques, nombreux dans les palais et fréquemment investis d’importantes fonctions: notamment k̲h̲ādim (coll. k̲h̲adam, pl. k̲h̲uddām), muʿallim, s̲h̲ayk̲h̲, ustād̲h̲ (voir M. Canard, Akhbâr ar-Râdî…, I, 210-1, note), plus tard ṭawās̲h̲ī (qui, selon al-Maḳrīzī, Hist. des Sultans Mamlouks, trad. Quatremère, I/II (1840), 132, viendrait du turc ṭābūs̲h̲ī = osmanli̊ tapug̲h̲či̊ «serviteur» et désignait aussi, dans la langue administrative de l’Égypt…

Marʿā

(8,824 words)

Author(s): Chelhod, J. | Lambton, A. K. S. | Güriz, Adnan
(a), pâturage. 1. — Vie bédouine arabe. Ce terme figure deux fois seulement dans le Ḳurʾān pour glorifier la puissance divine (LXXIX, 3 et LXXXVII, 4). Dans le ḥadīt̲h̲, on en note également deux emplois (cf. Wensinck, Concordances); l’un touche incidemment au problème de l’exploitation des pâturages, mais le ḥadīt̲h̲ est plus explicite à propos du kalaʾ, le fourrage sec et vert. En effet, une tradition déclare que «les Musulmans sont associés ( sh̲urakāʾ) en trois choses: l’eau, le fourrage et le feu»; c’est le principe du collectivisme primitif de la tribu arabe qu…

خراج

(22,273 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Claude | Lambton, A.K.S. | Orhonlu, Cengiz | Subhan, Abdus
[English edition] يعود أصل مصطلح خراج إلى الكلمة اليونانية χορηγία، وانتقل إلى العربية عبر السريانية. على أنّ العرب ربطوه بالجذر خرج. شاع استخدام الكلمة في الشرق الأدنى، بخلاف مفهومها الأصلي، بمعنى الضريبة عموماً، وكان يقصد بها في عدّة حالات وبكيفيّة يشوبها الخلط ضرائب محدّدة [انظر جزية]. وقد استخدمتها المصادر التقنيّة والقانونية بشكل أخصّ على الأقلّ قبل نشأة الدول التركيّة، بمعنى ضريبة الأرض، وسنقوم بدراستها بهذا المعنى خاصة. بالنسبة إلى البقيّة، [انظر: بيت المال، ضريبة، ضيعة، جزية]. 1. العصر الكلاسيكي كان العرب مع بداية المغازي، وبغضّ النظر عن طبيعة الصلح الذي يعقدونه مع…

حسبة

(7,058 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Talbi, M. | Mantran, R. | Lambton, A. K. S. | Bazmee Ansari, A. S.
[English edition] لم تذكر كلمة حسبة في القرآن ووقع استعمالها من ناحية في معنى واجب كلّ مسلم في «الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر» ومن ناحية أخرى في معنى وظيفة شخص يعهد إليه فعليّا في مدينة بتطبيق هذا القانون المتمثّل في مراقبة السلوك الأخلاقي وعلى الأخصّ مراقبة الأسواق. ويسمّى الشخص المكلّف بالحسبة بالمحتسب. ويبدو أنّه لا يوجد أيّ نص يوضّح بصراحة سبب اختيار هذه العبارة أو كيفية ظهور المعاني المذكورة أعلاه من فكرة «الحساب» أو «الكفاية» التي يعبر عنها جذر الكلمة. 1. فكرة عامّة: المصادر والجذور والواجبات إنّ الازدواجية في معنى عبارة الحسبة هي السبب في وجود المعلومات حولها في مثل هذا …

خليفة

(13,738 words)

Author(s): Sourdel, D. | Lambton, A. K. S. | de Jong, F. | Holt, P. M.
[English edition] 1. تاريخ مؤسّسة الخلافة لم ترق دراسة الخلافة منذ تأسيسها والتطوّرات اللّاحقة التي مرّت بها إلى درجة الشموليّة إلى يومنا هذا. والسبب الرئيس هو أنهّا تبدو غير ممكنة بمعزل عن الدّراسات التاريخيّة للحكومات المختلفة. وهذا ما لم يتحقّق إذ الدراسات ليست مستوفاة دائماً أو هي غير موجودة تماما. وفي المقابل نجد دراسات عن مختلف العقائد أكثر تطوّرا مع أنّ قيمتها العلميّة اختلفت باختلاف الفترات التاريخيّة. فكانت النتيجة أنّ ما أمكن تحقيقه من محاولات سابقة، ينقصه التعمّق أو هو ذو آفاق تاريخيّة محدودة. وهو ما يضطرّ…

Ḥād̲j̲ib

(4,559 words)

Author(s): Sourdel, D. | Bosworth, C.E. | Lambton, A.K.S.
, term which may be translated approximately as chamberlain, used in Muslim countries for the person responsible for guarding the door of access to the ruler, so that only approved visitors may approach him. The term quickly became a title corresponding to a position in the court and to an office the exact nature of which varied considerably in different regions and in different periods. Basically the Master of Ceremonies, the ḥād̲j̲ib often appears as being in fact a superintendent of the Palace, a chief of the guard or a righter of wrongs, s…

K̲h̲alīfa

(19,029 words)

Author(s): Sourdel, D. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Jong, F. de | Holt, P.M.
(i) The history of the institution of the caliphate A study of the caliphate, its institution and subsequent developments, has never been attempted in its entirety until the present. The principal reason is that it has not seemed possible to conduct such a survey independently of historical studies relating to different reigns, which are still in most cases insufficient, or even non-existent, whereas studies of doctrine, while more advanced, have not been developed to the same extent with regard to the v…

Ḥisba

(8,785 words)

Author(s): Cahen, Cl. | Talbi, M. | Mantran, R. | Lambton, A.K.S. | Bazmee Ansari, A.S.
, non-Ḳurʾānic term which is used to mean on the one hand the duty of every Muslim to “promote good and forbid evil” and, on the other, the function of the person who is effectively entrusted in a town with the application of this rule in the supervision of moral behaviour and more particularly of the markets; this person entrusted with the ḥisba was called the muḥtasib . There seems to exist ¶ no text which states explicitly either the reason for the choice of this term or how the meanings mentioned above have arisen from the idea of “calculation” or “sufficiency” which is expressed by the root. i.—G…
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